[207]. Vide e.g. James Harvey Robinson’s The New History, Essays Illustrating the Modern Historical Outlook (N. Y.: Macmillan, 1912), for references to the theory of milieu, cf. esp. p. 64, 73, 76 f., 92 f., 97 f., 124–6, 144, 145 f., 247, 253–7, and ch. 3 (pp. 70 ff.): The new allies of history. Or take for choice the title of a recent book by Charles A. Beard: An Economic Interpretation of American Politics (Macmillan, 1916), to be further persuaded of the attention bestowed by historians on the milieu. Or, see works by Seligman and J. T. Shotwell.
[208]. Vide C. Vallaux, Géographie Sociale, Le Sol et L’État (Paris, 1911), p. 23.—Such economists as Blanqui, Bastiat, and J.—B. Say, brought to light the geographical bases of the material life of societies. The sociologists themselves, “bien que leur science soit jeune, n’ont pas toujours oublié le cadre naturel et la position terrestre des agrégats qu’ils étudient. Par tous ces chercheurs de tendances diverses, la géographie humaine et la géographie politique ont progressé tout autant que par les efforts des géographes proprement dits.”—Ibid.
[209]. E. Bernheim, Lehrbuch der historischen Methode (5. u. 6. Aufl., Leipzig, 1908), p. 316; 636.—Cf. also E. Fr. Th. Lindner, Geschichtsphilosophie, das Wesen der geschichtlichen Entwicklung (2. erweiterte u. umgearb. Aufl., Stuttg. u. Berlin: Cotta, 1904, 241 pp.), 2. Abschnitt (pp. 23–34): Die Veränderung, but more esp. 10. Abschnitt (pp. 217–41): Die Ursachen u. die Weise der Entwicklung.
[210]. For orientation and literature on views opposing the naturalistic interpretation of history, cf. L. Stein, Philosophische Strömungen der Gegenwart (Stuttgart, Verl. v. F. Enke, 1908), pp. 430 ff.
[211]. See G. P. Gooch, History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century (London & N. Y.: Longmans, Green & Co., 1913), p. 573; see ch. 28 (pp. 573–94): “The History of Civilisation;” also The Cambridge Modern History [ed. by A. W. Ward and others, Cambridge: The Univ. Press, 1910], vol. 12: The Latest Age, ch. 26 (pp. 816 ff.: “The Growth of Historical Science” by G. P. Gooch).
[212]. Economic Geography (N. Y.: Macmillan, s.a.—1915?—; not earlier than 1910, for statistics for that year are given in the text; 560 pp.), p. 1.
[213]. “Since his [Buckle’s] time much more has been done, not only in studying, as Buckle himself did, the immediate influence of climate and soil, but also in explaining the allied field of the effect of the fauna and the flora on social development. The subject of the domestication of animals, for instance, and its profound effect on human progress has not only been investigated by a number of recent students [especially E. Hahn, Die Haustiere u. ihre Beziehung zur Wirtschaft des Menschen, 1896], but has been made the very basis of the explanation of early American civilization by one of the most brilliant and most learned of recent historians [Payne, History of the New World called America; esp. vol. 1, bk. II]. A Russian scholar has shown in detail the connection between the great rivers and the progress of humanity, and the whole modern study of economic geography is but an expansion on broader lines of the same idea.”—Edwin R. A. Seligman, The Economic Interpretation of History (N. Y.: The Columbia Univ. Press, 1902, 166 pp.), pp. 13 f.
[214]. See Wm. Morris Davis, Geographical Essays, ed. by D. W. Johnson (Ginn & Co.: Boston, s.a., copyright 1909), esp. the first two essays: “An inductive study of the content of geography” (1906), pp. 3–22, and “The progress of geography in the schools” (1902), pp. 23–69.
[215]. In an address delivered at the dedication of Julius Rosenwald Hall, printed in The University of Chicago Magazine (vol. VII, No. 6—April, 1915—, pp. 175–8) under the title “Some Matters of History.” See p. 177.
[216]. Felix Lampe, in Große Geographen (Leipzig, 1915), has a rather brief chapter (pp. 281–7) on “Die wissenschaftliche Geographie der Gegenwart.”