The Theory of Environment / An Outline of the History of the Idea of Milieu, and Its Present Status, part 1

by Armin Hajman Koller

[257]. Rob. DeC. Ward, op. cit., pp. 310 et seq.

[258]. Vide pp. 141–75 in Der Weltkrieg im Unterricht, Vorschläge u. Anregungen, etc. (Gotha: F. A. Perthes), esp. pp 163–5; he also discusses other phases of the relation between physical environment and the present war.

[259]. I: Deutsche Rundschau, April, 1915, pp. 78–91, and II (Schluß): ibid., May, 1915, pp. 207–17.

[260]. In Monatshefte für den Naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht, 1. Kriegsheft von Bastian Schmid (Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1915).

[261]. Cf. Gooch, op. cit., pp. 585 et seq.

[262]. See his Introduction to Dexter’s Weather Influences (N. Y., 1904), p. XXIV.

[263]. Les Facteurs de L’Évolution des Peuples (Paris, 1900), p. 25, 29, 27.—“C’est dans l’intensité de l’effort dirigé par les groupes sociaux contre les résistances du milieu, que réside la première impulsion vers la civilisation.”—Ibid., p. 27.

[264]. But he adds, “... no disturbing causes, acting on social development, could do more than to affect its rate of progress. This is true of the operation of influences from the inorganic world, as of all others. In our view of biology we saw that the human being cannot be modified indefinitely by exterior circumstances; that such modifications can affect only the degrees of phenomena, without at all changing their nature; and again, that when the disturbing influences exceed their general limits, the organism is no longer modified, but destroyed.”—The Positive Philosophy of Aug. Comte, tr. by Harriet Martineau, vol. 2, p. 98; 97.

[265]. See Ripley, Races of Europe (1899), p. 11; cf. the references given there, and in the note on the same page.—Cf. also Ellsworth Huntington’s Palestine and its Transformation (1910), and his suggestive articles on “Changes of Climate and History” (in The American Historical Review for January, 1913, vol. 18, pp. 213–32) [for references to other writings on the subject by the same author,—and by A. T. Olmstead—cf. p. 214 n.]; on “Climate and Civilization” (in Harper’s Magazine for February, 1915, vol. 130, pp. 367–73); on “Is Civilization Determined by Climate?” (ibid. May, 1915, pp. 943–51); a new book of his, entitled Civilization and Climate (333 pp.), is announced for publication by the Yale Univ. Press.

[266]. Rob. DeC. Ward, op. cit., pp. 280 et seq.