CONTENTS.
| PAGE | |
Life and Writings of Arrian | [1] |
Arrian’s Preface | [6] |
BOOK I. | |
| CHAP. | |
I. Death of Philip and Accession of Alexander.—His Warswith the Thracians | [8] |
II. Battle with the Triballians | [12] |
III. Alexander at the Danube and in the Country of theGetae | [14] |
IV. Alexander destroys the City of the Getae.—The Ambassadorsof the Celts | [16] |
V. Revolt of Clitus and Glaucias | [18] |
VI. Defeat of Clitus and Glaucias | [22] |
VII. Revolt of Thebes (September, B.C. 335) | [25] |
VIII. Fall of Thebes | [28] |
IX. Destruction of Thebes | [31] |
X. Alexander’s Dealings with Athens | [34] |
XI. Alexander crosses the Hellespont and visits Troy | [36] |
XII. Alexander at the Tomb of Achilles.—Memnon’s adviceRejected by the Persian Generals | [38] |
XIII. Battle of the Granicus (B.C. 334) | [41] |
XIV. Arrangement of the Hostile Armies | [43] |
XV. Description of the Battle of the Granicus | [45] |
XVI. Defeat of the Persians.—Loss on Both Sides | [47] |
XVII. Alexander in Sardis and Ephesus | [50] |
XVIII. Alexander marches to Miletus and Occupies theIsland of Lade | [52] |
XIX. Siege and Capture of Miletus | [55] |
XX. Siege of Halicarnassus.—Abortive Attack on Myndus | [58] |
[viii]XXI. Siege of Halicarnassus | [61] |
XXII. Siege of Halicarnassus | [63] |
XXIII. Destruction of Halicarnassus.—Ada, Queen of Caria | [64] |
XXIV. Alexander in Lycia and Pamphylia | [66] |
XXV. Treason of Alexander, Son of Aëropus | [68] |
XXVI. Alexander in Pamphylia.—Capture of Aspendus andSide | [70] |
XXVII. Alexander in Phrygia and Pisidia | [72] |
XXVIII. Operations in Pisidia | [74] |
XXIX. Alexander in Phrygia | [76] |
BOOK II. | |
I. Capture of Mitylene by the Persians.—Death of Memnon | [78] |
II. The Persians capture Tenedus.—They are Defeated atSea | [80] |
III. Alexander at Gordium | [82] |
IV. Conquest of Cappadocia.—Alexander’s Illness at Tarsus | [84] |
V. Alexander at the Tomb of Sardanapalus.—Proceedingsin Cilicia | [87] |
VI. Alexander advances to Myriandrus.—Darius Marchesagainst him | [89] |
VII. Darius at Issus.—Alexander’s Speech to his Army | [91] |
VIII. Arrangement of the Hostile Armies | [94] |
IX. Alexander changes the Disposition of his Forces | [97] |
X. Battle of Issus | [99] |
XI. Defeat and Flight of Darius | [101] |
XII. Kind Treatment of Darius’s Family | [104] |
XIII. Flight of Macedonian Deserters into Egypt.—Proceedingsof Agis, King of Sparta.—Alexander occupiesPhoenicia | [106] |
XIV. Darius’s Letter, and Alexander’s Reply | [111] |
XV. Alexander’s Treatment of the Captured GreekAmbassadors.—Submission of Byblus and Sidon | [114] |
XVI. The Worship of Hercules in Tyre.—The Tyrians refuseto admit Alexander | [117] |
XVII. Speech of Alexander to his Officers | [120] |
XVIII. Siege of Tyre.—Construction of a Mole from theMainland to the Island | [121] |
XIX. The Siege of Tyre | [123] |
XX. Tyre Besieged by Sea as well as Land | [124] |
[ix]XXI. Siege of Tyre | [127] |
XXII. Siege of Tyre.—Naval Defeat of the Tyrians | [129] |
XXIII. Siege of Tyre | [131] |
XXIV. Capture of Tyre | [132] |
XXV. The Offers of Darius rejected.—Batis, Governor ofGaza, refuses to Submit | [134] |
XXVI. Siege of Gaza | [136] |
XXVII. Capture of Gaza | [137] |
BOOK III. | |
I. Conquest of Egypt.—Foundation of Alexandria | [140] |
II. Foundation of Alexandria.—Events in the Aegean | [142] |
III. Alexander visits the Temple of Ammon | [144] |
IV. The Oasis of Ammon | [147] |
V. Settlement of the Affairs of Egypt | [148] |
VI. March into Syria.—Alexander’s Kindness to Harpalusand his other early Adherents | [150] |
VII. Passage of the Euphrates and Tigris | [152] |
VIII. Description of Darius’s Army at Arbela | [154] |
IX. Alexander’s Tactics.—His Speech to the Officers | [157] |
X. Rejection of Parmenio’s Advice | [159] |
XI. Tactics of the Opposing Generals | [160] |
XII. Alexander’s Tactics | [163] |
XIII. The Battle of Arbela | [164] |
XIV. Battle of Arbela.—Flight of Darius | [166] |
XV. Defeat of the Persians and Pursuit of Darius | [168] |
XVI. Escape of Darius into Media.—March of Alexanderto Babylon and Susa | [170] |
XVII. Subjugation of the Uxians | [174] |
XVIII. Defeat of Ariobarzanes and Capture of Persepolis | [176] |
XIX. Darius pursued into Media and Parthia | [179] |
XX. March through the Caspian Gates | [181] |
XXI. Darius is Assassinated by Bessus | [182] |
XXII. Reflections on the Fate of Darius | [185] |
XXIII. Expedition into Hyrcania | [187] |
XXIV. Expedition against the Mardians | [189] |
XXV. March to Bactra.—Bessus aided by Satibarzanes | [191] |
XXVI. Philotas and Parmenio put to Death | [193] |
XXVII. Treatment of Amyntas.—The Ariaspians | [195] |
[x]XXVIII. Alexander crosses the Hindu-Koosh | [196] |
XXIX. Conquest of Bactria, and Pursuit of Bessus acrossthe Oxus | [199] |
XXX. Capture of Bessus.—Exploits in Sogdiana | [201] |
BOOK IV. | |
I. Rebellion of the Sogdianians | [205] |
II. Capture of Five Cities in Two Days | [206] |
III. Storming of Cyropolis.—Revolt of the Scythians | [208] |
IV. Defeat of the Scythians beyond the Tanais | [210] |
V. Spitamenes destroys a Macedonian Detachment | [212] |
VI. Spitamenes driven into the Desert | [214] |
VII. Treatment of Bessus | [216] |
VIII. The Murder of Clitus | [218] |
IX. Alexander’s grief for Clitus | [221] |
X. Dispute between Callisthenes and Anaxarchus | [223] |
XI. Callisthenes Opposes the Proposal to honour Alexanderby Prostration | [225] |
XII. Callisthenes refuses to Prostrate himself | [228] |
XIII. Conspiracy of the Pages | [229] |
XIV. Execution of Callisthenes and Hermolaüs | [231] |
XV. Alliance with the Scythians and Chorasmians | [233] |
XVI. Subjugation of Sogdiana.—Revolt of Spitamenes | [235] |
XVII. Defeat and Death of Spitamenes | [237] |
XVIII. Oxyartes Besieged in the Sogdian Rock | [239] |
XIX. Alexander Captures the Rock and Marries Roxana | [241] |
XX. Magnanimous Treatment of the Family of Darius | [242] |
XXI. Capture of the Rock of Chorienes | [244] |
XXII. Alexander reaches the River Cabul, and Receives theHomage of Taxiles | [246] |
XXIII. Battles with the Aspasians | [248] |
XXIV. Operations against the Aspasians | [250] |
XXV. Defeat of the Aspasians.—The Assacenians andGuraeans Attacked | [252] |
XXVI. Siege of Massaga | [254] |
XXVII. Sieges of Massaga and Ora | [255] |
XXVIII. Capture of Bazira.—Advance to the Rock ofAornus | [257] |
XXIX. Siege of Aornus | [260] |
[xi]XXX. Capture of Aornus.—Arrival at the Indus | [262] |
BOOK V. | |
I. Alexander at Nysa | [265] |
II. Alexander at Nysa | [267] |
III. Incredulity of Eratosthenes.—Passage of the Indus | [269] |
IV. Digression about India | [270] |
V. Mountains and Rivers of Asia | [273] |
VI. General Description of India | [274] |
VII. Method of Bridging Rivers | [277] |
VIII. March from the Indus to the Hydaspes | [279] |
IX. Porus obstructs Alexander’s Passage | [280] |
X. Alexander and Porus at the Hydaspes | [282] |
XI. Alexander’s Stratagem to get across | [283] |
XII. Passage of the Hydaspes | [284] |
XIII. Passage of the Hydaspes | [285] |
XIV. The Battle at the Hydaspes | [287] |
XV. Arrangements of Porus | [288] |
XVI. Alexander’s Tactics | [290] |
XVII. Defeat of Porus | [291] |
XVIII. Losses of the Combatants.—Porus Surrenders | [293] |
XIX. Alliance with Porus.—Death of Bucephalas | [295] |
XX. Conquest of the Glausians.—Embassy from Abisares.—Passageof the Acesines | [297] |
XXI. Advance beyond the Hydraotes | [299] |
XXII. Invasion of the Land of the Cathaeans | [301] |
XXIII. Assault upon Sangala | [302] |
XXIV. Capture of Sangala | [304] |
XXV. The Army refuses to Advance.—Alexander’s Speechto the Officers | [306] |
XXVI. Alexander’s Speech (continued) | [308] |
XXVII. The Answer of Coenus | [311] |
XXVIII. Alexander resolves to Return | [313] |
XXIX. Alexander recrosses the Hydraotes and Acesines | [314] |
BOOK VI. | |
I. Preparations for a Voyage down the Indus | [317] |
II. Voyage down the Hydaspes | [318] |
III. Voyage down the Hydaspes (continued) | [320] |
IV. Voyage down the Hydaspes into the Acesines | [321] |
V. Voyage down the Acesines | [323] |
[xii]VI. Campaign against the Mallians | [324] |
VII. Campaign against the Mallians (continued) | [326] |
VIII. Defeat of the Mallians at the river Hydraotes | [328] |
IX. Storming of the Mallian Stronghold | [329] |
X. Alexander dangerously Wounded | [331] |
XI. Alexander Wounded | [333] |
XII. Anxiety of the Soldiers about Alexander | [335] |
XIII. Joy of the Soldiers at Alexander’s Recovery | [336] |
XIV. Voyage down the Hydraotes and Acesines into theIndus | [338] |
XV. Voyage down the Indus to the Land of Musicanus | [340] |
XVI. Campaign against Oxycanus and Sambus | [342] |
XVII. Musicanus Executed.—Capture of Patala | [343] |
XVIII. Voyage down the Indus | [345] |
XIX. Voyage down the Indus into the Sea | [346] |
XX. Exploration of the Mouths of the Indus | [348] |
XXI. Campaign against the Oritians | [349] |
XXII. March through the Desert of Gadrosia | [351] |
XXIII. March through the Desert of Gadrosia | [353] |
XXIV. March through Gadrosia | [355] |
XXV. Sufferings of the Army | [356] |
XXVI. Alexander’s Magnanimous Conduct | [358] |
XXVII. March through Carmania.—Punishment of Viceroys | [360] |
XXVIII. Alexander in Carmania | [362] |
XXIX. Alexander in Persis.—Tomb of Cyrus Repaired | [364] |
XXX. Peucestas appointed Viceroy of Persis | [367] |
BOOK VII. | |
I. Alexander’s Plans.—The Indian Philosophers | [369] |
II. Alexander’s Dealings with the Indian Sages | [371] |
III. Self-sacrifice of the Indian Calanus | [372] |
IV. Marriages between Macedonians and Persians | [374] |
V. The Soldiers Rewarded | [376] |
VI. An Army of Asiatics Trained under the MacedonianDiscipline | [378] |
VII. Navigation of the Tigres | [379] |
VIII. The Macedonians Offended at Alexander | [381] |
IX. Alexander’s Speech | [383] |
X. Alexander’s Speech (continued) | [386] |
[xiii]XI. Reconciliation between Alexander and his Army | [387] |
XII. Ten Thousand Macedonians sent Home with Craterus.—Disputesbetween Antipater and Olympias | [390] |
XIII. The Nisaean Plain.—The Amazons | [393] |
XIV. Death of Hephaestion | [395] |
XV. Subjugation of the Cossaeans.—Embassies from DistantNations | [398] |
XVI. Exploration of the Caspian.—The Chaldaean Soothsayers | [400] |
XVII. The Advice of the Chaldees rejected | [402] |
XVIII. Predictions of Alexander’s Death | [404] |
XIX. Embassies from Greece.—Fleet prepared for InvadingArabia | [406] |
XX. Description of Arabia.—Voyage of Nearchus | [408] |
XXI. Description of the Euphrates and the Pallacopas | [411] |
XXII. An Omen of Alexander’s Approaching Death | [412] |
XXIII. The Army Recruited from the Persians.—Hephaestion’sMemory Honoured | [414] |
XXIV. Another Omen of Alexander’s Death | [417] |
XXV. Alexander Seized with Fever | [418] |
XXVI. Alexander’s Death | [420] |
XXVII. Rumour that Alexander was Poisoned | [421] |
XXVIII. Character of Alexander | [422] |
XXIX. Apology for Alexander’s Errors | [424] |
XXX. Eulogy of Alexander | [425] |
Index of Proper Names | [429] |
ERRATA.
| Page [3]. | Four lines from the bottom, for Anab. v. 1, read v. 5, 1. |
| Page [8]. | Note 14, for Diod., xix. 93, 94; read xvi. 93, 94. Note 16, for Diod., xvi. 85; read xvii. 4. |
| Page [48]. | For Onares read Omares. |
| Page [108]. | (Note) for Zeph. i. 2; read 11. |
| Page [116]. | (Note) for Paradise Lost, viii. 18; read i. 446. |
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ARRIAN.
All we know of Arrian is derived from the notice of him in the Bibliotheca of Photius, who was Patriarch of Constantinople in the ninth century, and from a few incidental references in his own writings. We learn from Suidas that Dion Cassius wrote a biography of Arrian; but this work is not extant. Flavius Arrianus was born near the end of the first century of the Christian era, at Nicomedia, the capital of Bithynia. He became a pupil of the famous Stoic philosopher Epictetus, and afterwards went to Athens, where he received the surname of the “younger Xenophon,” from the fact that he occupied the same relation to Epictetus as Xenophon did to Socrates.[1] Not only was he called Xenophon by others, but he calls himself so in Cynegeticus (v. 6); and in Periplus (xii. 5; xxv. 1), he distinguishes Xenophon by the addition the elder. Lucian (Alexander, 56) calls Arrian simply Xenophon. During the stay of the emperor Hadrian at Athens, A.D. 126, Arrian gained his friendship. He accompanied his patron to Rome, where he received the Roman citizenship. In consequence of this, he assumed the name of Flavius.[2] In the same way the Jewish historian, Josephus, had been allowed by Vespasian and Titus to bear the imperial name Flavius.[3]
Photius says, that Arrian had a distinguished career in Rome, being entrusted with various political offices, and at last reaching the supreme dignity of consul under Antoninus Pius.[4] Previous to this he was appointed (A.D. 132) by Hadrian, Governor of Cappadocia, which province was soon after invaded by the Alani, or Massagetae, whom he defeated and expelled.[5] When Marcus Aurelius came to the throne, Arrian withdrew into private life and returned to his native city, Nicomedia. Here, according to Photius, he was appointed priest to Demeter and Persephone. He died in the reign of Marcus Aurelius.