HOW THE REPUBLIC BECAME AN EMPIRE
How Octavius became a Cæsar—Agrippa and Cicero give him their help—
Octavius wins the soldiers, and Cicero launches his Philippics—Antony,
Lepidus, and Octavius become Triumvirs—Their first work a bloody one—
Cicero falls—Brutus and Cassius defeated at Philippi—Antony forgets
Fulvia—Antony and Octavius quarrel and meet for discussion at
Tarentum—How Horace travelled to Brundusium—The duration of the
Triumvirate extended five years—Cleopatra beguiles Antony a second
time—The great battle off Actium—Octavius wins complete power, and a
new era begins—The Republic ends.
XVIII.
SOME MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE
How did these people live?—The first Roman house—The vestibule and the dark room—The dining-room and the parlor—Rooms for pictures and books—Cooking taken out of the atrium—How the houses were heated and lighted—Life in a villa—The extravagance of the pleasure villa—When a man and a woman had agreed to marry—How the bride dressed and what the groom did—The wife's position and work—The stola and the toga—Foot-gear from soccus to cothurnus—Breakfast, luncheon, and dinner—The formal dinner—How the Romans travelled, and how they sought office—The law and its penalties.
XIX.
THE ROMAN READING AND WRITING
Grecian influence on Roman mental culture—Textbooks—Cato and Varro on education—Dictation and copy-books—The early writers—Fabius Pictor— Plautus—Terence—Atellan plays—Cicero's works—Varro's works—Cæsar and Catullus—Lucretius—Ovid and Tibullus—Sallust—Livy—Horace— Cornelius Nepos—Virgil and his works—Life at the villa of Mæcenas.