The discovery and decipherment of the trilingual cuneiform inscriptions - Arthur John Booth

Abbas, Shah of Persia (1587-1628):
encourages merchants and travellers; Persian antiquities and inscriptions first became known to Europe in his reign by the voyages of Gouvea and others, [12];
his relations with Robert Shirley, [32];
he adorned his palace at Ispahan with marbles from Persepolis, [69]
Abbas II., Shah, [57]
Aberdeen, Lord: his Persian specimens given to British Museum, [86n.]
Achaemenes, [245]
Achaemenian inscriptions:
first mentioned by Gouvea, 1609, [15];
described by Don Garcia, [19];
five letters copied by Della Valle, [28];
Herbert, [46];
found at Behistun, Elvend, Persepolis, Susa, Van, written in three languages: see [Babylonian], [Persian], [Susian (Median)]
Akkadian language first discovered by Rawlinson, [410].
See [Sumerian]
Akkadians, their first appearance in modern history, [385]
‘Alarodian’ family of languages, [336]
Alarodians or Uradhians, [336n.]
Alexander (of Macedon), [2], [18], [75]
Amanus, [385]
Amardians, the, of Strabo, [325]
Anahita, [136]
Andreas, Dr., expedition to Persia (1874), [128]
Angel, M., Dutch artist, [57]
Anquetil de Perron, on Zend and the Zendavesta, [173], [176], [182], [204], [256n.]
Apadana of Susa, [136], [139], [143]
Arabia, [219], [235]
Ararat, Mount, [108]
Araxes, river, [18], [25]
Aria, [219n.]
Ariaramnes, [245]
Aristobulus, [85]
Armenia, [210], [219], [229]
Arran (on Caspian Sea), [219n.]
Arrian, on the tomb of Cyrus, [9]
Arsaces, seal cylinder of, [148]
Arsames, [245], [262]
Artaxerxes I. (Longimanus):
his defaced inscription at Persepolis, [6n.], [136], [262];
Venice Vase attributed to him, [292]
Artaxerxes II, (Mnemon):
his inscription at Susa, [136];
rebuilds the Apadana, [ib.];
invokes Mithra and Anahita, [ib.], [262], [406]
Artaxerxes III. (Ochus):
palace and inscriptions at Persepolis, [6], [51];
inscription copied by Rich, [99], [100];
by Flandin, [123];
shows decay of language, [262];
Venice vase also assigned to him, [292]
Arundel (Lord), [38]
Aryans, the, in Media, [333 sq.]
Asdod or Ashdod, [355], [365], [394]
‘Aspathines,’ [293 sq.]
Assuerus, [14], [52]
Assyria, [219]
Assyrian inscriptions:
their discovery, [340-2];
identification of writing and language with Babylonian, [343-48];
their Semitic affinity established, [349-52];
first steps in decipherment by Grotefend (1840), Löwenstern (1845), [342], [353-56];
Hincks (1846), [343], [357], [369], [375];
Botta (1847), [343], [362];
Longpérier (1848), [368];
Rawlinson (1847), [363], (1850), [379];
language found to be syllabic:
Botta, [367];
Hincks, [374];
Rawlinson, [380], [387];
and ideographic, [370-72], [383];
its homophones, [362-64];
Longpérier’s suggestion, [366], [367], [374];
its polyphones, [365], [370], [395];
determinatives, [371];
first translations made by Rawlinson, [382], [390];
De Saulcy’s claims, [397];
Assyrian opens a new literature and history, [341], [382], [409];
later works on, [412]
Assur-adan-pal, or Assur-natsir-pal (Nineveh), [383]
Astyages, [47]
Atropatena (= modern Maiana), [54]
Aturia (= Assyria), [210], [219]
Augustinian Friars, [11], [47]
Babylon: the site of, [24], [163]
Babylonian:
language of third column; similarity of writing and language to the unilingual inscriptions of Babylonia, [185], [338], [343-45], [357];
name fully justified, [186], [358];
first deciphered by help of Persian column, [338], [348], [353], [362];
two styles, Cursive and Lapidary, compared, [186], [337-39];
Michaux stone and East India House inscriptions, [337];
substantial identity with Assyrian, [344-49];
large number of signs, [342], [362];
their classification, [343].
See [Assyrian inscriptions]
Bactria, [15], [208], [219]
Bagdad, [24]
Bahrein, island, [11], [31]
Bakhtiyari (a Persian tribe), [125n.]
Bambyce, [394]
Barbaro, Giosafat: Venetian ambassador to Persia (1472): gives the first account of Persepolis and Pasargadae, [10]
Bardius, [289]
Barthélemy, Abbé, [162]
Bassora, [54]
Bavian inscription, the, [412]
Beauchamp, Abbé, [162]
Beer, E. F. F. (1805-41):
his contributions to the ‘Hallische Allgemeine Zeitung,’ [238];
he finds correct values for two Persian signs, [ib.], [244]
Behistun, the rock of, [102];
earliest descriptions of it, [105];
copied by Rawlinson, [106], [108], [110], [112], [245], [272];
the failure of Flandin, [119];
its mutilated condition, [286]
Belikh, river, [385]
Bellino, M., German secretary to C. J. Rich, [95];
his correspondence with Grotefend, [96], [186], [195]
Bellino cylinder, inscription, [189]
Benfey, Theodore: criticises (1847) Rawlinson’s edition of the Persian column of the Behistun inscriptions, [272], [286], [288];
his edition of the Persian inscriptions, [294]
Beroea, [394]
Bertin, M., [323], [347], [410n.]
Bezold, Dr. Carl, [7n.], [297], [390 sqq.], [407]
Birch, Dr. Samuel, [411] and [n.]
Black Obelisk (Nineveh), [341], [383], [396], [401 sq.]
‘Black Stone’ of Susa, [133]
Bode, Baron de: journey to Susa, [125];
adventure with the Bakhtiyari, [125n.]
Bondamiro (Portuguese form), Bandimico (French), Bindamyr (Barbaro), [9], [14];
Bradamir (Figueroa), [18]
Bonomi, Joseph, [407]
Bopp, Professor, [221], [257]
Borsippa, [385]
Bosanquet, Mr., [411]
Boscawen, W. St. Chad, [351]
Botta, Paul E. (French consul at Mosul):
his excavations at Khorsabad described in letters to Mohl (1843-45), [340];
his ‘Ecriture Assyrienne’ (1848), and ‘Monument de Ninive’ (1849), [ib.], [366];
his minute study of the Assyrian signs and their classification, [343];
he compares them with the Babylonian, [344];
shows the ‘identity’ of the two languages, [348];
doubtful as to their Semitic relationship, [350];
indicates the existence of homophones (1845), [362], [367];
his list of variants, [366];
his services to decipherment, [343], [367-68]
Bouchier, George, brought original text of the Vendidad to England, [204]
Bricks, Babylonian: the first brought to Europe, [24], [162];
Hager’s conjecture as to the legend on them, [165]
Buckingham, J. S., [74n.]
Budge, E. A. Wallis, [348]
Bunder Abbas, [31], [33], [53 sq.]
Burnouf, Eugène (1801-52): his ‘Mémoire’ on the inscriptions at Elvend and Van (1836), [96], [206];
his great reputation as a Zend scholar, [204];
he contributes two correct values to the Persian alphabet, [208];
identifies ‘Ormuzd’ and other proper names and words, [209];
his alphabet compared with Grotefend and St. Martin, [211];
his skill as a translator, [216];
his identification of the provinces of Darius, [218];
contributions to grammar, [219];
his translations compared with Lassen’s, [234];
correspondence with Rawlinson, [247]
Bushire, [76], [108]
Cabul, [111]
Cai Caius, [1]
Caillou Michaux, the, [166];
a Kudurru, or landmark, [168n.];
its translation only recently accomplished, [ib.];
style of writing, [337]
Caleh, city, [385]
Camara (‘Comerum’), [9]
Cambyses, [289]
Candahar, [111]
‘Çapardia’ (‘Çprd,’ Lassen’s cuneiform for the Sapeires of Herodotus), [227 sq.]
Cappadocia, [209], [219]
Capuchins at Ispahan, [47]
Carchemish, [394]
Carmelites, [16];
at Ispahan, [47]
Cartwright, John (1601), [13], [18]
Catholic missions in Persia, [48]
Caylus, Count: his ‘Recueil d’Antiquités,’ [162]
Caylus Vase, quadrilingual inscription upon, [146], [156], [166], [170n.], [175]
Central Edifice, [50], [56], [62], [72]
Champollion, M., [175]
Chardin, Sir John (1643-1713):
with Thévenot and Tavernier at Persepolis, [54];
knighted by Charles II., [61];
his Travels published (1711): the drawings convey the first adequate impression of the ruins, [61];
his confused description, [64];
built by Jamshid, [65];
designed for a temple, [66];
the cuneiform signs were gilt, [67];
he thinks the wedges can be turned in any direction, [ib.];
he makes the first complete copy of an inscription, [68];
he gives the first account of the Tomb Inscriptions at Naksh-i-Rustam, [ib.]
Charpentier, M., [61]
Chehel Minar, or Forty Minarets [variant spellings: ‘Cilminar’ (Barbaro), ‘Chelminira’ (Gouvea)]:
first mentioned by Barbaro, [9];
traditionally ‘the Old Town’ of Shiraz, [14];
identified with Persepolis by Figueroa, [18];
speculations as to its origin, [2], [40], [57].
See [Persepolis]
Chinzirus, the, of Ptolemy, [373]
Choaspes, river, [134]
Citadel Hill (Susa), [133], [137];
De Morgan’s mines into its side, [145]
Clarendon, Lord, [417]
Columnar Edifice, the, [20], [26], [28], [50 sq.], [62], [65 sq.], [78], [117], [136]
Columnar origin of writing, [164 sq.]
Conder, Major:
on the relationship of Akkadian to other languages, [335];
on Lycian, [336n.];
on the number of Assyrian signs, [379n.]
Coste, Pascal, and Flandin, Eugène:
travels in Persia, [118];
Coste surveys and plans the principal ruins, [122]
Cotton, Sir Dormer: his mission from England to Persia (1626), [33], [38]
Crystal cylinders with inscriptions, [147]
Cufic: Lichtenstein on, [167]
Cuneiform signs compared to Chinese, [60], [70], [156], [165];
to Cufic, [167];
some think they were gilt, [67], [70], [139];
doubts as to whether writing or ornamentation, [ix], [60], [154];
first called cuneiform by Kaempfer (1712), [70]
Cursive writing distinguished from Lapidary by Hincks, [339]
Curzon, Lord, [131]
Cyaxares, [314]
Cylinder seal inscriptions, [354]
Cyropolis, [17]
Cyrus:
inscription, [9];
found by Morier at Murgab, [83], [89];
deciphered by Grotefend, [178];
tomb at Murgab described by Arrian, [9];
and Barbaro, [10];
drawn by Mandelslo, [40], [59];
identified by Morier, [85];
the discussion raised concerning it, [87];
his tomb was thought by Gouvea to be at Persepolis, [14];
by Figueroa at Shiraz, [17]
Cyrus, river, [25]
Dadarses, [290]
Damascus, [394]
Daniel, architect of Persepolis, [47];
his tomb at Susa, [133], [140]
D’Anville, M.: on Della Valle’s Babylonian bricks, [162]
Darius I. (Hystaspes): built Terrace and Palace at Persepolis, [2], [4].
See [Persepolis].
Bas-relief and effigy of, at Behistun, [104];
built Apadana at Susa, afterwards burnt, [136], [144];
tomb at Naksh-i-Rustam, [8], [102];
inscription on South Terrace, Persepolis:
copied by Kaempfer, [71];
Niebuhr, [80];
on Palace:
copied by Le Bruyn, [73];
Niebuhr, [79];
on Window, [6]:
copied by Chardin, [68];
Kaempfer, [71];
Le Bruyn, [73];
inscription at Behistun, [102];
copied and translated by Rawlinson, [102], [244];
at Elvend, copied by Schulz, [95];
translated by Lassen, [206];
at Naksh-i-Rustam, [8];
copied by Westergaard, [102];
at Suez, [146];
Kermanshah, [147];
on a seal cylinder, [ib.]
Darius II. (Nothus), [262]
Daulier Deslandes: ‘Beautés de la Perse’ (1673), gives improved drawing of Persepolis, [50], [60];
he estimates number of bas-reliefs at 2,000, [52];
he shows a short inscription over an arch, [60]
Davies, John, translator of Mandelslo’s ‘Travels,’ [42]
Dejoces, dynasty of, [333]
Delattre, Père A., S.J.: calls language of second column ‘Anzanisch,’ [334]
Delitzsch, M., [336n.]
Democritus, [165]
D’Hancarville, M., [92n.]
Dieulafoy, Marcel:
his first visit to Persia (1881), [131];
his excavations at Susa (1885), [138];
discovery of enamelled tiles:
frieze of the lions, [139];
frieze of the archers, [141];
his restorations of the Acropolis, [142]
Dieulafoy, Mme. Jane:
her book on Persia, [131];
describes the excavations at Susa, [139]
Dizful, [109], [132 sq.]
Dorow, M., [192], [195]
Duperron, M., on Zend, [256]
Dutch in Indian Seas (1595), [13]
East India Company, Dutch: resident agents in Persia, [48], [54]
East India Company, English:
opens trade with Persia (1614), [13];
has a resident agent in Persia, [48], [54];
collection of Babylonian bricks in their museum, [163];
Hager’s discussion of them, [164]
East India Company: efforts of French to found one, [48], [54]
East India House Inscription, [166], [194n.], [337], [339], [357], [412]
Ecbatana. See [Hamadan]
Egypt, inscriptions found in, [147]
Elamites:
spoke a Scythic language, [137], [325], [336];
antiquity of their remains at Susa, [146]
Ellenborough, Lord, [111]
Ellis, Mr.: applies photography to Persian antiquities, [128]
Elvend, Mount: inscription, [94 sq.], [206]
Elymaean writing, [23], [346]
Emanuel, Père, [162]
Erech, city, [409]
Eridu, city, [409]
Erythean group (of languages), [411]
Esarhaddon, [356], [361], [385], [393]
Eulaeus, river, [134]
Ewald, Dr.: doubts (1858) Semitic character of the Assyrian grammar, [352]
Fasa, [120], [125], [128]
Fergusson, Sir James, [94], [116], [117], [122], [126], [136], [407]
Ferhouer, the, [161]
Ferrari’s ‘Geographical Epitome,’ [25]
Figueroa, Don Garcia de Silva:
his embassy from Spain to Persia (1614), [17];
identifies Chehel Minar with Persepolis, [18];
his description of the ruins and inscriptions published in ‘Purchas’ Pilgrims’ (1625), and in the ‘Embassy of Don Garcia’ (1667), [19];
his drawings and copies were not reproduced, [23], [59]
Fisher, Mr., [390]
Flandin, Eugène, [64];
he admits Porter’s talent in drawing, [93n.];
his travels in Persia in 1840, [115], [117];
he fails to reach the inscription at Behistun, [119];
he visits Murgab and Naksh-i-Rustam, [120];
his admirable drawings of Persepolis, [121];
his contributions to our knowledge, [123];
he fails to reach Susa, [125];
he returns to the East to sketch the monuments at Khorsabad (1843), [126];
his ‘Voyage en Perse’ not published till 1851, [126]
Flower, S., [58], [59]
Fotheringham, Mr., [133]
Frederick, Capt., R.N. (1808), [192]
Frederic V. (of Denmark): his expedition (1761) for exploring Arabia, [76]
Fresnal, M.: his exploration (1852-1854) of the ruins of Babylon, [409]
Fryer, J.: his travels (1698), [66]
Gabal, city, [385]
Gardanne, General: his embassy from Napoleon to Persia, [83]
Gaumates (or Gomates), the Magian, [104], [290]
Georgian Christians, [48]
Giacchetti, Abbé, [148]
Goa, College of (Portuguese), [13]
Gobineau, Count de, [335], [415]
Golconda, the mines of, [49]
Gombrun (Bunder Abbas), [11], [23], [31]
Gordon, Mr.: his visit to Susa, [84], [89n.], [134]
Gouvea, Antoine de:
his mission to Ispahan (1602), [13];
visits Chehel Minar, which he considers to be the tomb of Assuerus and built on the site of the ancient Shiraz, [14];
describes the double staircase, porch, and tombs, [ib.];
he is the first to mention the bas-reliefs and inscriptions, [15];
second visit to Persia, [17]
Government grant in aid of publishing third column of Behistun inscription, [386];
and to the Bagdad excavations (1851), [408]
Grant, Mr., visit to Susa, [133]
Great Mogul, the Court of, [49]
Grélot, M.: drawings of Persepolis made by him for Chardin, [61 sqq.]
Gromex: fifty-eight alphabets borrowed from, by Purchas, [47]
Grote, George: one of the jury on Fox Talbot’s test translation, [414]
Grotefend, George F. (1775-1853):
educated at Göttingen—rector of the Lyceum at Hanover, [168];
his paper on Cuneiform read September 4, 1802: communicated to ‘Göttingen Literary Gazette,’ September 18, [169];
he deciphers Hystaspes, Darius and Xerxes, [173];
he thus obtains eight correct values, [175];
his total contribution being twelve, [179];
identifies ideogram for ‘king,’ [177];
reads Cyrus, [178];
his translations from Old Persian, [179];
compared with Burnouf, [217];
his work on the other columns, [183], [189], [338];
he shows that the different kinds of Babylonian writing were only varieties of the same, [186], [193], [338];
calls the third Persepolitan ‘the Babylonian column,’ [186];
directs attention to the geographical names in the I inscription, [187], [207], [223];
he denies that language of the third column is Semitic, [188];
recognises ‘Artaxerxes,’ [189];
criticises Burnouf and Lassen, [188], [237];
publishes Bellino’s cylinder, [189];
thought languages of the three columns were closely related, [299];
his study of the East India House inscription, [339];
his division of the Babylonian column of the Elvend inscription (1837), [353];
his attempted translation of a Babylonian brick, [355];
mistakes the name and titles of Nebuchadnezzar for a form of prayer, [ib.], [359]
Guebres (or Parsees) of Guzerat, [203n.]
Hager, Joseph (1757-1819):
his ‘Dissertation on the Babylonian Inscriptions,’ 1801, [163];
suggests that the legend on the bricks records the name of the founder, [165];
he derives the Persepolitan writing from the Babylonian, and traces the latter to the Chaldæans, [ib.], [354];
the origin of horizontal writing, [168]
Halévy, J.:
disputes the existence of Sumerian, [xvi], [336];
would substitute ‘Amardian’ for ‘Median’ for the second language, [334]
Hall of the Hundred Columns, the, [22], [28], [36], [45 sq.], [50 sq.], [56], [77 sqq.], [121], [129], [132]
Hamadan (Ecbatana), [1], [7], [94], [102], [108], [206]
Hamath, [385], [394]
Hamitian language, [410]
Haridu, city of, [384]
Haroyu (Parsi), or Sarayu (Indian), [219n.]
Hateni or Adini, [284]
Haug, M., [319]
Haupt, Prof.: on Semitic affinities of Babylonian, [351]
Hazael of Damascus, [385]
Heeren, A. H. L.:
controversy with Herder on origin of ruins of Persepolis, [82], [155];
introduced Porter’s Travels to German readers, [93 sq.];
published Grotefend’s paper in his ‘Historical Researches,’ [170n.], [176]
Herbelot, M. d’, [53]
Herbert, Sir Thomas:
early editions of his Travels (1634-1638), [34];
his grotesque engraving of the ruins of Persepolis, [36];
his account derived chiefly from Figueroa and Della Valle, [37], [46];
later editions of the Travels (1663), with Holler’s engraving, [43];
singular description of the Hall of the Hundred Columns, [45]
Hercules, Mr.:
assistance rendered to Niebuhr by, [76];
enters the tombs at Naksh-i-Rustam, [82], [84]
Herder, J. G.: controversy with Heeren on origin of ruins of Persepolis, [82], [155]
Herodotus: his veracity and accuracy confirmed, [114], [136], [223 sq.], [334], [407]
Hester, Mr., [111]
Heyne, Professor, [168];
first called attention to Greek inscription on Rosetta Stone, [169]
Hezekiah, [394]
Hieratic writing, in Babylon, [194n.]
Hieroglyphics, Egyptian: beginning of our knowledge of, [169]
Hillah, the mounds near, [24], [162], [192]
Hincks, Rev. Edward (1792-1866; rector of Killyleagh, co. Down): suggests that Ormuzd is represented by the winged figure in the Persian bas-reliefs, [104];
is an early student of Assyrian, [113];
depreciates Lassen’s talent as a decipherer, [258];
his own contributions devoted chiefly to the Susian and Babylonian columns, [266];
he reads the names of Babylon, Nineveh (1846), [ib.], [357],
and Nebuchadnezzar, [267], [359], [363], [373];
his paper ‘On the First and Second Kinds of Persepolitan Writing’ (1846), [268];
he anticipates Rawlinson’s supplementary note, [ib.];
his alphabet compared with Lassen’s, [270];
he reviews Rawlinson’s Memoirs (1846), [272];
his three papers on Susian (Median), 1846-47, [308];
showed (1845) that many Susian signs were found in the Assyrian, [312n.];
he compares the East India House inscription with a fragment written in the cursive character, [339];
his table comparing ‘certain cursive and lapidary characters,’ [ib.];
comparison with the third Persepolitan, [343], [347];
the languages also agree, [348], [357];
they are Semitic, [350];
his method and its results, [358];
his paper of January 1847, [360];
on the Khorsabad inscription, [369];
Assyrian signs are wholly syllabic or ideographic, [370];
of Indo-European origin and originally designed to represent a non-Semitic language, [371] and [n.];
the appendix of January 1850 explains the principle of Assyrian writing, [374];
influence of this essay upon the study, [375];
his paper ‘On the Language and Mode of Writing of Assyria’ (August 1850), [376];
his compound syllables, [389];
deciphers ‘Menahem’ and ‘Jehu son of Omri,’ [393n.];
paper on the ‘Assyrio-Babylonian Phonetic Characters’ (1852), [394];
his contributions compared with those of Rawlinson, [396];
his genius as a decipherer, [405];
suggests the name ‘Akkadian,’ [411];
his translations in Layard’s ‘Nineveh and Babylon,’ [ib.];
works on Assyrian mythology and grammar, and on Akkadian, [412];
his translation for Fox Talbot’s test inscription, [414];
his great services ill rewarded, [417]
Hittite language, [336n.]
Hitzig, Dr. Ferdinand:
on the Persian text of the Tomb inscription of Darius (1847), [294];
he denies that Assyrian is Semitic, [352]
Holler’s engraving of Persepolis for Sir T. Herbert’s work, [43], [50], [60]
Holstein-Gottorp, Duke of: sends a trading mission to Persia, [39]
Holtzmann, Adolf:
his charge of plagiarism against Lassen, [222];
his contributions to the decipherment of the Persian column (1845), [262], [271];
he suggests that the language of second column was spoken at Susa, perhaps mother of Pehlevi, [313];
he attempts to refute the Finnic-Tartar hypothesis, [319];
he considers Assyrian a Persian dialect mingled with Semitic elements, [352]
Hommel, Dr. Fritz:
calls second column language ‘Susian-Median’ and ‘Susian,’ [334];
relation of Median with Akkadian, [335];
his fifty words of Kassite, [336n.]
Humboldt, G. von: his appreciation of Jacquet’s work, [239]
Husseinabad, [121]
Hyde, Dr. Thomas, [59 sq.]
Hystaspes, [136];
name deciphered, [178], [245], [262]
India, [229]
Inscriptions. See [Achaemenian]
Ionia, [210], [219]
Iskander (= Alexander), [41]
Ispahan, [12];
British Resident established at (1614), [13]
Istakhr: seat of a Viceroy of the Khalifs, [2], [69]
Jacquet, Eugène (1811-38):
his remarkable precocity, [239];
his essay on Cuneiform Decipherment (1838), [241];
his correspondence with Lassen, [240], [243];
adds six correct values to the Persian alphabet, [244];
his admiration for Lassen’s diphthongs, [255];
his results arrived at independently, [275]
Jamshid, the legendary builder of Persepolis, [2], [30];
the fourth king of Persia, [65], [75];
his claims supported by Herder and opposed by Heeren, [82], [155];
possibly identical with Shem, [93];
Grotefend reads his name into the inscriptions, [180]
Jask (on Persian Gulf), [32]
Jaubert: his embassy from France to Persia (1805), [83]
Jehu the son of Omri, [385], [393n.], [407]
Jenkinson, Antonie: visit to Persia (1561), [13]
Jerusalem, [394]
Jesuits, the: mission at Tauriz, [48]
Jones, Captain, R.N., [111];
his drawings of the figures at Behistun published in Rawlinson’s Memoir (1846), [272]
Jones, Sir Harford:
his embassy to Persia, [83];
presented the celebrated inscription to India House, [166]
Jones, Sir William: on Anquetil’s Zend-Avesta, [205]
Kaempfer, Engelbert (1651-1716):
his ground plan of Persepolis, [70], [77];
confers the name of ‘cuneiform’ upon the inscriptions, [ib.];
he copies a twenty-four line inscription, [71];
gives the earliest description of the Central Edifice, [72]
Kaleh Sherghat, the Tiglath Peleser inscription from, [413]
Kassite language, [336n.]
‘Katpatuk’ (Burnouf and Lassen’s reading for ‘Cappadocia’), [229]
Kermanshah, [102], [108], [110], [119]
Kesem (island in Persian Gulf), [11], [31]
Khaneh-i-Dara (Mansion of Darius), Persepolis, [2]
‘Khapirti’ (in Median text = Amardians of Strabo), [325]
Khorassan (or Bactria), [15]
Khorsabad, date of the dynasty of, [385n.]
King, Mr. L. W.:
on Semitic affinities of Babylonian, [351];
his list of 329 Assyrian signs, [379n.]
Kinneir, Sir J. Macdonald:
on inscription at Mount Elvend, [94];
on figures at Behistun, [105];
description of Susa (1810), [133];
visits Hillah and Mosul (1808), [192];
his ‘Geographical Memoir,’ [ib.]
Kish, obelisk of a King of, found at Susa, [145]
Klaproth, M., his ‘Aperçu de l’Origine des diverses Ecritures,’ [196];
contains the latest development of St. Martin’s alphabet, [196], [200]
Kossaean language, [336]
Kouyunjik, [189], [341]
Kur, river (= the ‘Cyrus’ of the ancients), [25]
Kurdistan, [108]
Lapidary characters compared with their equivalents in the cursive style, [339]
Larsa, city, [409 sq.]
Lassen, Christian (1800-76), [189], [204];
his fame as a Sanscrit scholar, [231];
his essay on cuneiform accidentally synchronous with that of Burnouf (1836), [222];
Holtzmann’s unfounded charge of plagiarism, [ib.]:
Lassen’s account of his study of Inscr. I, [223];
he deciphers correctly six to ten additional signs, [224];
analysis of his alphabet, [225];
his identification of words and proper names, [229];
his translation compared with Burnouf, [233];
on the provinces of Darius, [235];
influence on Jacquet, [240], [243];
on Rawlinson, [247];
his second Memoir (1845), [253];
his amended alphabet, [ib.];
his achievements disparaged by Rawlinson and Hincks, [258];
his complete translation of all the Persian inscriptions then known to him, [259];
comparison with Rawlinson, [261]
Laval, M., [412]
Layard, Sir A. H.:
entered the Tomb of Daniel at Susa, [134];
copied two inscriptions and made drawings of bas-relief at Malamir, [185], [323];
his excavations at Nimrud and Kouyunjik (1845), [341];
discovery of the black obelisk at Nimrud, with first purely Assyrian inscription ever deciphered, [ib.];
published ‘Nineveh and its Remains,’ and ‘Monuments of Nineveh’ (1849), [342];
his excavations at Nineveh (1849-50), [408];
popularity of his book, [ib.];
his eulogy of Dr. Hincks, [417n.]
Le Bruyn, Corneille:
visited Persepolis 1704: he copies five inscriptions, [73];
his criticism and measurements, [74];
he rejects Chardin’s theory of the Jamshid origin of the ruins, [73]
Lenormant, François:
his ‘Lettres Assyriennes’ (1871), and ‘Choix de Textes’ (1873), [323];
shows the resemblance of the Old Susian and Old Babylonian scripts, [ib.];
the writing of Malamir an earlier form of Susian (Median), [ib.];
both belong to the Scythic family, [324];
he adheres to name of ‘Median,’ [325];
opinion as to the Alarodian languages, [336]
Lepsius, Professor, [349]
Lewis, Sir George Cornewall: contended that neither Egyptian nor Assyrian could be restored, [416]
Library of Assurbanipal, the, [xii]
Lichtenstein, M.: considers Babylonian bricks date from seventh century A.D.: that the writing resembles Cufic and the language Arabic, [167]
Löwenstern, Isidore, [313];
his ‘Essai de Déchiffrement’ (1845), [343];
points out the resemblance of Assyrian writing to the third Persepolitan, [ib.];
maintained that it is a Semitic speech, [349];
his attempt to decipher a Khorsabad inscription, [355];
only twenty proper names then available, [362];
he treats the signs as simple consonants, [364], [377];
the variants as homophones, [364];
he was among the first to observe polyphones, [365];
his theory of the mechanical union of consonant and vowel, [376].
Loftus, W. Kennett:
on a drawing by Porter, [93n.];
his excavations at Susa (1851-2), [125], [135];
discovered the Apadana of Artaxerxes Mnemon with his inscription, [136];
translated by Norris, [318];
found some Old Susian inscriptions which Rawlinson attempted to decipher, [322];
Loftus’s explorations of South Babylonia, [409];
found a tablet at Larsa from which Rawlinson inferred the existence of the Akkadian language, [410]
Longpérier, Adrian de:
made known the Venice Vase, [148], [292];
criticism of Löwenstern’s identification of Esarhaddon, [357];
treatment of Assyrian homophones, [366];
identifies Sargon and Assur, [368], [393];
his aptitude for cuneiform studies, [367], [368], [405]
Luristan, [109], [125]
Luzzato, M.:
showed (1850) that twenty-four of the Median signs corresponded to the Babylonian, [314];
maintained that Assyrian was an Indo-European language, [352]
Macaulay, Lord: disbelieved in cuneiform interpretation, [416]
Machad, capital of Khorassan, [15]
McNeill, Sir J., [110]
Madagascar: French effort to found a trading colony in (1643), [48]
Maiana (ancient Atropatena), [54], [137]
Malamir: inscription found by Layard at (1841), [135], [137].
See [Susian (Old)]
Malcolm, Sir John, [83], [107], [110], [133], [166]
Mandelslo, J. A.:
visits Murgab (1638);
gives the earliest known view of the Tomb of Cyrus, [40];
thought cuneiform signs were inlaid with gold, [41];
his engraving of Persepolis, [ib.];
his book translated into English (1662), [42]
Mans, Père Raphael du (Superior of the Capuchins at Ispahan, 1644-96), [47], [52 sq.]
Median language. See [Susian (Median)]
Medo-Assyrian (Vannic) writing, [346]
Medus, river (of Strabo), [25]
Menant, Joachim:
on the Venice Vase, [292];
his edition of the Persian inscriptions, [297];
his table of Susian (Median) signs, [308n.], [328], [442];
on the only Assyrian word correctly read in 1847, [351];
estimate of ‘the necessary simple syllables’ in Assyrian, [388n.];
on De Saulcy’s contribution to cuneiform decipherment, [398];
his work on the ‘Ecritures Cunéiformes’ (1860), [413]
Mervdasht, plain of, [2]
‘Meshed i Mader i Suliman,’ [98]
Mesopotamia, [24]
Messeth Suleimen, [10]
Michaux, M., [166]
Mildenhall, John (1601), [13]
Millin, M., [183]
Milman, Dean: one of the jury on Fox Talbot’s test translation, [414]
Mina (on Persian Gulf), [31]
Mithra, [136], [262]
Mohl, M. (Secretary to French Asiatic Society):
his visit to Grotefend, [190];
sent the Yaçna to Rawlinson, [247];
protested against the Scythic hypothesis about Median, [335];
introduced Hincks’s writings to Continental students (1848), [361];
decries a language which puzzles translators by polyphones and ideographs, [416]
Monteith, Captain: visited Susa (1810), [133]
Morales, Father Symon de (Augustinian Friar): his mission to Persia by Philip II. (1583), [12]
Mordtmann, M.:
his papers (1862, 1870) on the second column, [322];
his reasons for calling the language Susian, [ib.];
his endeavours to prove the ‘identity’ of the Median and Babylonian characters, [323];
he shows that both the newly discovered languages belonged to the Scythic family, [324]
Morgan, J. de:
excavations at Susa (1898), [143];
great discovery of bricks with old Susian inscriptions, [144];
his investigations into the antiquity of the mounds, [145]
Morier, James:
identifies the tomb of Cyrus, [9], [85], [88];
his comparison of the drawings of Le Bruyn, Chardin and Niebuhr with the original sculptures, [77n.], [78n.];
publication of his Travels (1812 and 1818), [86];
his copy of the Cyrus inscription, [89n.], [93];
its influence on Grotefend, [178]
‘Moro, the constellation of’ (Grotefend), [179], [216], [257], [354]
Mosul, [192], [340]
Mudray, name for Egypt, [212], [235];
deciphered by Rawlinson, [249]
Müller, Max, [295]
Münter, F. C. (Bishop of Seeland):
his paper on the Cuneiform Inscriptions (1800), [155];
proves that they belong to the Achaemenian dynasty, [ib.], [170];
shows the use of the diagonal wedge in Old Persian, [157];
deciphers two signs correctly, [159];
his opinion as to meaning of the legend on Babylonian bricks, [165];
on the writing of the second and third columns, [156], [299];
compares the latter to Old Babylonian, [337]
Murgab, [1], [59], [83], [85 sqq.]
Museo Kircheriano: some of Della Valle’s collection of antiquities there, [24], [74]
Nakharmi, [384]
Naksh-i-Rejeb, [82], [91]
Naksh-i-Rustam, inscriptions found at, [1];
Sassanian bas-reliefs and Achaemenian tombs there, [7 sq.];
inscriptions described, [8];
referred to, [19], [29], [57], [67 sq.], [91]
Naram Sin, [145]
Nebuchadnezzar, [47], [359], [363], [373];
‘Standard Inscription’ of, [166]
Niebuhr, Carsten (1733-1815):
his ‘Voyage en Arabie’ (1780), [77];
his valuable copies of the inscriptions at Persepolis, [79], [149];
he is the first to observe that each column is written in a different character, [80], [299];
he is the first to make an alphabet of Old Persian, [81], [149];
he shows the direction in which the writing is to be read, [ib.];
he admits eight defective signs into his alphabet, [150], [183];
the general accuracy of his results, [150];
he makes one unfortunate mistake, [160]
Nimrod, [66]
Nimrud: Layard’s excavations at, [341]
Nimrud: date of the dynasty of, [385n.]
Nineveh, [384]
Ninni, city of, [384]
Nippur, city, [409]
Noeldeke, Theodor: on the results of the photographic process applied to inscriptions, [129]
Norris, Edwin:
Secretary of Royal Asiatic Society, [269];
saw Rawlinson’s Memoir (1846) through the press, [273];
undertakes the translation of the Susian (Median) column of the Behistun inscription, [307];
reads a paper on the results of his study (1852: published 1855), [314];
thinks the syllabarium originally devised to express a Scythic tongue, [317];
its nearest modern relationship is to Volga-Finnish, [ib.];
his translation of a unilingual inscription, [319];
translation of a defective inscription at Behistun, [330];
his work on Assyrian weights, [412];
author of the first Assyrian dictionary, [ib.]
Ochus. See [Artaxerxes III.]
Odoricus, Friar: his visit to Persia (1325), [9n.]
Olearus (Oelschloeger):
account of his mission to Persia (1637), [39];
his edition of the Travels of Mandelslo (a member of the mission), [40], [42]
Olivier, M.: on Behistun, [105]
Oppert, Jules:
on the Behistun inscription, [104];
his translations of Old Susian inscriptions (1873, 1876), [137], [324];
on death of Cambyses, [289];
on the Venice Vase, [292];
his restorations of mutilated texts, [292], [331];
his ‘Lautsystem des Altpersischen’ (1847), [295];
his tribute to Rawlinson, [296];
his edition of the Achaemenian inscriptions (1852, 1877), [296], [406];
claims to have suggested the Turanian origin of cuneiform writing, [317n.];
and the ‘Finno-ouralienne’ origin of Median (1847), [318n.];
his translation of the Susian (Median) unilingual inscriptions (1879), [319];
his ‘Expédition scientifique’ (1859), [320];
his Susian (Median) syllabarium: the comparison with Babylonian signs, [ib.];
his ‘Peuple des Mèdes’ (1879), [326];
completes the knowledge of language of second column, [ib.];
comparison with Weisbach, [328];
his treatment of the grammar, [330];
different views as to the people who spoke the language and the name it should bear:
Scythic, [314], [318n.];
Medo-Scythic, [321], [332];
Median, [333];
transcribes cuneiform into Hebrew characters, [407];
his ‘Etudes Assyriennes’ (1857), [412];
his translation for Fox Talbot’s test, [414];
receives the prize from the Institut (1860), [415]
Ormuz (island in Persian Gulf):
its importance in 16th century, [11], [18], [24];
taken by Persians from Portuguese (1621), [31]
Ormuzd (Auramazda), [5], [7 sq.], [104], [136], [182], [219]
Orontes, the, [94]
Otiara, [317]
Otter, M. (French traveller): first to call attention to Behistun, [105]
Ouseley, Sir Gore:
his embassy from England to Persia (1810), [84];
‘specimens’ of ruins in his possession, afterwards given to British Museum, [86]
Ouseley, Sir William:
his estimate of Jean Struys, [58];
his copies of the inscriptions, [73];
he visits Fasa, then thought to be the site of Pasargadae, [84];
he opposes Morier’s claim on behalf of Murgab, [87];
his visit to Persepolis, [ib.];
his views of Murgab, [88];
his copy of the Cyrus inscription came to the notice of Grotefend, [89], [178];
his collection of Persian antiquities, [156]
Pacifique, Father, [47]
Parthia, [210], [219]
Pasargadae (the city of Cyrus), Achaemenian ruins at, [8];
referred to, [120], [125], [130], [178]
Pehlevi (language), [82]
Persepolis, supposed to be Shiraz, [14], [18], [25];
identified with ruins at Chehel Minar by Figueroa, [18], [92];
various opinions as to their origin, [1], [2], [14], [34], [40], [41], [52], [65];
and design:
a tomb, [13];
temple, [26], [47], [52], [57], [66], [78], [92];
palace, [18], [34], [75];
importance of question to decipherment, [82], [155];
details of ruins, [2-7];
described by Gouvea, [14];
Figueroa, [18];
Della Valle, [25];
Herbert, [34];
Mandelslo, [41];
Herbert’s second account, [43];
Daulier, [50];
Thévenot, [55];
Chardin, [60];
earliest engravings:
by Herbert, [36];
Mandelslo, [41];
Herbert, second view, [43];
later views by Daulier, [50], [59];
Chardin, [61];
Kaempfer, [69];
Niebuhr, [77];
Texier, [115];
Flandin, [121];
Stolze, [128];
ground plan by Chardin, [63];
Kaempfer, [70];
inscriptions found of Darius, Xerxes, Artaxerxes I. and Artaxerxes III., [6]
Persia: its relations with Europe in 15th and 16th centuries, [9], [11];
missions to, [12 sq.];
European commerce with, [13];
suspension of diplomatic relations with European countries, [83];
English officers sent to train the Shah’s army (1833), [108];
withdrawal of the British Mission (1838), [110];
recent concessions to France to carry on archæological excavations throughout Persia, [143]
Persian (Old), language of first column:
the earliest alphabet of signs formed by Niebuhr, [149];
their decipherment first attempted by Tychsen (1798), [151];
and Münter (1800), [155];
Grotefend deciphers names of the Achaemenian kings (1802), [173];
the contributions made by St. Martin (1823), [195];
and Rask (1826), [202];
the task accomplished by Burnouf (1836), [206];
and Lassen (1836), [221], and (1844), [259];
contributions of Jacquet and Beer, [238];
Rawlinson, [245], [272], [295];
Holtzmann, [262];
Hincks, [266];
the criticisms of Benfey, [288];
it afforded the key to decipher the other columns, [xi];
conjectures as to its linguistic affinities, [x], [152], [156], [167], [184], [204], [220], [257].—See [Appendix A] and [B].
Peters, Dr.: results of his excavations at Nippur, [xv]
Pharnuches, unilingual seal cylinder of, [148]
Philip II. (of Spain and Portugal):
his embassy to Persia (1583), [12];
another mission (1601), [13]
Pictorial representations of cuneiform inscriptions, summary of, to end of 17th century, [59]
Pinches, Theo. G.:
on differences between Assyrian and Semitic languages, [351];
on the publication of Layard’s inscriptions, [411n.]
Place, M. (1851-54), [409]
Platform, the, [56 sq.]
Polvar, river, [2], [7], [25]
Polyhistor, [394]
Porch, the, [20], [50 sq.], [55], [65], [71], [78], [122], [124], [130]
Porter, Sir Robert Ker:
his drawings of Persepolis, [64], [78n.];
his visit to Murgab and Persepolis, (1818), [90];
importance of his drawings, [ib.];
suggests that the tomb at Naksh-i-Rustam was that of Darius, [92];
he was long ‘the oracle of the archæologists,’ [93n.];
his visit to Mount Elvend, [95];
he sketches the figures at Behistun, [105]
Portugal:
desire of trade with Persia, [23];
contest with Persia (1620), [30];
result, [31];
finally driven from Persian Gulf, [32]
Postellus, the alphabets in, [47]
Proto-Chaldean (later called Akkadian), [410]
Prinsep, Mr. James (Secretary of Asiatic Society of Calcutta): in correspondence with Jacquet, [240]
Puli Neu (New Bridge) over the ‘Kur’ (= ‘Cyrus’ of the ancients), [25]
Purchas: alphabets borrowed from Gromex, [47]
‘Purchas, his Pilgrims,’ letters of Figueroa in, [18n.], [19]
Rask, R. (1782-1832), [183], [200];
an early founder of Comparative Philology, [202];
suggests correct termination of genitive plural in Old Persian, which adds two correct values to the alphabet, [203];
he leads to the decipherment of ‘Achaemenian,’ [ib.]
Rassam, Mr. Hormuzd:
had practical direction of excavations at Bagdad (1851), [408];
discovered the inscription of Tiglath Peleser, [ib.]
Rawlinson, Canon: his Memoir of his brother, Sir Henry, [106n.], [295]
Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke (1810-95):
on the Behistun inscription, [106];
officer in Indian army, [107];
sent to Persia on military duty (1833), [108];
copies inscriptions at Mount Elvend and Behistun (1835-7), [ib.];
ordered to Candahar (1840), [111];
appointed Political Agent at Bagdad (1844), [ib.];
resumes work at Behistun, [ib.];
Memoir on Persian Column (1846), [112], [272];
Second Memoir on Babylonian Column (1849), [114], [386];
visited Susa (1836), [134]
Rawlinson: Sir Henry, decipherment of Persian Column:
identifies eighteen cuneiform characters, [245];
independently of Grotefend, [246];
completes alphabet, having borrowed only two letters, [248];
deciphers two signs wrongly valued, [249];
chief merit in translation, [249];
compared with Lassen, [261];
the Supplementary Note (1846), [268];
claims to originality of discovery examined, [275];
his alphabet in 1846, [279];
notes on the grammar, [284];
his conjectural restorations, [286];
complete translation of all the inscriptions in Old Persian, [291-3];
revises the Behistun inscription for George Rawlinson’s ‘Herodotus’ (1858), and again for ‘Records of the Past’ (1873), [297]
Rawlinson, Sir Henry: on the Susian (Median) Column:
first scholar to make a long translation from it, [287], [306];
recognises its Scythic affinities, [306];
abandoned its further study and presented his notes to Mr. Norris, [307]
Rawlinson, Sir Henry: decipherment of the Babylonian Column:
on the varieties of writing, [345], [349];
he definitely settles its Semitic affinity, [351];
his progress down to 1847, [363];
recognises ‘Nebuchadnezzar,’ [363];
his difficulty with proper names, [369], [383];
his delay in publication wrongly censured, [377];
his papers on the ‘Inscriptions of Assyria and Babylon’ (January and February 1850), [379];
results compared with Hincks, [380], [387], [396];
Black Obelisk inscription, [383];
large numbers of historical names brought to light, [385], [393], [407];
publication of the Behistun inscription (1851), [386];
treatment of syllables, [380], [387n.];
his translations compared with De Saulcy and Bezold, [390];
he and Hincks share between them the honour of accomplishing the task of deciphering the Babylonian signs, [397];
their exceptional genius, [405]
Rawlinson, Sir H.: subsequent career:
returned to Bagdad to supervise excavations (1851), [408];
detected the existence of Sumerian or Akkadian (1855), [410];
Director of E. India Company, member of Parliament, British envoy to Persia, [416];
undertook supervision of ‘Inscriptions of Western Asia’ (1859-84), [ib.];
at the India Office (1868), [417];
his death (1895), [ib.];
overwhelmed with honours from learned Societies, [ib.];
K.C.B. in 1856: subsequent honours due to political services, [ib.]
Rémusat, Abel (French Orientalist), [239]
Renan, Ernest, [xvi], [352]
Rennell, Major: identified Susa with Shus, [132]
Resident agents of Dutch and English East India Companies settled in Persia, [48], [54]
Rhages, [317]
Rich, Claudius J., British Resident at Bagdad (1808-21):
visits Murgab and Persepolis (1821), [98];
copies the inscriptions, [99];
he collects examples of Assyrian writing, [187], [195], [340];
visits Babylon, and makes a collection of antiquities, now in the British Museum, [193];
his Memoir on Babylonian inscriptions (1817), [ib.];
suggests that the second Persepolitan was the language of Susa, [194];
he accepts Grotefend’s conclusions, [195];
his correspondence with him, [ib.];
publication of his book delayed until 1839, [251], [338], [340]
Rochette, Raoul, [240]
Roe, Sir Thomas, [43]
Rosetta Stone, the, [169]
Ross, Dr., [109]
Russell, Lord John:
suggested Government grant (1851) in aid of Rawlinson’s work, [386];
personal gift towards the Bagdad excavations, [408]
Rustam, bas-relief of, [10], [29]
Sacy, Silvestre de, his suggestion to Münter, [161];
confutation of Lichtenstein’s theories, [167];
his account of Grotefend’s discovery (1803), [169], [173], [175], [179];
his reading of the Pehlevi inscription at Naksh-i-Rustam, [171];
his suggestion with regard to Ormuzd, [181];
on the varieties of cuneiform character, [183];
he doubts the validity of Grotefend’s discovery, [191]
St. Martin, M., [96], [109];
his paper on the inscriptions (1823), [196];
criticises Grotefend’s method, [197];
his successful treatment of ‘Goshtasp,’ [199];
he introduces Grotefend to France, [202];
example of his transliteration, [208n.]
Salbancke, Joseph (1609), [13]
Salmaneser (or Shalmaneser) II. (Nineveh: Rawlinson’s ‘Temenbar II.’), [383], [394]
Samaria, capture of, by Sargon, [393]
Samson, alleged figure of, at Chehel Minar, [9 sq.]
Sapeires, the (of Herodotus): Lassen’s supposed identification of, [227 sq.]
Sarangia, [219]
Sarayu (or Haroyu), [219n.]
Sarcey, Count de:
his political and exploring mission from France to Persia, [117 sqq.]
Sargon, [356], [361], [365], [369], [373], [385], [393]
Sar-i-Pul-i-Zohab, [119]
Sarzec, M. de: his inscriptions from Tello, [xiv]
Sassanian period, bas-reliefs of, at Naksh-i-Rustam, [7], [10]
Saulcy, F. de:
an early student of Assyrian, [113], [302], [342];
essays on Susian (Median) in ‘Journal Asiatique’ (1849-50), [309];
his erroneous treatment of the syllabary, [311];
his useful indication of the resemblance of the signs to the Persian, [312];
its Scythic origin confirmed by his studies, [314];
his treatment of a Vannic inscription, [349];
his essays on Assyrian (1847), [362];
his insistance on the Semitic mode of writing, [377];
his transliterations and translations compared with Rawlinson, [390];
his criticisms of Hincks’s syllabarium, [395];
examination of his claims as a decipherer, [397];
he afforded no assistance to Rawlinson, [400];
his work on the Khorsabad Bull inscription (1850), [401];
his essay in ‘Journal Asiatique’ (1854), [402];
his comparative failure as a decipherer, [403]
Sayce, A. H., [81n.];
his translation of Old Susian inscriptions, [137], [324];
relation of the language of Malamir to Susian (Median), [ib.];
prefers to call the latter ‘Elamite’ or else ‘Amardian,’ [325];
his ‘revised list of the syllabarium,’ [ib.];
its linguistic relationship to Akkadian, [335];
his decipherment of Vannic (1893-94), [336n.];
on the Semitic ‘affinities’ of Babylonian, [351]
Scheil, Father, [146], [384]
Schlegel, Professor, [203n.], [221]
Schulz, Professor:
copies inscriptions at Van and Mount Elvend, [95-96];
his papers published by Burnouf, [96], [340]
Scythic of ancient Elamites and that of Southern Babylonia: relation not yet determined, [137]
Seal cylinders, [148]
Sefy, Shah, [39]
Semiramis and the rock of Behistun, [102]
Sennacherib:
inscription of, on a cylinder at Kouyunjik, translated by Fox Talbot, [189];
Grotefend’s copperplate of it, [ib.];
referred to, [361], [369], [373], [385], [393];
Annals of, at Kouyunjik, [394]
Serlio, Sebastiano (Bolognese architect, 1534): incorrectly supposed to have drawn the Chehel Minar, [10]
Shapoor, [108]
Shiraz, [2];
believed by Gouvea to be the ancient Persepolis, [14];
by Figueroa, to be Cyropolis, [17];
by Ferrari, to be Persepolis, [25];
English merchants at, [76]
Shirley, Robert:
his relations with Gouvea, and conversion to the Catholic faith, [15], [32];
employed by Shah Abbas as Envoy to European Courts, [32];
mission from England to Persia to test validity of his credentials, [33 sqq.];
result of mission: death of Shirley, [38]
Shuster, [109], [134]
Sidon, [385]
Sippara, [145]
Skinner, Mr., [43]
Smith, George:
his mission to the East by the ‘Daily Telegraph,’ [394];
resumed Rawlinson’s excavations in 1873, [411];
his working assistant on the ‘Inscriptions of Western Asia,’ [416];
Smith’s intimate knowledge of Assyrian, [ib.]
Sogdiana, [219]
Solomon, supposed Palace of, at Persepolis, [1];
tomb of his Mother (so-called) at Pasargadae, [8], [10];
bridge said to have been built by him, [9]
Southern Babylonia, exploration of, by Mr. Loftus, [409]
Spiegel, M.:
his transliteration and translation of Le Bruyn No. 131, [233];
his translation of the Gomates passage in Behistun inscription, [291] and [n.];
on Venice Vase, [292];
his edition (1862) of all the Persian inscriptions, [297]
Staircase, the, [51], [55], [62 sq.], [72 sq.], [130];
differing accounts of the number of its steps, [60]
Standard Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar (also called East India House Inscription), [166]
Stern, M. (of Göttingen), [413]
Stewart, Mr.: obtains copies of Mount Elvend inscriptions, [95], [206]
Stolze, Herr:
his photographs of Persian antiquities, [128];
his photogrammetric plan of Persepolis, [ib.];
general estimate of the plates, [130]
Struys, Jean (‘the lying traveller’): his ‘Tomb of Persepolis,’ [58]
Subterraneous passages at Chehel Minar and Naksh-i-Rustam, [67 sq.]
Suez Stone inscription, a quadrilingual found in 1800, [146], [166]
Sumerian, the ancient Scythic language of Irak, [xiv];
the inscriptions found at Susa, [144];
importance of the discovery, [324], [335];
called Akkadian by Hincks, [410]
Sumerians, the founders of civilisation in Western Asia, [xiii], [410]
Susa, discovery of Achaemenian ruins and inscriptions at, [109], [125], [132-45];
described by Loftus (1850), [135];
Dieulafoy (1885), [138];
De Morgan (1899), [143];
cuneiform name of, [235]
Susian [Median] language of second column:
the decipherment accomplished by Westergaard (1844-5), [300];
Hincks (1846-7), [308];
De Saulcy (1850), [309];
Norris (1852-5), [307], [314];
Oppert (1859), [320];
Sayce (1874), [325];
Oppert (1879), [326];
number of signs, [302], [321], [328];
their resemblance to Persian and Assyrian, [312], [316], [320], [321], [323];
language syllabic, [299], [300], [302], [327];
the ideograms, [328];
the determinatives, [298], [303];
supposed to be Aryan, [299], [309];
Semitic, [313];
half Semitic, half Aryan, [339];
shown to belong to the Altaic branch of Turanian, [305], [314], [317], [319], [321], [335];
variously called Median, [304], [325], [333];
Scythic, [307], [314];
Medo-Scythic, [321], [333];
Susian, [306], [322], [334];
Elamite or Amardian, [325], [334];
‘Anzanisch,’ [334];
Susian-Median, [334];
New Susian, [334];
supposed to be language of Susa, [313];
of pastoral tribes of Persia, [317];
of northern Media, [321];
of the Scythic hordes, [314];
of the lower classes of Persia, or Medians, [325];
of Median dynasty of Dejoces, [333].
See [Appendix C].
Susian [Old]:
long inscription discovered by Rawlinson (1836), [134], [137], [322];
others by Dieulafoy (1885), [139];
and De Morgan (1899), [144];
a dialect of it found at Malamir, [135];
their relations to Susian (Median) and Sumerian, [137], [323];
translated by Oppert and Sayce, [ib.]
‘Susra Inscription,’ the, [134n.]
Sutherland, Captain, [84]
Tabriz, [108]
Tak Kasra (near Bagdad), stone found at (the Caillou Michaux), [166]
Takht-i-Bostan, Sassanian inscriptions at, copied by Flandin, [119]
Takht-i-Cai Khusrau (Throne of Cyrus), Persepolis, [2]
Takht-i-Jamshid (Throne of Jamshid), Persepolis, [2]
Talbot, H. Fox:
he translates the Annals of Sennacherib, [189];
and other important inscriptions, [412];
he proposes to subject the knowledge of Assyrian to a test translation, [413];
names of the translators, [ib.];
verdict of the jury of examiners, [414]
Tasker, Mr. (English traveller): his three inscriptions from Naksh-i-Rustam tomb, [293]
Tauris, [54]
Tavernier, J. B. (1605-89):
his travels, [49];
in Persia with Daulier Deslandes and Thévenot, [ib.];
at Persepolis: finds nothing worth admiring in the ruins, [57]
Taylor, Colonel (British Resident at Bagdad), [109], [111];
his prism from Nineveh (1830), [340];
assisted Mr. Loftus in the exploration of Southern Babylonia, [409]
Teispes, [245]
Tello, [xiv]
‘Temenbar II.’ (Nineveh: Rawlinson’s reading for Salmaneser II.), [383]
Texier, Charles F. M., [94]:
his travels in Persia (1840), [115];
he excels in measurements, but his work superseded by that of Flandin, [117]
Thévenot, J. de (1633-67):
his Oriental travels suggested by d’Herbelot, [53];
joins Daulier Deslandes and Chardin at Persepolis, [54];
his description of the ruins: he gives first adequate account of the bas-reliefs, [56];
describes the interior of a tomb, [57]
Thimar, [9]
Tiglath Peleser, [408], [412 sq.]
Tombs:
at Chehel Minar, [22], [51], [56], [68];
of Naksh-i-Rustam, [2];
‘Tomb of the Mother of Solomon’ at Pasargadae, [8], [10];
‘Tomb of Daniel’ (Susa), [133 sq.]
Townley, Mr., his private collection of antiquities, [156]
Trilingual inscriptions. See [Achaemenian inscriptions]
Turanian origin of the cuneiform writing, [220]
Two Headlands, Port of the (Persian Gulf), [31]
Tychsen, O. G., of Rostock: makes the earliest attempt to decipher the inscriptions (1798), [151]
Tyre, [385]
Unilingual inscriptions, [148]
Upper Karun, valley of the, [135]
Ur, city, [409]
Uradhians (people of Ararat), [336n.]
Urmia, [126]
Valle, Pietro della:
visits Persia (1617): identifies the mounds at Hillah with site of Babylon, [24];
made the first collection of Babylonian bricks brought to Europe, [24], [162];
his description of Persepolis, [26];
copies five cuneiform signs, [28], [32];
considers the ruins the remains of a temple, [29];
gives the earliest account of the tombs of Naksh-i-Rustam, [29];
his letters not published till 1658, [32]
Van, inscriptions found at, [1], [206]
Vannic language, [336n.];
writing, [346]
Variants: Assyrian scribes made use of Tables of, [348]
Vases, ‘holy’: import of inscriptions on, [354]
Vases with identical inscriptions, [148]
Vasti, Queen (wife of Artaxerxes), [14]
Vaux, W. S. W.:
his work on ‘Nineveh and Persepolis,’ [94];
endeavours to popularise cuneiform study, [407]
Vendidad, original text of, brought to England, [204];
Anquetil’s work on it, [204 sq.]
‘Venice Vase,’ the, [148]
Vidal, M. (dragoman at Aleppo): sends Prof. Schulz copies of Mount Elvend inscriptions, [95]
Weisbach, F. H.:
on the inscriptions of the second column (1890), [297];
treatment of vowels in his syllabary, [312];
translation of the unilingual inscription at Persepolis, [319];
his results compared with Oppert, [326-32];
calls the language New Susian, [334]
Weissbach, F. H., and W. Bang: on the old Persian inscriptions (1893), [297]
Westergaard, N. L.:
copies the inscriptions in the Porch at Persepolis, and on Tomb of Darius at Naksh-i-Rustam (1843), [102], [121], [123], [130];
his exceptional qualifications, [252];
he undertakes the translation of the Susian (Median) column, [253], [255], [301];
found a farther list of proper names on tomb inscriptions, [300];
summary of his results, [302];
establishes the affinity of the Susian (Median) with the Scythic family of languages, [305]
Whewell, Professor: one of the jury on Fox Talbot’s test translation, [414]
Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, [148];
one of the jury on Fox Talbot’s test translation, [414]
Williams, Sir W. F., [135]
Wilson, Professor (President of Royal Asiatic Society, 1852):
regarded the Assyrian inscriptions as still ‘merely dumb memorials of antiquity,’ [413];
one of the jury on Fox Talbot’s test translation, [414]
Witte, of Rostock, [162]
Yaçna, Burnouf’s Commentary on the, [206], [247]
Yehuda (Judah), in a Khorsabad inscription, [385], [394]
Xerxes:
buildings at Persepolis, [2], [6], [28], [50], [55], [62];
drawn by Niebuhr, [77], [117];
by Flandin, [121], [124];
photographed by Stolze, [129];
his bricks found at Susa, [136];
name deciphered by Grotefend, [173];
inscriptions at Persepolis on Porch, [6], [100], [102];
on stairs and palaces, [6], [73], [79], [99];
at Van and Elvend, [95], [206];
on Caylus Vase, [146], [148]
Zend-Avesta, the, [173], [203n.], [204 sq.], [256n.]
Zohab, [134]
Zoroaster, [203]

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