[132], [164].
D’Auret, Madame Leonie, quoted, [565].
Daw, the, natural history of, [292].
Dead Sea, description of, [99];
its phenomena and desolation, [100];
its basin, [101];
probable origin, exploration of, [102];
constituents and character of its waters, [105], [106].
Deane, quoted, [20].
Delegorgue, quoted, [301], [302].
Delta, the, of the Nile, [102].
Derrias, the, account of, [470].
Deserts, the, of France, [13-38];
England, [39-45];
of Europe and Asia, [46-50];
animal life in, [51-77];
inhabitants of, [78-94];
deserts of sand, [95], [96], [131], [132], [133];
rainless deserts, [96], [97], [123];
of salt, [97], [98], [110];
of Persia, [97], [98];
of Arabia, [106-117];
of Africa, [118-134];
phenomena of the Deserts, [139-148];
vegetation in, [149-162];
animal life in, [162-173];
fauna of, [173], [174];
inhabitants of, [174-185];
of Africa, [186-205], et passim.
Desfontaines, quoted, [465].
Desmoulins, quoted, [558].
Desplobado, Desert of, [229].
De St. Blaize, M., quoted, [571-573].
De St. Vincent, M. Bory, [569].
Diard, quoted, [288], [289].
Dima, the, account of, [249].
Dinotherium, the, described, [447].
Dioscorea alata, [242].
Djemel, or Common Camel, the, [163-165].
Dog-headed Opossum, the, described, [372].
Dogs, the Prairie, so-called, [350-352];
wild dogs, [313].
Dolmens of Brittany, the, [20].
Doranthes excelsa, [280], [281].
Douc, the, account of, [468].
Dracæna terminalis, [422].
Dromedary, the, natural history of, [162], [163].
Dryandra, the, nature and properties of, [280].
Dryobabanops camphora, [418].
Dseren, the, described, [67].
Du Chaillu, quoted, [323], [481], [483].
Duck-billed Platypus, the, characters of, [374], [375].
Dunes, or Sand-hills.—See Sand-hills.
D’Urville, Dumont, explorations of, [553].
Dutch discoveries in Australia, [232].
Dyer, quoted, [44]
Eagles, adventure with, [75-77].
Echidna, the, natural history of, [373], [374].
Echinacea purpureas, [261].
Egagra, the, reference to, [67].
Egypt, desert of, described, [120];
soil, [152];
vegetable life of, [152-154];
inhabitants of, [183], [184].
Elæis Guinensis, [412].
Eland, the, natural history of, [65], [66].
Elburz, Mount, [592].
Eleasine Corocana, [242].
Eleasine Tocussa, [242].
Electric Eel, the, its nature and phenomena, [364];
mode of catching them, [365], [366].
Elephant, the, natural history of, [286], [450];
various species, habitat, mode of march, [451];
treatment of the young, [451], [452];
mode of entrapping, [452-455];
elephant hunts in Hindostan and Ceylon, [455], [456];
general characteristics, [456-459].
Elephant Seal, the, [568].
El-Kantara, Oases of, described, [158], [159].
Ellis, Rev. William, quoted, [427], [527].
Emerson, R. W., quoted, [516].
Emu, the, natural history of, [375], [376];
the “Wingless,” [377].
England, colonial empire of, [209].
Epacridæ, the, natural history of, [277].
Ephedra, [264].
Ephedra alata, [148].
Epicea, the, described, [599].
Equatorial Africa, expedition in, by Burton and Speke, [201];
Barth and Denham, [203], [204].
Erica Cavendishiana, [255].
Eriocaulons, the, description of, [262].
Eriodendron Samaüma, [388].
Erosion, Desert of, its physical features, [128], [131].
Eskimos, or Esquimaux, the, in Arctic America, their appearance, character, habits, and manners, [578].
Etna, mount, description of, [590];
physical character of, [591].
Eucalyptic, or gum-trees of Australia, described, [279], [280].
Euhydra tribus, [564], [565].
Euphorbiaceæ, the, description of, [248], [254].
Europe, invasions of, by Asiatic tribes, [79].
Falls of the Zambesi, described, [198], [201].
Felinska, Madame, quoted, [575].
Fen country of England, the, described, [41];
extent of, [42];
ancient aspect, [42];
modern landscapes, oases, drainage, [43], [44];
present productiveness, [44];
general character, [45].
Fennec, the, characteristics of, [314], [315].
Ficus Indica, or Banyan-tree, [404], [405];
of the Indian Archipelago, [412].
Fish Hawk, the, described, [356].
Fishing Eagle, the, described, [355], [356].
Flamingo, the, description of, [320];
habits of, [321];
varieties of, [353].
Flax, Australian, its properties, [276].
Fletcher, quoted, [24].
Flying Squirrel, the, natural history of, [500], [501].
Fontainebleau, forest of, described, [17].
Forbes, Professor, quoted, [573].
Forest, a petrified, account of, [117].
Forests, their general features, [379], [380];
botany of, [380];
influence of, on temperature, and properties, [383], [384];
in Europe and Asia, [384];
in America, [385-389];
flora of, [389-394].—See Woods.
Forgues, M., quoted, [98], [99].
Fox squirrel, the, natural history of, [500].
Foxes, the Polar, characteristics of, [565].
France, deserts of, described, [13], [14];
mountains of, [14-17];
forests of, [17];
marshes, [17], [18].
Fromentin, M., quoted, [132].
Gallago, the, account of, [491].
Gamboge, Indian, its uses, [415], [416].
Gangeticus Crocodilus, [323].
Gariep river, the, in South Africa, [191].
Gascony, characteristics of the Llandes of, [24], [27-29];
its sand-hills, [35], [36].
Gavial, the, natural history of, [323].
Gazella Sœmmeringii, [169].
Gazelles of the Steppes, description of the, [169].
Genets, the, natural history of, [316].
Gentian, the yellow, described, [599].
Gervais, M. Paul, quoted, [371-373], [466].
Ghauts, mountain-range of the, in Hindostan, [595].
Ghonds, cannibalism amongst the, [511].
Gibbon, the historian, quoted, [178], [179].
Gibbon-Lar, the, [478].
Gibbon Monkey, the, character of, [470];
habitat, and natural history of, [477];
various species of, [477-479].
Gibbon-Siamang, the, [477].
Gipsies, the, their habitats, [84];
their various names, and immigration into Europe, [85];
peculiarities of, [86];
in Russia, [87].
Giraffe, the, natural history of, [293], [294].
Glutton, the Arctic, described, [563].
Gneiss mountains, characteristics of, [585], [586].
Gnu, the, natural history of, [294], [295].
Goat, the Wild, described, [67], [607].
Goats’ Serpent, the, account of, [326], [327].
Gobi, desert of, its physical features, [97];
plateau of, [47].
Goethe, quoted, [190].
Goose, the Cerefaced, described, [376].
Gorilla, the, natural history of, [481-486];
its appearance and habits, [482], [483];
mode of hunting, [484].
Gossypium, the, account of, [407].
Gould, quoted, [371].
Grallatores, the African, characters of, [321].
Gramineæ, the, family of, [437].
Granite, structure of, [585].
Grasses of the American Steppes, [267].
Gray, Dr., quoted, [291].
Gray Squirrel, the, account of, [499], [500].
Great Karoo, the, described, [188].
Green Climber, the, account of, [327].
Grey, Sir George, quoted, [376].
Grisly Bear, the, habits and physiology of, [610].
Guacho of the Pampas, the, [230], [231].
Guaiacum, its properties, [264].
Guaranis, the, manners and customs of, [538], [539].
Guatemala, flora of, [266].
Guépard, the, natural history of, [310].
Guiana, savannahs of, [245], [246].
Guinea corn, its properties, [242].
Guinea palm, the, character of, [413].
Guinea pepper, nature of, [246].
Gulo Arcticus, [563].
Gymnoti, the, [364].—See Electric Eel.
Gynerium saccharoides, [273].
Haliætus Leucocephalus, [355].
Hare, the Arctic, [561].
Hare, the Varying, [67].
Harpy Eagle, the, natural history of, [355].
Harris, Major, quoted, [472].
Heather-cock, the, described, [75].
Hectia Pitcairniæfolia, [279].
Helichrysum fruticosum, [255].
Hell, Madame Hommaire de, quoted, [50], [58], [61], [62], [63], [81], [84].
Helps, Arthur, quoted, [508], [515], [516].
Hemionus, or Wild Horse, the, natural history of, [290], [291].
Hemippus, or Wild Mare, the, natural history of, [291].
Henna plant, the, properties of, [410].
Heron of the Steppes, the, described, [72];
species of, [72].
Herschell, Sir John, quoted, [589].
Herve and Lanoye, MM., quoted, [543], [549].
Himalaya Mountains, configuration, structure, and vegetation of, [593];
glaciers of, [594];
cedars and rhododendrons of, [604], [605];
flora of, [605].
Hindostan, flora of, [398-401].
Hindu reverence for the banyan, [405].
Hippopotamus, the, natural history of, [286], [287];
adventure with, [288].
Homer, quoted, [49], [146].
Honey-guide, the, why so called, [317].
Honeysuckle, the Arctic, described, [556].
Hooker, Dr. Joseph, quoted, [593], [603].
Hops, the African, description of, [298], [299].
Horace, quoted, [193].
Horeb, Mount, description of, [112].
Horse, the, in America, [350].
Horse, the Wild, description of, [290].
Hottentots, the, character of, [521].
Howling Monkey, physiology of the, [488], [489].
Huanacu, the, uses of, [335].
Huc, the Abbé, quoted, [69], [70], [75], [76], [77].
Hudson’s Bay, account of, [546].
Humboldt, A. von, quoted, [48], [49], [78], [226], [268], [350], [359], [389], [439], [469], [555].
Hungary, mountain system of, [592].
Hurricane in the Steppes, account of, [230].
Hyæna of the Cape, the, natural history of, [313].
Hyæna villosa, [313].
Hydrochærus capybara, [341].
Hydrophis, the, account of, [378].
Hylobates cinereus, [479].
Hylobates leuciscus, [478].
Hylobates syndactylus, [477], [478].
Hyperborean races, the, their manners, customs, and characteristics, [570], [571].
Ibis, the, natural history of, [321].
Ice-fields, their aspect, [552].
Ice-mountains, features of, [551].
Ichneumon, the, natural history of, [316].
Ignatia amara, [440].
Immortelle, the, characteristics of, [255].
India, palms of, their physiology, [401], [402].
Indian millet, uses of, [242].
Indian oak, its properties, [406].
Indians of North America, their history and character, [532-534].
Indigo, nature and properties of, [246], [407].
Indigofera tinctoria, [245].
Ipo-antiar, the, its nature and properties, [416], [417].
Iron Bark Tree, the, uses of, [279], [280].
Iron Mountains, the, vegetation of, [260], [262].
Isonandra-Percha, the, its nature, [418].
Jacana, the, characteristics of, [321].
Jaguar, the, natural history of, [350].
Jalapa officinalis, [439].
Janin, Jules, quoted, [18].
Jatropha manihot, [242].
Java, vegetable life in, [418], [421].
Jebel-Gaouss, reference to the, [128].
Jebel-Tougour, reference to the, [127].
Jephson, quoted, [20].
Jerbilla, the, natural history of, [170], [171].
Jerboa, the, natural history of, [170].
Jocko, the, of Buffon, [479].
Jomard, M., quoted, [147].
Jordan, valley of the, its physical features, [101], [102].
Kabara, the port of, [204].
Kaffirs, the, character of, [520], [521].
Kaffraria, physical features of, [191];
flora of, [252-256].
Kalihari Desert, physical features of, [191-193];
flora of, [256], [257].
Kalmüks, the, ethnology, religion, character, customs of, [83], [84].
Kamtschatdales, the, physical features of, [577].
Kamtschatka, mountains of, [595].
Kanaks, the, [532].
Kandelung valley, the, account of, [196], [197].
Kangaroo, the Great, physical character, habits, and manners of, [368], [369].
Karroos of South Africa, the, [188], [191].
Keats, quoted, [196].
Kenia, Mount, in Equatorial Africa, [597].
Kerman, Desert of, [97], [98].
Khaya Senegalensis, [410].
Khirgiz, the, races of, [87], [88];
customs, dwellings, attire, [89], [90], [91];
character and mode of life, [91].
Kilimandjaro, Mount, in Equatorial Africa, [597].
Kina-balu, Mount, in Africa, [596].
Kingsley, Rev. Charles, quoted, [42].
Kite, the Black, reference to, [75].
Kong Mountains, the, in Africa, [596].
Kooloo-Kamba, the, [481].
Koragum, the, described, [71].
Koran, reference to the, [177].
Kordofan, physical features of, [247].
Korosko, Desert of, its physical features, [121], [122].
Korsak, the, described, [71].
Kuen-lun Mountains, the, in Asia, [595].
Lacerta crocodilus, [322].
Lagomys, the, natural history of, [561], [562].
Landor, W. S., quoted, [282].
Lanoye, F. de, quoted, [398], [401].
Laorty-Hadji, Father, quoted, [101], [102].
Laplanders, the, their character, occupation, mode of life, cradles, huts, and general characters, [571-573].
Latham, Dr., quoted, [93].
Lauraceæ, the, family of, described, [407].
Laurus cinnamomum, [414].
Lauture, Comte Escayrac de, quoted, [146], [147].
Lavatera plebeia, [276].
Lawsonia inermis, [410].
Lebanon, mountains of, [595].
Lecythis ollaria, [434].
Leeba river, the, [197], [198];
flora of, [257], [258].
Leguminosæ, the, family of, described, [277].
Leopard, the, natural history and anecdotes of, [303-305].
Lepus variabilis, [67].
Liana tieuté, described, [417].
Lichen esculentus, [173], [174].
Lignum vitæ, [264].
Limoniastrum Guyanianum, [149].
Linnæus (Linne), quoted, [428], [463], [471], [491].
Linum marginale, [276].
Lion, the, natural history of, [300];
old fables respecting, [300];
habits of, [301];
general characters of, [303].
Livingstone, Dr., quoted,

[192], [195], [197], [198], [256], [257], [298], [299], [302], [303], [325], [326].
Llama, the, natural history of, [333];
anecdotes respecting, [337].
Llaneros, the, account of, [220].
Llano-Estacado, the, [219].
Llanora, flora of, [266], [267].
Llanos, the.—See Pampas.
Lobata, plains of, [197].
Loganiaceæ, the, family of, described, [417].
Longfellow, quoted, [42], [128], [385], [600].
Lorinthaceæ, family of, described, [251].
Loris, the, natural history of, [491].
Lucan, quoted, [165].
Lund, Dr., quoted, [496].
Lupata Mountains, in Africa, [191].
Lyon, Captain, quoted, [566].
Maca, the, account of, [229].
Macropus giganteus, [368], [369].
Madagascar, flora of, [424-428].
Mahari, the, natural history of, [163], [164].
Mahogany Tree, the, account of, [410].
Maïs del Agua, [270].
Makis, the, habits of, [492], [493].
Malabar Squirrel, the, natural history of, [500].
Malays, the, character and habits of, [526], [527].
Mamanchota, Organ Mountain of, [587].
Mammoth, the, natural history of, [448-450].
Man, supposed analogy between the Ape and, [471];
early history of, [515].
Manchineal, the, nature and qualities of, [427], [440].
Mandinké, the, tribe of, [518].
Mandrill, the, described, [469].
Mangrove tree, the, physiology of, [411], [412], [442].
Manioc, the, properties of, [242].
Manna plant, particulars of, [173].
Mant, Bishop, quoted, [72-75].
Mara, the, reference to, [342].
Marmot, the Alpine, account of, [608], [609].
Marquesas Islands, the, inhabitants of, [529], [530].
Marsupials, their physiology and characteristics, [367].—See Kangaroo, Phalanga, Phascolarctos, Thylacyni.
Martagon, the, described, [599].
Martens of the North, the, account of, [562], [563].
Martin, Sir Roger, his exploits as a tiger-killer, [310].
Martins, M. Charles, quoted, [124], [127], [131], [132], [133], [136], [138], [154], [601], [602].
Massaranduba, the, described, [388], [435].
Mastodon, the, particulars of, [447], [448].
Mauritia Palm, the, uses and importance of, [268].
Maury, Captain, quoted, [526], [532], [533], [534], [586].
Mauvaises Terres, in Nebraska, description of the, [212].
Mediterranean, the, [542].
Mekran, Desert of, [98].
Melantha punctuata, [150], [154], [161], [601], [602].
Mesembryanthema described, [253], [257].
Mexico, Pampas of, [219];
Savage Man in, [537].
Michelet, quoted, [321], [322].
Milton, the poet, quoted, [100], [197], [265], [393].
Milton, Lord, and Dr. Cheadle, quoted, [385], [386].
Milvus ater, [75].—See Kite.
Minizan, destruction of, [38].
Minosa, the, account of, [268].
Mint, Australian, described, [276].
Mirage, the, description of, [143];
its effects and origin, [144], [145];
explanation of, [146];
characteristics of, [147], [148].
Mohammed, reference to, [178].
Mollugo cerviana, [253].
Moluccas, Flora of the, [421].
Mongolia, its position, history, present condition, ruined cities, [92];
religion, races, and physical characteristics, [93], [94].
Mongolian family, the, offshoots of, [175].—See Arabs, Shemites.
Monkey, the, of the Old World, [468];
of South America, [468], [488].—See Chacma, Derrias, Douc, Mandrill, Howling Monkey, Preacher Monkey, Red Monkey, Spotted Monkey.
Monodora myristica, [246].
Monostremata, the, natural history of, [373-375].—See Echidna.
Montoir, marshes of, [17], [18].
Moore, quoted, [98], [136], [143], [155], [156].
Morin, quoted, [203].
Mossamedes, gardens of, [251].
Mosses, Arctic, properties of, [556].
Moufflon, the, description of, [606].
Mount Despair, [238].
Mountains, the, atmosphere of, [582], [583];
distribution and configuration of, [585];
constituents of, [585], [586];
of Europe, [588], [592], [597], [598];
of Asia, [593-596];
of Africa, [596], [597];
vegetable and animal life of, [598-614].
Mourad, Desert of, [127].
Mpongwes, the, account of, [518].
Mulhaçen, Peak of, in the Pyrenees, [591].
Müller, Max, quoted, [79], [88], [92].
Murray, C. A., quoted, [351], [352], [360].
Murray, the river, [235].
Musa, ensete, [249].
Musimon argali, [606].
Musimon montanus, [606].
Musk-deer, the, [608].
Musk-ox, the, [557], [558].
Mustelidæ, the, natural history of, [317].
Mycetes Beelzebub, [468], [469].
Mycetes strumineus, [468].
Myosotis, the, [601].
Myrmecophaga piliata, [346-348].
Myrsine variabilis, [277].
Nadjed, table-land of, [111].
Nandau, the, account of, [353].
Nanguer (Gazelle), the, described, [169].
Narsilia macropus, [276], [277].
Nasalis larvatus, [468].
Natal, coast of, [191].
Nature, the study of, [428], [429].
Negro Cynopithecus, the, described, [467].
Negro, the, habitat of, [516], [517];
his physical peculiarities, [517];
in Africa, [517-521];
in Australia, [522].
Nelumbium calophyllum, [259], [262].
Nepenthes distillatoria (or Pitcher Plant), the, described, [421].
New Holland, rivers of, [232].
Ngami, Lake, in Central Africa, [194];
flora of, [257].
Nieuveld Bergen, in South Africa, [187], [597].
Niger, the, delta of, [193]; valley of, [204].
Nigritia, vegetation of, [246], [247].
Nile, river, fecundity of, [118], [152];
struggle between it and the Desert, [118];
mountains of, [119];
scenery of the valley of, [120];
sources of the, [203];
valley of, [152].
Nipa fructicans, [418].
North America, superiority of, over South America, [209];
Deserts of, [210].—See Prairies.
Noukahiva, islanders of, [530-532].
Nova Zembla, described, [550].
Nshiégo-Mbouvé, the, account of, [481].
Nubia, women of, [184], [185].
Nuphar lutea, [263].
Nutmeg, the Calebash, account of, [246].
Nux Vomica, its properties, [417].
N’yanyizi-Nyassa, lake in Central Africa, [201].
Nylghau, the, description of, [295].
Oases of the Sahara, [128];
their formation, [154];
vegetable life of the, [155-157];
of El-Kantara, described, [158], [159];
of Ouargla, [159], [160];
springs of, [161];
precarious conditions of the existence of [161], [162].
Œnothera macrocarpa, [261].
Œstre, the, [558], [561].
Ombai, inhabitants of, [528], [529].
Onagra, the, natural history of, [291];
description of, [56];
properties and uses, [56-58].
Ophidia, the, physiology and characteristics of, [224], [325].
Oplismenus colonus, [242].
Opuntia frutescens, [266].
Orang-Outang, habitat of, [472];
description of, [473];
habits of, [473], [474];
general details, [474-476].
Organ Mountains of Brazil, described, [587].
Orinoco, the river, [220], [223].
Oriza sativa, its properties, [242].
Ostiaks, the, described, [575];
priests and worship of, [575];
mode of hunting of, [576].
Ostrich, the, natural history of, [317];
anecdotes of, [318];
American species of, [353].
Otter of Kamtschatka, the, described, [564].
Ouaregla, oasis of, described, [159], [160].
Ouistitis, the, account of, [490], [491].
Ourmiah, or Urumiyeh, Salt Lake of, [111].
Ox, the, in America, [330].
Paca, the, natural history of, [341], [342].
Pachydermata, the, characteristics of, [285], [286].
Palisades of the Hudson, [587];
of the Rocky Mountains, [588].
Palliser, Captain, his expedition of discovery, [385].
Palmaceæ, the, physiology of the family of, [408].
Palm Moriche, the, described, [268], [269].
Palm tree, in Egypt, [152];
growth of, in oases, [156];
properties and uses of the fruit, [157];
general details, [401], [402].
Pampas, the, description of, [219], [220];
inhabitants, [220];
area and physical aspects, [220-231].
Pampas grass, the, uses of, [273].
Pampas Indians, the, characteristics of, [539], [540].
Pampero, the, phenomenon of, [230].
Pandarus candelabrum, [245].
Panther, the, natural history of, [303].
Papaw tree, the, character of, [442].
Papuans, the, their manners and customs, [524], [525].
Paradoxures, the, described, [316], [317].
Paraguay river, the, [201].
Pariah Dog of India, described, [315].
Parkyns, Mansfield, quoted, [249], [462].
Parry, Captain, expedition of, [580].
Partux picta, [295].
Pashiúba tree, the, account of, [388], [389], [446].
Pasom, the, described, [295].
Passiflora, the, order of, [439].
Patagonia, Pampas of, their physical aspect, [227], [228], [273];
vegetable life in the, [258-266].
Patagonians, character of the, [540].
Paullinia pinnata, [439].
Peccary of America, its natural history, [330].
Pecherais, the, their habits, [542].
Pelican, the, natural history of, [74], [75].
Pennant, quoted, [307].
Pennicellaria spicata, [242].
Pennisetum fasciculare, [275].
Pernambuco, Pampas of, described, [219], [226].
Perris, M., quoted, [37].
Peru, conquest of, [206], [209];
plains of, [267], [268].
Petrogale brachiotis, [375].
Petrogale penicillata, [375].
Phacocœrus, the, natural history of, [289], [290].
Phalanga, the, account of, [371].
Phascolarctos, the, described, [370].
Phascolomys (or Wombat), the, introduced into Europe, [369];
discovery of, [370];
description of, [371].
Philippine Islands, the, vegetable life in, [423].
Phlox, the, character of, [261].
Picakolou, the, natural history of, [325], [326].
Pimelia axiflora, [277].
Pine Barrens of Mexico, the, description of, [215], [216].
Pine of New Caledonia, the, [424].
Pipa, the, account of, [363].
Piper nigrum, [245].
Pirates of the Desert, [175].
Pistacia lentiscus, [148].
Pistacia terebinthus, [148].
Pistia spatulata, [264].
Poa Abyssinica, [142].
Polar Regions, the, extent and area of, [544], [545];
of America, described, [545];
of Asia, [549], [550];
of Europe, [550], [551];
discoveries in, [551-555];
animal and vegetable life in, [555-568];
characters of the inhabitants of, [569-579].
Polecat, the Arctic, described, [563].
Polynesia, cannibalism in, [513];
inhabitants of, their manners and customs, [528-532].
Pope, the poet, quoted, [151], [509].
Porcupine Ant-Eater, the, natural history of, [373], [374].
Porphyry, mountains of, [586].
Portuguese, discoveries of the, in the Terra Australis, [231], [232].
Pott, Professor, quoted, [86].
Prairies of North America, description of the, [211-215];
of Central America, [216-219];
vegetable life in the, [258-266].
Preacher Monkey, the, described, [468].
Primeval Forests, the, characters of, [385], [386].
Pringle, quoted, [194].
Proboscideæ, the, physiology of, [447], [448].
Protaceæ, the, account of, [256].
Proteles Lalandii, [313], [314].
Protococcus nivalis, [601].
Psamma arenaria, [31].
Pteris caudata, [271].
Pteromys splendens, [501].
Pteromys volans, [501].
Pteromys volucella, [501].
Ptolemæus, reference to, [151].
Pudonta gigas, [345].
Puff Adder, the, characters of, [326], [327].
Puma, the, natural history of, [348], [349].
Pyrenees, the, description of, [591].
Pythecus lar, [478].
Python Mouse, the, described, [325].
Python of Sunda, the, described, [325].
Quagga, the, natural history of, [291], [292].
Quango, the, valley of, [258].
Quarterly Review, quoted, [188].
Quichuas, the, manners and habits of, [540], [541].
Quicksands in Arabia, described, [110], [111].
Quinquina, the, properties of, [441].
Race, influence of, on the world’s history, [515], [516].
Races of the Desert, their characteristics, [174-185].
Radiquet, M. Max, quoted, [530], [531].
Rafflesia Arnoldi, discovery of, [417];
description of, [418].
Rain in the Sahara, [155].
Ratellus mellivorus, [317].
Rattlesnake, the, physiology of, [359-361].
Ravenala Madagascariensis, the, account of, [427].
Reach, Angus, quoted, [29], [35].
Red Monkey, the, peculiarities of, [469].
Red Skins, the, ancient distribution of, [534];
false romance with which they have been invested, [534], [535];
various races of, [535], [536];
physical peculiarities of, [536].
Reinaondaban, the, account of, [210].
Reindeer, the, natural history of, [558-561].
Renan, M., quoted, [176].
Rennie, John, reference to, [44].
Retama Duriæi, [148].
Rhinoceros, the, physiology of, [459], [460];
its habitats, [460];
the Indian species of, [460];
Javanese, [460], [461];
African, [461], [462];
adventure with a, [462].
Rhizophora mangle, [411].
Rhus toxicodendrum, [259].
Richardson, Sir J., quoted, [211], [561].
Rocellæ, the, nature and properties of, [251].
Rocky Mountains of North America, the, [210], [211].
Rodentia, family of the, described, [169].
Roebuck of Tartary, the, described, [65].
Roggeveld Bergen, the, in South Africa, [187].
Rose, Cooper, quoted, [462].
Rose of Jericho, the, described, [149].
Ross, Sir James, quoted, [556], [561];
Arctic discoveries of, [554], [555].
Rowe, Rev. J., quoted, [40].
Rowe, Nathaniel, quoted, [300].
Ruskin, J., quoted, [383], [384], [579].

Saccharum officinarum, [246].
Sachot, M. Octave, quoted, [527].
Sagalien, inhabitants of, described, [579].
Sago-palms, the, properties of, [421].
Sahara, the African, its physical aspects, [123], [124];
mountains, [127];
oases, described, [128], [154];
its peculiarity of aspect, [151];
area, [151], [152];
climate of, [155].
Saiga, the, natural history of, [66], [67].
Salsolaceæ, the, properties of, [148].
Salt Desert, the, character of.—See Deserts.
Salt-wort, described, [148].
Samoiedes, the, history and character of, [573-575].
Sand, Deserts of.—See Deserts.
Sand-hills of Brittany, the, [32];
their mode of formation, [35];
of Gascony, [35];
density and configuration, [36], [37];
inland encroachments, [37], [38];
their peculiar influence, [38];
of Africa, [133], [134].
Santalum acuminatum, [279].
Sapucaya, or Monkey’s Nut, the, described, [434].
Sarcoramphus Papa, the, account of, [354].
Sarkha, Desert of, [97].
Sarmiento, Mount, California, [598].
Sarracenia, the, characters of, [262].
Sassafras laurel, the, described, [261], [262].
Savacou, the, described, [354].
Savage Man, his abasement and mean pleasures, [503];
his sanguinary instincts, [504], [505];
his love of intoxicating drinks, want of a literature and of science, [505];
his intellectual deficiencies as compared with Civilized Man, [506];
his neglect of trade and commerce, imperfect conceptions of the Supreme Being, [507];
sun-worship, [508];
his priestcraft and superstition, [509];
his low moral standard and cannibal tastes, [510].—For Savage Races, see pp. [516-542], and [569-679].
Savannahs of Guinea, their features, [245].
Savenay, marshes of, described, [17], [18].
Saxifragas, the, properties and uses of, [601].
Schomburgk, Sir R., quoted, [417], [439].
Scindapsus pertusus, [421].
Sciurus Alpinus, account of, [499];
Carolinensis, [499], [500];
getulus, [500];
maximus, [500];
vulgaris, [499];
vulpinus, [500].
Sea-Bear, the, natural history of, [568].
Sea-Lion, the, natural history of, [568].
Sea-shore Wolf, the, natural history of, [313].
Seal, the, habitats, manners, and physiology of, [568].
Sechura, pampa of, described, [219].
Senegal, serpent-worship of, [323];
serpents of, described, [324].
Senegambia, physical features of, [240], [241];
flora of, [241];
cereal growth of, [241], [242].
Sennaar, physical features of, [247].
Sensitive plant, the, described, [268].
Serpent-Bird, the, of the Cape, natural history of, [321].
Serpents of the Steppes, the, described, [77];
of Asia and Africa, [323-328].—See Ophidia, Viper.
Shakspeare, quoted, [322].
Shekanis, the, account of, [518], [519].
Shelley, the poet, quoted, [43], [105], [379].
Shemites, the, characteristics of, [175], [176].—See Arabs, Tibboos, Touraregs.
Shepherd races of Asia, their history, manners, customs, and character, [78], [79].
Shirwa, Lake, in Africa, [201].
Shoa, vegetable life in, [249].
Short-eared Rock Kangaroo, the, natural history of, [375].
Silk-cotton tree, the, properties of, [388].
Silphium laciniatum, [260].
Silphium terebinthinaceum, [266].
Simoom, the, phenomena and effects of, [135-138].
Sinai, Mount, physical aspect and associations of, [112], [113], [114], [597].
Sioux Indians, cemeteries of the, [215].
Sivas, quicksands of, described, [110], [111].
Skags-tol-tind, Mount, referred to, [588].
Sloth, natural history, habits, and manners of the, [494-496].—See Three-toed Sloth, Two-toed Sloth.
Smilax rotundifolia, [259].
Smith, Sydney, quoted, [274].
Smyth, Admiral, quoted, [590].
Sneebergen, mountain-range so called, [187], [597].
Snow, perpetual, limit of, [581].
Socotrine aloes, value of, [249].
Solidungulæ, the, order of, [290], [291].
Somerville, Mrs., quoted, [97], [98], [211], [223], [589].
Sonnerat, M., quoted, [494].
Sorgho grass, properties of, [242].
Southey, quoted, [404], [405], [508].
South America, inferiority of, to North, [209];
its deserts, [210].—See Pampas, Virgin Forests.
Spain, its conquests in America, [206], [209].
Spenser, quoted, [356].
Sphagnum, the, properties of, [556].
Spider Monkey, the, described, [489], [490].
Spitzbergen, description of, [550], [551].
Spotted Monkey, the, described, [469].
Squirrel, the, natural history, habits, and characteristics of, [497-499].—See Alpine Squirrel, Barbary Squirrel, Common Squirrel, Flying Squirrel, Gray Squirrel, Malabar Squirrel.
Squirrel Monkey, the, [490].
Stag, the Spotted, described, [340];
Yellow, described, [57].
Staghorn, the, described, [277].
Stanley, Dean, quoted, [99], [100], [101], [137].
Stapelia hirsuta, [234].
Steppes, the, in Europe and Asia, their extent, [46], [47];
their plateaux, [47];
their vegetable life, [47-49];
phenomena connected with, [49], [50];
animal life of, [51];
ornithology, [71-77];
herpetology, [78];
inhabitants, [78].
Steppes of South America, the, surface of, [220];
vegetation, swamps, and conflagrations of, [221-224];
a night on, [225];
inundations of, [226];
solitude of, [227];
Steppes of Patagonia, [227], [228];
Buenos Ayres and the Andes, [228], [229];
of Desplobado, [229];
hurricanes of, [230];
animal life of, [230], [231].
Sterculia acuminata, [445].
Sterculiaceæ, the, family of, [411].
St. Hilaire, Augustus, quoted, [539].
St. John, Spenser, quoted, [596].
Stipa crinita, [279].
Stipa tenacissima, [150].
Stocqueler, quoted, [309].
Stork, the, description of, [320].
Strachey, Captain, quoted, [593].
Strelitza regina, described, [256].
Struthio camelus, [318].—See Ostrich.
Strychnine, nature and properties of, [417].
Styraceæ, family of, their characteristics, [406].
Sugar cane, history of, [246].
Sugar palm, the, described, [418].
Sumatra, vegetable life in, [416], [417];
cannibalism in, [511], [513].
Sun, worship of, once prevalent, [508].
Surinam toad, the, described, [363].
Swamp oak, the, qualities of, [277].
Swan’s Marsh, the, reference to, [259].
Swietenia Mahogani, its uses, [410].
Table Mountains, the, geography of, [597].
Talfourd, Sir T. N., quoted, [504], [505].
Tallow tree, the, properties and uses of, [408].
Tamanoir, the, described, [346].
Tamarind, the, characteristics of, [411].
Tamias, the, account of, [502].
Tanganyika, Lake, in Central Africa, [201], [202].
Tanguen, or Tanghin, the, properties of, [427].
Tapioca, commercial value of, [242].
Tapir, the, [288], [289];
natural history of the American, [328];
mode of defence, and peculiarities of, [329], [330].
Tarpan, the, natural history of, [51-55];
reference to, [291].
Tartar-Nogaïs, the, their territories, customs, and religion, [80], [81].
Taro, the, account of, [245].
Tarsi, the, description of, [492].
Taylor, Henry, quoted, [210].
Taylor, Tom, Professor, quoted, [20].
Tchad, Lake, discovery of, [203], [204];
description of, [204].
Teak, the, properties and commercial value of, [406].
Tegeter, Mount, referred to, [247].
Telfaria pedata, the, described, [246].
Temperature, laws affecting, [580].
Teneriffe, peak of, described, [597].
Tennyson, quoted, [14], [28], [44], [151], [231], [596].
Tété, flora of, [258].
Texas, vegetable life of, [262-266].
Theobroma cacao, properties of, [245].
Thibet, bear of, [609].
Thomson, quoted, [119].
Thrasaëtus, [355].
Three-toed Sloth, the, natural history of, [496].
Thylacyni, the, natural history of, [371-373].
Ti, the, described, [277].
Tibboos, the, of Africa, their habits and character, [181-183].
Tierra-del-Fuego, inhabitants of, [541].
Tiger, the, natural history of, [305];
described by Buffon, [306];
by Daubenton, [306];
characteristics, habits, swiftness of, [307], [308];
mode of hunting, [309], [310].
Tiger-cats, the, description of, [429].
Tigré, geological features of, [248];
flora of, [248], [249].
Tillandra usneoides, [264], [265].
Tip, desert of, [111].
Toads.—See Agua, Bull-Frog, Surinam Toad.
Tocusra, the, [242].
Todea Africana, [256].
Toothache-tree, the, described, [264].
Topaz, the, account of, [540].
Touaregs, the, of Africa, their manners, habits, and characteristics, [181-183].
Trachytic rocks, character of, [588].
Traveller’s tree, the, described, [279], [427].
Trecul, M., quoted, [254], [263], [264], [266].
Tree-ferns, their character, [436], [437].
Trees, colossal, of Peru, [387-389].
Tremaux, M., quoted, [120], [137], [184], [185].
Tremblet, M., quoted, [183].
Trichecus, [568].
Trigonocephalus, the, description of, [361].
Tristegis gluttinosa, [271].
Tristram, Rev. H. B., quoted, [96], [97], [128].
Trumpet-Bird, the, description of, [354].
Tumboa, the, physiology of, [251], [252].
Tupinambis, the, described, [172].
Two-toed Sloth, the, natural history of, [496], [497].
Unau, the, described, [496], [497].
Unghandia speciosa, [265].
Upas-tree, the properties of, [416];
fables relating to, [417].
Upper Guinea.—See Senegambia.
Ural Mountains, the, geology of, [592].
Urceola elastica, [418].
Uvaria Æthiopica, [246].
Vaquois, the, character of, [421], [428].
Varan of the Nile, the, described, [173].
Varans of the Desert, the, natural history of, [171-173].
Variegated Baboon, the, account of, [469].
Venezuela, pampas of, [220-226].
Vesuvius, Mount, description of, [590].
Vibro, the genus, [429].
Victoria N’yanza, Lake, discovery and account of, [202].
Victoria regia, the, history and description of, [269], [270].
Vicuña, the, natural history of, [335-337].
Vine, the, account of, [246].
Viper, the camel-headed, description of, [361-363].
Vipera cerastes, the, natural history of, [171], [172].
Vipers, the, of the Desert, [166], [171], [172];
of South Africa, [325], [326].
Virgin Forests, their extent and characteristics, [385-392];
vegetable life in, [393], [394];
a day in, [395-397].
Vistula, the river, [592].
Vitis vinifera, [246].
Viverridæ, the, natural history of, [316], [317].
Vizcacha, the, described, [342].
Vouabembés, the, cannibalism among, [514].
Von Martins, the traveller quoted, [387].
Von Tschudi, quoted, [229], [333], [334], [337].
Vosges, the, mountain-range of, [14], [591].
Wallace, Mr., quoted, [329], [330].
Walrus, the, natural history of, [568].
Water-lily, yellow, the, described, [263].
Water snake, the, habits of, [378].
Waterton, the naturalist, quoted, [495], [496].
Wells in the Sahara, [161].
Welwitsch, Dr., quoted, [251].
Welwitschia, the, described, [251], [252].
Whirlwinds of sand, description of, [141], [142].
White, Walter, quoted, [45].
White wormwood, the, properties of, [150], [151].
Whydah, serpents at, [324].
Wilkes, Admiral, quoted, [541], [542];
Arctic discoveries of, [553], [554].
Wills, W. J., quoted, [236], [238].
Wilson, Alexander, quoted, [355], [356].
Wistman’s Wood, description of, [40], [41].
Wolf of Tartary, description of, [68];
his ravages, [68-70].
Wombat, the, [370].—See Phascolomys.
Wood, Rev. J. G., quoted, [343], [344].
Woods of Europe, their aspect and characteristics, [397], [398].
Wordsworth, quoted, [177], [209], [247].
Wourali, the poison, deadly nature of, [439].
Wou-wou, the, natural history of, [478].
Wrede, Baron de, quoted, [107], [110].
Xanthorrœa arborea, [278], [279].
Yakoutes, the, their habits and mode of hunting, [576], [577].
Yucca tréculeana, [266].
Yvan, Dr., quoted, [587].
Zambesi, the, course of, [195], [196];
delta and cascades of, [198], [201];
vegetation of, [258].
Zana, Lake, vegetation on the shores of, [247], [248].
Zebra, the, natural history of, [292].
Zebra Wolf, the, natural history of, [372].
Zibeth, the, described, [316].
Zopelotes, the, described, [354].
Zorga, the, account of, [194].

List of Illustrations.

WHOLE PAGE ENGRAVINGS.
1A Pyrenean Landscape, [15]
2Celtic Memorials in Brittany,[21]
3The Shepherds of the Landes,[25]
4A Flood in Brittany,[33]
5Wild Horses terrified by a Storm,[53]
6The Dead Sea,[103]
7Caravan in the Desert,[107]
8Lake Baudouin (a Salt Lake),[115]
9Landscape in the Atlas (Region of Tablelands),[125]
10The Sahara (Desert of Erosion),[129]
11French Column surprised by the Simoom,[139]
12Night-Scene in the African Interior,[189]
13Victoria Falls, River Zambesi,[199]
14Prairies of North America,[207]
15View of the “Mauvaises-Terres,” Nebraska,[213]
16A Prairie on Fire in Central America,[217]
17Pampas of South America,[221]
18Australian Landscape,[233]
19Vegetable Life in the African Plains,[243]
20Tiger hunting in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula,[311]
21Hunter pursued by Peccaries,[331]
22The Virgin Forest of the Gaboon,[381]
23The Virgin Forest in Brazil,[391]
24Tropical Vegetation,[399]
25Flora of the East Indian Islands,[419]
26A Forest in Madagascar,[425]
27Flora of the New World,[443]
28Hunting the Elephant in Africa,[453]
29A Corral in Ceylon,[457]
30Death of an Orang-Outang,[475]
31A Gorilla killing a Negro,[485]
32A Cannibal Feast among the Battas of Sumatra,[511]
33The Desert of Ice (Arctic Pole),[547]
34The Reindeer of Lapland.[559]
35The Condor of the Andes,[611]
VIGNETTES.
1The Tarpan, or Wild Horse,[51]
2Onagra, or Wild Ass,[57]
3Bactrian Camel,[60]
4The Eland,[65]
5Capture of a Wolf by a Kirghiz Horseman,[69]
6Great Bittern—White Heron—Curlew,[73]
7The Eagle of the Steppes, and the Antelope Saiga,[76]
8Cossack Horsemen in the Steppes,[83]
9Night Encampment of Gipsies in the Steppes,[87]
10Khirgiz Aoul or Village,[90]
11Mount Sinai,[113]
12Ravines of Korosko,[122]
13Whirlwinds of Sand,[141]
14A Mirage in the Desert,[145]
15Jujube Tree—Lentiscus—Tamarisk,[150]
16Doum-Palm—Date Palm—Alfa,[153]
17A Street in Ouargla,[159]
18The Mahari—The Djemel,[163]
19Striped Hyænas of the Sahara,[165]
20Jackals disinterring Dead Bodies,[166]
21Gypaëtos—Sociable Vulture—Cathartes Percnopterus,[167]
22Gazelles—Antelope—Nanguer,[169]
23Gazelles of Arabia opposing a Panther,[170]
24Jerboas attacked by a Horned Viper,[171]
25Varan of the Nile—Varan of the Desert,[172]
26Bedouin Shepherds and Bedouin Nomades,[180]
27Touaregs,[181]
28Attack upon a Q’sour,[182]
29Nubian Women,[184]
30Burke, Wills, and King in the Deserts of Central Australia, [239]
31Vegetable Life in South Africa,[250]
32Vegetable Life of Cape Colony,[253]
33Vegetable Life of Cape Colony,[254]
34Vegetable Life of Cape Colony,[255]
35Vegetable Life in the American Prairies,[261]
36Vegetable Life in Texas,[263]
37Vegetable Life in the Texan Prairies,[265]
38Vegetable Life in the Plains of the Meta,[269]
39Aquatic plants of Guiana,[271]
40Vegetable Life in the Pampas,[272]
41Vegetable Life in Victoria,[276]
42Vegetable Life on the Australian Plains,[278]
43Vegetable Life on the Australian Plains,[280]
44Hippopotamus and Crocodile of the River Nile,[286]
45Rhinoceros,[289]
46The Daw and the Quagga,[290]
47Zebras,[292]
48A Lion rending a Giraffe,[294]
49Antelope Gnu—Oreas Lanna—Striped or Banded Gnu,[296]
50An African Hopo,[298]
51The African Leopard,[304]
52Spotted Hyænas,[314]
53Zibeth and Indian Genet,[315]
54Striped Parodoxure devouring a Crested Goura,[316]
55Ostriches,[319]
56Rose Flamingoes,[321]
57Python Molure—Echidna—Fennec,[326]
58American Tapir,[329]
59Guanaco—Llama—Vicuña,[337]
60Agouti—Capybara,[340]
61Armadillo Loricata—Ant-Eater,[347]
62Cougouars, or Pumas,[349]
63Bison attacked by Jaguar,[350]
64Prairie Wolves,[351]
65Cathartes-Urubu—King of the Vultures,[355]
66Alligators, or Caimans,[357]
67Crotalus, and Boa-Constrictor,[360]
68Trigonocephalus pursued by Birds,[362]
69Bufo Agua—Pipa Surinamensis,[364]
70Fishing for Gymnoti,[365]
71Large-Browed Wombat,[369]
72Thylacynus Cynocephalus,[372]
73Ornithorhynchus—Echidna,[374]
74Apteryx Australis,[377]
75The Banyan Tree,[404]
76Baobab—Guinea Palm—Acacia verek,[409]
77Bread-fruit Tree of Ceylon,[414]
78Nipa fruticans—Sugar Palm—Ipo-Antiar,[416]
79Ravenala Madagascariensia—Heritiera argentea—Tanghin,[424]
80Large-leaved Magnolia—Virginian Catalpa—Pinas Sabiniana,[431]
81Blechnum Brasiliense—Alsophila horrida—Panicum plicatum—Maranta—Caladium violaceum,[436]
82Banana—Carolinea insignis—Clusia rosea,[438]
83Kaffir Hunter carried off by a Rhinoceros,[461]
84Baboons plundering a Garden,[466]
85The Black Cynopithecus,[467]
86Gibbon-Siamang, and Mourning Gibbon,[478]
87Howling Monkeys,[488]
88Ateles crossing a River,[489]
89Maki-Mocoas—White-Mantled Maki,[493]
90Cheiromys, or Aye-Aye of Madagascar,[495]
91Aï-Unau,[497]
92Common European Squirrels,[498]
93Negroes: Natives of Kidi, Africa,[519]
94Kaffir Warriors,[520]
95Hottentots: A Man and Woman,[521]
96Australians,[523]
97Papuans,[524]
98Malays: Male and Two Females,[527]
99Hovas of Madagascar: Men, Woman, and Child,[528]
100Warriors of the Island of Ombai,[529]
101Islanders of Noukahiva,[531]
102Indians of North America. The Red Skins,[533]
103Indian Women of North America,[536]
104The Apaches attacking an Emigrant Train,[537]
105Guarani Indians (South America),[538]
106Patagonians,[539]
107Adelie Land (Antarctic Ocean),[554]
108Ermine and Sable-Marten,[563]
109The White Bear and her Cubs,[567]
110Lapland Fishers,[572]
111A Samoiede Family,[574]
112Yakout Warrior worried by a White Bear,[576]
113Kamtschatdales,[577]
114The Organ Mountains of Rio Janeiro,[586]
115The Himalayas: Mount Guarisankar,[594]
116Fir, with Bearded Usnea—Great Yellow Gentian—Martagon,[600]
117Cedar of Lebanon,[602]
118Rhododendrons of the Himalaya,[604]
119Musk Deer,[607]
120Black Bear of Canada—Gray Bear of North America,[610]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The “Mysteries of the Ocean,” rendered into English by the Translator of “The Bird” and of the present volume, is published, as a companion work, by Messrs. T. Nelson and Sons.

[2] The Jura chain is an outlier of the great Alpine system, and situated on the border of Switzerland; the Vosges separate the valley of the Rhine from that of the Moselle (greatest elevation, 469 feet); and the Cevennes that of the Loire from the basin of the Rhone (greatest elevation, 5794 feet).

[3] The forest covers an area of about sixty-four square miles. The château, originally founded by Robert the Pious in 975-990, was rebuilt in the twelfth century by Louis VII.

[4] Jules Janin, “La Bretagne” (ed. Paris, 1845), c. xvii.