Burnt Sienna.

—This is a sienna calcined, the effect being to produce a darker shade.

Burnt Umber.

—This is a rich dark greenish brown, but the shade varies considerably in different qualities. Turkey umber is the richest. Umbers should always be purchased ground ready for use.

Cafe au Lait.

—To produce this shade mix five parts of black, three of white, one of yellow and a little orange. A little red may also be added if desired.

Cappagh Brown.

—This is an artist’s colour of a reddish brown colour, being very like umber.

Chesnut.

—This rich brown may be obtained by mixing four parts of medium chrome yellow and two parts of Venetian red. One part of yellow ochre may be added if desired.