[75] Avicenna, 980-1036.
[76] Ghazali, 1059-1111.
[77] Ibn Roschd, or Averrhoës, was born in 1126 at Cordova; was entrusted by the Caliph, Abu Jacub Jusuf, with the task of making an analysis of Aristotle; in 1182 became physician at the court; but in 1195 was deprived of his office by the succeeding Caliph, Jacub Almansur, presumably owing to a fit of orthodoxy on the Caliph’s part, and banished from Cordova. He died in Morocco in 1198.
[78] See Renan, Averroës et l’Averroïsme, pp. 107 et seq.
[79] See Renan, op. cit., pp. 133-53 (passim); J. Owen, Skeptics of the Italian Renaissance (1893), pp. 67-72.
[80] Renan, op. cit., pp. 209 et seq., p. 291; De Wulf, op. cit., p. 248.
[81] By the middle of the thirteenth century the University of Paris was in possession of practically all the Commentaries of Averrhoës, ibid. See also Renan, pp. 201-2, ‘Un des phénomènes les plus singuliers de l’histoire littéraire du moyen âge, c’est l’activité du commerce intellectuel et la rapidité avec laquelle les livres se repandaient d’un bout à l’autre de l’Europe.’
[82] Mandonnet, pp. lxix et seq.
[83] ‘Nec libri Aristotelis de naturali philosophia nec commenta legantur Parisiis publice et secreto, et hoc sub pena excommunicationis inhibemus.’ This, and the subsequent prohibition of 1215 referred of course only to Paris. See Directorium on the errors of Aristotle and his Arabian commentators, pt. ii, question iv, pp. 253-5. See Hauréau, op. cit., vol. ii, pp. 83-107. On action of Gregory IX, ibid., pp. 108-19.
[84] The tract was written against Averrhoës, not the Averrhoïsts. When, however, it was incorporated in his Summa Theologica, Albertus Magnus made mention of the fact that Averrhoïsm had made considerable progress and boasted a number of advocates. Mandonnet, p. lxxiii.