6. R. occidentàlis, L. (Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry.) Glaucous all over; stems recurved, armed like the stalks, etc., with hooked prickles, not bristly; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened-downy underneath, the lateral ones somewhat stalked; petals shorter than the sepals; fruit purple-black (rarely a whitish variety), ripe early in July.—Common, especially northward.—An apparent hybrid (R. neglectus, Peck) between this and the last species occurs, with characters intermediate between the two, and growing with them.
§ 2. Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy prolonged receptacle, mostly ovate or oblong, blackish; stems prickly and flowers white.—Blackberry.
7. R. villòsus, Ait. (Common or High Blackberry.) Shrubby (1–6° high), furrowed, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles; branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy and glandular; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate, the terminal ones somewhat heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked; flowers racemed, numerous; bracts short; sepals linear-pointed, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals.—Borders of thickets, etc., common, and very variable in size, aspect, and shape of fruit.—Var. frondòsus, Torr., is smoother and much less glandular, with flowers more corymbose, leafy bracts and roundish petals. With the type, more common at the north.—Var. humifùsus, Torr. & Gray, is smaller and trailing, with peduncles few-flowered. More common southward, and connecting with the next species.
8. R. Canadénsis, L. (Low Blackberry. Dewberry.) Shrubby, extensively trailing, slightly prickly; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5–7), oval or ovate-lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply cut-serrate; flowers racemed, with leaf-like bracts.—Dry fields, common; Newf. to Va., west to central Minn. and E. Kan.
9. R. híspidus, L. (Running Swamp-Blackberry.) Stems slender, scarcely woody, extensively procumbent, beset with small reflexed prickles; leaflets 3 (or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickish, mostly persistent, obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire toward the base; peduncles leafless, several-flowered, often bristly; flowers small; fruit of few grains, black.—In low woods or swampy grassy ground, N. Scotia to Ga., west to Minn. and E. Kan.
10. R. cuneifòlius, Pursh. (Sand Blackberry.) Shrubby (1–3° high), upright, armed with stout recurved prickles, branchlets and lower side of the leaves whitish-woolly; leaflets 3–5, wedge-obovate, thickish, serrate above; peduncles 2–4-flowered; petals large.—Sandy woods, southern N. Y. and Penn. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.
11. R. triviàlis, Michx. (Low Bush-blackberry.) Shrubby, procumbent, bristly and prickly; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glabrous; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate; peduncles 1–3-flowered; petals large.—Sandy soil, Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.
6. DALIBÁRDA, L.
Calyx deeply 5–6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5, sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5–10, becoming nearly dry seed-like drupes; styles terminal, deciduous.—Low perennials, with creeping and densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves on slender petioles. Flowers 1 or 2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in honor of Thomas Dalibard, a French botanist of the time of Linnæus.)
1. D. rèpens, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging and enclosing the fruit.—Wooded banks; common northward. June–Aug.—In aspect and foliage resembling a stemless Violet.