3. S. trifoliàtum, L. Stem smooth, often glaucous, rather slender (4–7° high), branched above; stem-leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate, rough, short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4, the uppermost opposite; heads loosely panicled; achenes rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top.—Dry plains and banks, Penn. to Ohio, and southward. Aug.
4. S. Asteríscus, L. Stem hispid (2–4° high); leaves opposite, or the lower rarely in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, rarely entire, rough-hairy, the lower short-petioled; heads nearly solitary (large), squarrose; achenes obovate, winged, 2-toothed, the teeth usually awn-like.—Dry sandy soil, Va. and southward.
5. S. integrifòlium, Michx. Stem smooth or rough, rather stout (2–4° high), rigid, 4-angular and grooved; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate, entire or denticulate, tapering to a sharp point from a roundish heart-shaped and partly clasping base, rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3–5´ long); heads in a close forking corymb, short-peduncled; achenes broadly winged, deeply notched.—Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southward. Aug.
[*][*][*] Stem square; leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6–15´ long).
6. S. perfoliàtum, L. (Cup-Plant.) Stem stout, often branched above (4–8° high), leafy; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged petioles which are connate by their bases; heads corymbose; scales ovate; achenes winged and variously notched.—Rich soil along streams, Mich. to Minn., and southward; common. Also escaped from gardens eastward. July.
38. BERLANDIÈRA, DC.
With the characters of Silphium, but the 5–12 fertile ray-flowers in a single series. Involucral scales in about 3 series, thinner, the inner dilated obovate, exceeding the disk, the outer smaller and more foliaceous. Achenes obovate, not winged nor notched at the apex, and without pappus, deciduous with the subtending scale and 2 or 3 of the inner chaff.—Alternate-leaved perennials of the southern and southwestern States; head pedunculate. (Named for J. L. Berlandier, a Swiss botanist who collected in Texas and Mexico.)
1. B. Texàna, DC. Hirsute-tomentose or villous, 2–3° high, very leafy; leaves crenate, the radical oblong, petiolate, the cauline oblong-cordate to subcordate-lanceolate, the upper closely sessile; heads somewhat cymose, ½´ broad.—S. W. Mo. to La. and Tex.
39. CHRYSÓGONUM, L.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 outer leaf-like oblong scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like concave scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenes all in the ray, obovate, obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the short scale of the involucre behind it; pappus a small chaffy crown, 2–3-toothed, and wanting on the inner side.—A hairy, perennial herb, with opposite long-petioled leaves, and solitary long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers, nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the flowerless shoots forming runners. (The Greek name of some plant, composed of χρυσός, golden, and γόνυ, knee.)