8. H. occidentàlis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy, stem slender, simple, naked above (1–3° high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1–5 small heads on long peduncles; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, entire or obscurely serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles; the upper small and remote; scales ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed, sometimes ciliate.—Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward.
[*][*][*] Involucre looser, the scales more acuminate or elongated or foliaceous; disk yellow (anthers dark).
[+] Leaves all opposite, sessile, serrulate; pubescence rather soft.
9. H. móllis, Lam. Stem simple, leafy to the top (2–3° high); leaves ovate to lanceolate, with broad cordate clasping base, pointed; scales lanceolate, seldom exceeding the disk.—Dry barrens, Ohio to Iowa and southward.
[+][+] Leaves mostly alternate and 3-nerved, soft-pubescent beneath, scabrous above; scales very long and loose, hairy; tips of chaff and corolla-lobes hirsute.
10. H. tomentòsus, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4–8° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, tapering at both ends, obscurely serrate, large (5–12´ long), somewhat petioled; disk 1´ broad; rays 12–16, about 1´ long.—Rich woods, Ill.(?), Va., and southward along the mountains.
[+][+][+] Leaves narrow, chiefly alternate, not 3-nerved, scabrous both sides; heads rather small; scales loose, attenuate.
11. H. grósse-serràtus, Martens. Stem smooth and glaucous, 6–10° high; leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or attenuate at base, petioled, often whiter and finely pubescent beneath; scales lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate.—Dry plains, Ohio to Dak., Mo., and southwestward.—Probably runs into the next.
12. H. gigantèus, L. Stem hairy or rough (3–10° high), branched above; leaves lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire, green both sides, narrowed and ciliate at base, but nearly sessile; scales long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly ciliate.—Var. ambíguus, Torr. & Gray; leaves mostly opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base; perhaps a hybrid with n. 17.—Low thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbed; the pale yellow rays 15–20; roots often becoming tuber-like.
13. H. Maximiliàni, Schrad. Resembling the last; stout, often simple, 1–10° high; leaves becoming rigid and very scabrous, entire or sparingly denticulate; heads rather large, usually short-peduncled, terminal and in the upper axils; scales longer attenuate, more rigid.—Prairies, Minn. to Tex.