3. C. tinctòria, Nutt. Annual, glabrous, 2–3° high; leaves 1–2-pinnately divided, the lobes lanceolate to linear; achenes oblong, wingless; rays yellow with more or less of crimson-brown.—Minn. to Tex., etc.; common in cultivation.
§ 2. Style-tips abruptly cuspidate, hispid; involucres nearly equal; achenes roundish, winged, incurved, often papillose and with a callus inside at base and apex; pappus 2 small teeth or none; ray mostly yellow and palmately lobed; perennials, with long-pedunculate heads; lower leaves petiolate.
4. C. lanceolàta, L. Smooth or hairy (1–2° high), tufted, branched only at the base; leaves all entire (the lower rarely with a pair of small lateral lobes), lanceolate, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate; outer scales ovate-lanceolate.—Rich or damp soil, Mich. and Ill. to Va., and southward. July. Also cultivated in gardens. Heads showy; rays 1´ long.—Var. angustifòlia, Torr. & Gray, is a low form with crowded narrow leaves and elongated peduncles.—Var. villòsa, Michx., is hirsute below, the leaves rather broad.
5. C. grandiflòra, Nutt. Mostly glabrous; lower leaves lanceolate and spatulate, entire, the upper 3–5-parted with lanceolate to linear and sometimes 2–3-parted lobes; heads as in the last or larger.—S. Mo. to Tex. and Ga.
6. C. pubéscens, Ell. More leafy, 1–4° high, pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves thickish, oblong or the lower oval-obovate and the upper oblong-lanceolate, entire or with 2–4 small lateral lobes; heads usually smaller.—Va. to S. Ill., Mo., and southward.
7. C. auriculàta, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems 1–4° high, branching, sometimes with runners; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong or oval-lanceolate, entire; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously 3–5-lobed or divided; outer scales oblong-linear or lanceolate; achenes narrowly winged and strongly involute.—Rich woods and banks, Va. to Ill., and southward. June–Sept.
§ 3. Style-tips cuspidate; achenes oblong, nearly straight, without callus, the wing narrow or none; rays yellow, mostly entire or slightly toothed.
[*] Outer scales narrow, about the length of the inner, all more or less united at base; rays mostly entire, acute; pappus 2-toothed or none; leaves opposite, sessile, mostly 3-divided, appearing as if whorled; perennial, 1–3° high.
[+] Leaves 3-cleft, but not to the base.
8. C. palmàta, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, rigid; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-lobed.—Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southwestward. July.