[*][*] Corolla lurid greenish-white or yellow, mostly with dark centre, 3–10´´ broad.
[+] Annuals, glabrous or pubescence minute; anthers violet.
2. P. Philadélphica, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, oblique at base, entire, repand, or very sparingly angulate-toothed; corolla brownish- or violet-spotted in the centre, 7–10´´ broad; calyx at maturity globose and completely filled by the large reddish or purple berry and open at the mouth.—In fertile soil, Penn. to Minn. and Tex.
3. P. angulàta, L. Much branched; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, sharply and irregularly laciniate-toothed; peduncles filiform; corolla unspotted, very small (3–6´´ broad when expanded); fruiting calyx conical-ovate with a truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely inflated, at length well filled by the greenish-yellow berry.—Open rich grounds, Penn. to Minn., and southward.
[+][+] Strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular simple hairs; fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal, carinately 5-angled, closed, loosely enveloping the green or yellow berry; leaves ovate or cordate.
4. P. pubéscens, L. Annual, diffusely much branched or at length decumbent; leaves angulate- or repand-toothed or nearly entire; corolla spotted with brown purple in the centre, 5–6´´ broad when expanded, obscurely 5–10-toothed; anthers violet.—Low grounds, N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex., and westward.—A very doubtful form, found at Independence, Kan. (B. F. Bush), has the small corolla (2´´ broad) yellow, without a brown centre, the anthers yellow, the fruiting calyx smaller, and the berry viscid.
5. P. Virginiàna, Mill. Perennial, diffusely much branched and widely spreading, or at first erect; leaves sometimes oblong, repand or obtusely toothed, rarely entire; corolla 9–12´´ broad, 5-angled or 5–10-toothed; anthers yellow. (P. viscosa, Gray, Man., not L.)—Light or sandy soils, Ont. and Minn. to Fla. and Tex.—Var. ambígua, Gray, is a coarse and very villous form with violet anthers. Wisc., and westward.
[+][+][+] Perennials, mostly low, not viscid; pubescence stellate or simple or nearly none; anthers almost always yellow.
6. P. viscòsa, L. Cinereous or when young almost canescent with short stellate or 2–3-forked pubescence; stems ascending or spreading from slender creeping subterranean shoots; leaves ovate or oval, varying to oblong and obovate, entire or undulate; corolla greenish-yellow, with a more or less dark eye; fruiting calyx globose-ovate; berry yellow or orange.—In sands on and near the coast, Va. to N. C. and Fla.
7. P. lanceolàta, Michx. More or less hirsute-pubescent with short stiff mostly simple hairs, varying to nearly glabrous; stems from rather stout subterranean shoots, angled, somewhat rigid; leaves oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, sparingly angulate-toothed to undulate or entire; corolla ochroleucous, with a more or less dark eye; calyx commonly hirsute, in fruit pyramidal-ovate (1–1½´ long); berry reddish. (P. Pennsylvanica, Gray, Man., in part; not L.)—Dry open ground, Penn. to Ill., Minn., and south and westward.