Footnotes:
[A] Audrey Davis, Department of History of Science, National Museum of History and Technology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Toby Appel, Charles Willson Peale Papers, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.
[B] “White metal” is the technical term for an undetermined silver colored metal alloy. See discussion of materials at beginning of index.
NOTES
[1] Julius Gurlt’s bibliographical essay on bloodletting, originally published in 1898, is a prime source for tracing in detail the specific contributions of European and Asian authors in the ancient, medieval, and Renaissance periods. See Julius Gurlt, Geschichte der Chirurgie und ihrer Ausuebung (Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1964), volume 3, page 556-565.
[2] George F. Knox, The Art of Cupping (London, 1836), page 30.
[3] For a general history of bloodletting, see Townsend W. Thorndike, “A History of Bleeding and Leeching,” British Medical and Surgical Journal, volume 197, number 12 (September 1927), pages 437-477. For a detailed account of ancient bloodletting, see Rudolph Siegel, “Galen’s Concept of Bloodletting in Relation to His Ideas on Pulmonary and Peripheral Blood Flow and Blood Formation” (chapter 19 in volume 1 of Science, Medicine and Society in the Renaissance edited by Allen Debus, New York: Science History Publications, 1973), pages 247-275.