[180] [The larvæ of the 110th genus, Paphia, Fabr. (Anæa, Hübn.) are also smoothed-skinned. See Edwards’ figure (loc. cit. vol. i. Pl. XLVI.) of P. Glycerium. Also C. V. Riley’s “Second Annual Report” on the insects of Missouri, 1870, p. 125. Burmeister figures the larva of a species of Prepona (genus 99) which is smooth (P. Demophon, loc. cit. Pl. V. Fig. 1). The horns on the head of Apatura, &c., may possibly be a survival from a former spiny condition. R.M.]
[181] “Synopsis of the described Lepidoptera of North America.” Washington, 1862.
[182] “Catalog der Lepidopteren des Europäischen Faunengebietes.” Dresden, 1871.
[183] This group of moths (“Schwärmer”) is regarded as of very different extents by systematists; when I here comprise under it only the Sphingidæ proper and the Sesiidæ, I by no means ignore the grounds which favour a greater extension of the group; the latter is not rigidly limited. [The affinities of the Sesiidæ (Ægeriidæ) are by no means clearly made out: it appears probable that they are not related to the Sphingidæ. See note [160], p. [370]. R.M.]
[184] [For Mr. A. G. Butler’s observations on the genus Acronycta, see “Trans. Ent. Soc.” 1879, p. 313; and note [68], p. [169], of the present volume. R.M.]
[185] [The following characters are given in Stainton’s “Manual of British Butterflies and Moths,” vol. i. p. 114:—“Larva of very variable form: at one extreme we find the singular Cerura larvæ, with only fourteen legs, and two long projecting tails from the last segment; at the other extreme we have larvæ with sixteen legs and no peculiarity of form, such as Chaonia and Bucephala; most have, however, the peculiarity of holding the hind segment of the body erect when in repose; generally quite naked, though downy in Bucephala and rather hairy in Curtulu; very frequently there are projections on the back of the twelfth segment.” R.M.]
[186] Encyl. Meth. ix. p. 310.
[187] [The genus Vanessa (in the wide sense) appears to be in a remarkable condition of what may be called phyletic preservation. Thus, the group of species allied to V. C.-album passes by almost insensible steps into the group of butterflies typified by our “Tortoiseshells.” The following is a list of some of the intermediate species in their transitional order:—I.-album, V.-album, Faunus, Comma, California, Dryas, Polychloros, Xanthomelas, Cashmirensis, Urticæ, Milberti, &c. Similarly, our Atalanta and Cardui are connected by a number of intermediate forms, showing a complete transition from the one to the other. The following is the order of the species so far as I am acquainted with them:—Atalanta, Dejeanii, Callirhoë, Tammeamea, Myrinna, Huntera, Terpsichore, Carye, Kershawii, and Cardui. R.M.]
[188] “Prodromus Systematis Lepidopterorum.” Regensburg, 1864.
[189] [The larva of Acherontia Morta, figured by Butler (see note [121], p. 262), possesses the characteristically recurved horn; that of Ach. Medusa figured by the same author, does not appear to possess this character in any marked degree. R.M.]