[240] [Eng. ed. These Amblystomas have since died and have been minutely described by Dr. Wiedersheim. See his memoir, “Zur Anatomie des Amblystoma Weismanni,” in Zeit. für wiss. Zool., vol. xxxii. p. 216.]
[241] See Strauch, loc. cit. p. 10.
[242] See [Part I]. of this volume.
[243] [This is the principle of “Degeneration” recognized by Darwin (see “Origin of Species,” 6th ed. p. 389, and “Descent of Man,” vol. i. p. 206), and given fuller expression to by Dr. Anton Dohrn (see his work entitled “Der Ursprung der Wirbelthiere und das Princip des Functionswechsels.” Leipzig, 1875). A large number of cases have been brought together by Prof. E. R. Lankester, in his recent interesting work on “Degeneration, a Chapter in Darwinism.” Nature series, 1880. R.M.]
[244] “Sulla Larva del Triton Alpestris.” Archivio per la Zoologia. Genova e Torino, 1861, vol. i. pp. 206–211.
[245] See also Lubbock “On the Origin and Metamorphoses of Insects,” London, 1874.
[246] See the first essay “On the Seasonal Dimorphism of Butterflies,” p. [82].
[247] [Eng. ed. It has frequently been objected to me that the existing Axolotl is not a form resulting from atavism, but a case of “arrested growth.” The expression “atavism” is certainly to be here taken in a somewhat different sense than, for example, in the case of the reversion of the existing Axolotl to the Amblystoma form. Further on, I have myself insisted that in the first case the phyletic stage in which the reversion occurred is still completely preserved in the ontogeny of each individual, whilst the Amblystoma stage has become lost in the ontogeny of the Axolotl. If, therefore, we apply the term “atavism” only to such characters or stages (i.e. complexes of characters) as are no longer preserved in the ontogeny, we cannot thus designate the present arrest of the Axolotl at the perennibranchiate stage. Such a restriction of the word, however, appears to me but little desirable, since the process is identical in both cases, i.e. it depends upon the same law of heredity, in accordance with which a condition formerly occurring as a phyletic stage suddenly reappears through purely internal processes. It is true that the reversion is not complete, i.e. the present sexually mature Axolotl does not correspond in all details with its perennibranchiate ancestors. Since Wiedersheim has shown that the existing Axolotl possesses an intermaxillary gland, this can be safely asserted. This gland occurs only in land Amphibians, and therefore originated with the Amblystoma form, afterwards becoming transferred secondarily to the larval stage. Nevertheless, the present Axolotl must resemble its perennibranchiate ancestors in most other characters, and we should be the more entitled to speak of a reversion to the perennibranchiate stage as we speak also of the reversion of single characters. To this must be added that the Axolotl does not correspond exactly with an Amblystoma larva, since Wiedersheim has shown that the space for the intermaxillary gland is present, but that the gland itself is confined to a few tubes which do not by any means fill up this space. (“Das Kopfskelet der Urodelen.” Morph. Jahrbuch, vol. iii. p. 149). By the expression “arrested growth” not much is said, if at the same time the cause of the arrest is left unstated. But what can be the cause why the whole organization remains stationary at the perennibranchiate stage, the sexual organs only undergoing further development? Surely only that law or force of heredity known by its effects, but obscure with respect to its causes, through which old phyletic stages sometimes suddenly reappear, or in other words, that power through which reversion takes place. It must not be forgotten that all these cases of “larval reproduction” in Amphibians appear suddenly. The present sexually mature form of the Axolotl has not arisen by the sexual maturity gradually receding in the ontogeny from generation to generation, but by the occurrence of single individuals which were sexually mature in the perennibranchiate stage, these having the advantage over the Amblystomæ in the struggle for existence under changed climatic conditions.
By admitting a reversion, we perfectly well explain why arrest at the perennibranchiate stage can be associated with complete development of the sexual organs; the assumption of an “arrested growth” leaves this combination of characters completely unexplained. Moreover, I am of opinion that the expressions “arrested growth” or “reversion” are of but little importance so long as the matter itself is clear.]
[248] See Haeckel’s “Anthropogenie,” p. 449.