Studies in the Theory of Descent (Volumes 1 and 2) - August Weismann

[309] [Eng. ed. See Kant’s “Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels.”]

[310] “Das Unbewusste vom Standpunke der Physiologie und Descendenz-Theorie,” Berlin, 1872, p. 16.

[311] [Eng. ed. See Lotze’s “Mikrokosmos,” 1st ed., vol. iii. pp. 477–483.]

[312] See Helmholtz’s “Populäre wissenschaftl. Vorträge,” vol. ii., Brunswick, 1872.

[313] See also Fr. Vischer’s “Studien über den Traum. Beilage zur Augsburger Allgem. Zeitung,” April 14th, 1876. Haeckel also includes this idea in his recent essay already quoted, “Die Perigenesis der Plastidule,” Berlin, 1876, p. 38 et seq.

[314] See Von Hartmann, loc. cit. p. 158.

INDEX.

A.
Abbot and Smith, descriptions of larvæ, [192], [216], [261], [263], [268], [452], [453].
Acherontia Atropos, South African form of larva, [263], [324], [531];
larva in Spain, [324];
larva phytophagically variable, [531].
Acosmeryx anceus, larva, [192].
Acræa and Maracujà butterflies as larvæ, pupæ, and imagines, [536].
Acronycta, affinities of genus, [169].
Adaptation, [281], [589];
analogous, [376];
physiological, [590];
mutual, [647].
Allen, J. A., variation in birds and mammals, [658].
Alpine form of P. Napi, [40].
Alpine hare, seasonal change of colour, [7], [660].
Alternation of generations, [80], [699], [702].
Amblystoma. A. mavortium from Siredon lichenoides, [567];
A. tigrinum bred by Duméril, [567];
distribution of species of genus, [569];
habits of species, [573];
a reversion form, [531], [592];
sterility of, [593];
oviposition by, [594], [623];
definition of genus, [610];
degeneration of, [612];
causes of reversion of, [600], [608], [613], [620], [631];
A. punctatum and A. fasciatum, development of, [623];
summer sleep of, [628];
A. mavortium, metamorphosis of, [629].
Ambulyx gannascus and A. liturata, larvæ, [245].
Amixia, the principle of, [46], [110].
Ammonites, [275].
Ampelophaga rubiginosa, larva, [192].
Amphibia of Upper Engadine, [615].
Amphiuma, characters of genus, [579].
Anceryx, larva, [264];
stages 3, 4, and 5, [266].
Aphaniptera, characters of, [498].
Aphides, organic reproduction of, [97].
Araschnia. A. levana and A. prorsa seasonally dimorphic, [2];
dimorphism of larvæ, [6];
A. levana, first experiments with, [10];
A. var. porima, artificial production of, [10], [17];
A. levana, Dorfmeister’s experiments with, [11];
explanation of seasonal dimorphism of, [19];
northern, extension of, [20];
A. prorsa gradual origination of, [22];
A. levana, reversion of, caused by high temperature, [37];
the levana form the most constant, [43], and sexually dimorphic, [43];
summer and winter forms compared, [56];
experiments with A. levana, [117];
A. levana, variable in all three stages, [405];
incongruence in genus, [449].
Argent, W. J., phytophagic variability of larva of Sphinx Ligustri, [306].
Argynnis paphia, dimorphism of, [250].
Artemia salina and A. Milhausenii, transformations of, [635].
Ascaris nigrovenosa, propagation of, [90].
Askenasy, on limits of variability, [114].
Atavism and arrested growth, [587].
Aterica meleagris, colour variations of, [8].
Atoms, actions of, [710];
sensibility of, [714].
Axolotl, transformation into Amblystoma, [555];
experiments with, [558];
duration of transformation, [563];
conditions of metamorphosis of, [564];
distinguishing characters, [575].
B.
Baer, Karl Ernst von, on the mechanism of nature, [639];
on the vital force, [641];
on the theory of selection, [694];
on causality and purpose, [708].
Baird, Prof., on the development of species of Amblystoma, [623].
Balbiani, reproduction of Aphides, [97].
Balfour, F. M., on insect phylogeny, [485], [494].
Bates, H. W., local variation in Amazonian Lepidoptera, [60].
Bees, embryological development of, [483].
Belt, Thomas, on coloured frogs, [294];
on the glaciation of North America, [622].
Biogenetic law, corollary of, [611].
Birchall, E., local variation in British Lepidoptera, [60].
Blanchard, on oviposition of Amblystoma, [594].
Boisduval, figures of larvæ referred to, [216], [218], [245];
on snake-like appearance of the larva of D. nicæa, [342];
on the relationship of Euchloe belia and E. ausonia, [48].
Bombycidæ, early stage of larvæ, [166].
Bombyx. B. cynthia, colour changes in larva, [7];
B. neustria, caterpillar refused by lizards, [336];
B. Rubi, caterpillar eaten by lizards, [338].
Boscher, E., dimorphism of larva of S. ocellatus, [241], [306].
Brauer, insect phylogeny, [493].
Burmeister, figures of larvæ referred to, [195], [196], [224], [232], [255], [261], [263], [436], [437];
early stages of larvæ of Argentine butterflies, [166].
Butler, A. G., affinities of genus Acronycta, [169];
genera of Chærocampinæ, [190], [192], [194], [196];
genera of Smerinthinæ, [233], [243], [244];
genera of Macroglossinæ, [253], [254];
species of Pterogon, [256];
genera of Sphinginæ and Acherontiinæ, [262];
on coloured larvæ being rejected, [336];
affinities of Sesiidæ, [370];
descriptions and figures of new Sphinx-larvæ, [524], [526].
Bütschli, embryology of bees, [483].
Butterflies, action of warmth in producing changes in colour and marking, [58];
summer and winter larvæ and pupæ alike in seasonally dimorphic species, [64];
seasonally dimorphic species hibernate as pupæ, [73];
odoriferous organs, [102];
early stages of larvæ, [165];
di- and polymorphism of, [250];
crepuscular habits of certain species, [475].
C.
Callosune eupompe, polymorphism of female, [251].
Cameron, P., on larva of S. ocellatus, [241], [282];
protective habits of saw-fly larvæ, [290], [294].
Carlin, W. E., on Siredon lichenoides, [630].
Caterpillars, origin of markings, [161];
means of defence, [289];
defensive habits, [290];
food of brightly coloured species, [294];
habit of concealment by day, [291], [296];
phytophagic variability, [305], [531];
seasonal variability, [305];
experiments with ocellated species,
330;
experiments with annulated species, [336];
sexual dimorphism of, [308], [527], [534];
independent variability of stages, [416].
Cecidomyia, metagenesis of, [82], [586].
Chærocampa. C. elpenor and C. porcellus, relationship of, [171];
markings of larvæ of the genus, [177];
C. elpenor, 1st and 2nd larval stages, [178];
3rd and 4th stages, [180];
5th stage, [181];
6th stage, [183];
C. porcellus, 1st larval stage, [184];
2nd and 3rd stages, [185];
4th stage, [186];
C. elpenor and porcellus, larval markings compared with other species of Chærocampa, [188];
C. elpenor, experiments with larva, [331], [332];
C. Japonica and C. Lewisii, larvæ, [194];
C. cretica, larva, [524];
C. lycetus, larva, [527];
C. capensis, larva, [529];
eaten by birds, &c., [530].
Characters, new, backward transference of, [279].
Chauvin, Fräulein von, experiments with Axolotl, [558];
experiments with Salamandra atra, [615].
Chavannes, figure of larva referred to, [255].
Clarke, development of Amblystoma punctatum, [623].
Classification, objects of, [168].
Claus, on the origination of heterogenesis, [89].
Clemens, larva of A. ello, [268].
Climatic variation, [45];
in P. Napi, [47];
in E. Belia, [47];
nature of causes producing, [52], [105];
by sex, [61], [62];
climatic varieties very distinct from local, [45];
climatic influences operate slowly, [58];
climatic changes gradual, [652], [660].
Cole, B. G., seasonal dimorphism of E. punctaria, [4].
Coleoptera, grub-like larvæ of, [495].
Colias edusa, dimorphism of female, [250].
Colour, biological value of, [289].
Conditions of life, compulsory changes in, [651].
Congruence in Lepidopterous families, [435];
in Lepidopterous genera, [444].
Coniferæ, food-plants of Anceryx, [268].
Convergence of characters in Ophiuroidea, [396];
in Dipterous larvæ, [494].
Cope, Prof., habits of Siredon Mexicanus, [566];
on distribution of Amblystoma, [569].
Correlation of growth, [278], [363], [388], [415];
action of, [415], [516];
Von Hartmann’s views of, [670];
nature of, [673].
Cryptobranchus, characters of, [579].
Cyclical propagation, [82], [699];
and reversion, [613].
D.
Daphniacea, differences between allied species and genera, [516].
Darwin, C., influence of external conditions of life, [59];
inheritance at corresponding periods, [63], [275], [431];
markings of butterflies, [101];
definition of eye-spots, [326];
adaptation in larvæ, [392];
correlation of growth, [516];
degeneration, [583];
adaptation, [589];
causes of sterility, [596];
limited variability, [656];
factors of variability, [676];
abrupt variations, [701].
Degeneration, [583];
phyletic, [611].
Deilephila, division of larvæ into groups, [199];
D. Euphorbiæ, 1st larval stage, [202];
2nd and 3rd stages, [203];
4th and 5th stages, [205];
D. nicæa, larva, [207];
D. dahlii, larva, [208];
D. vespertilio, larva, [209];
D. Galii, larva, [211];
5th stage, [213];
D. livornica, larva, [215];
D. Zygophylli, larva, [217];
D. Hippophaës, larva, [218], [650];
division of larvæ according to phyletic stages, [223];
genealogy of, [358];
D. Galii, larva rejected, [340];
D. Euphorbia, larva eaten, [340];
habits of larvæ and imagines, [412];
D. Robertsi, larva, [525].
Development;
of marking of Sphinx-larvæ, laws of, [274];
phyletic, of markings of Sphingidæ, [370];
unequal phyletic, [460].
Dimorphism and polymorphism;
of butterflies, [250];
of Sphinx-larvæ, [300];
of pupæ, [412].
Diptera, incongruences among, [488];
imaginal characters of, [488];
divisions of, [498].
Dodo, extinction of, [651].
Dohrn, A.;
on degeneration, [583];
on functional change, [590].
Dorfmeister, G.;
experiments with A. levana, [11].
Duponchel;
figures of larvæ referred to, [207], [208], [218], [253].
Duméril;
experiments with Axolotl, [555], [564], [566], [593];
characters of Axolotl, [375], [576].
E.
Edwards, W. H., seasonal dimorphism of P. pseudargiolus and P. violecea, [4];
of P. Tharos and P. Marcia, [4];
of P. Ajax, [30];
of L. Artemis and L. Proserpina, [32];
experiments with P. Ajax and P. Tharos, [33], [126], [140];
pupal period of winter forms of P. Ajax, [36];
experiments with G. interrogationis, [149];
early stages of larvæ of N. American butterflies, [165];
larva of P. pseudargiolus and attendant ants, [290];
figures of larvæ referred to, [165], [436], [437].
Eimer, colour variation in Lacerta muralis, [361].
Emmelesia unifasciata, larva phytophagically variable, [307].
Environment, direct and indirect action of, [686].
Ephyra punctaria and E. omicronaria, seasonal dimorphism of, [4].
Eriogaster lanestris, larva eaten by lizards, [336].
Eriotus Pteridis, resemblance of larva, [320].
Euchelia Jacobææ;
larva and imago rejected by lizards, [336];
constant in all three stages, [405].
Euchloe:
E. belia and E. ausonia, seasonal dimorphism of, [3];
E. belia, climatic variation of, [47];
var. Simplonia in Alps, [48];
E. belemia, seasonal dimorphism and migration of, [78].
Euproctus Rusconii, habits of, [617].
Eusmerinthus Kindermanni, larva, [526].
Evershed, J., larva of C. porcellus, [188].
Eye-spots;
repetition of, [277];
development of, [325], [327];
terrifying action, [330];
resemble flower-buds, [334];
useful when rudimentary, [366].
F.
Fatiot, Amphibia of Upper Engadine, [616].
Fechner, on conscious matter, [714].
Filippi, De, Triton alpestris, [585].
Forel, Prof., fresh water Pulmonifera, [590].
Form-relationship and blood-relationship, not always coincident, [395].
Frantzius, Von, on climate of Mexico, [619].
Frogs, [615], [616], [618];
inedible species, [294].
Function, change of, [365].
G.
Gegenbaur, Prof., the skull of Axolotl, [576].
Gehrig, breeding of Axolotl, [565].
Gené, habits of Euproctus Rusconii, [617].
Genera, Lepidopterous, show greatest congruence, [459].
Generation, heterogeneous, [679], [698], [702].
Gentry, T. G., phytophagic variability of caterpillars, [306].
Gerstäcker, division of the Diptera, [498].
Geotriton fuscus, habits, [617].
Glacial epoch; butterflies monogoneutic during, [19], [72];
in N. America, [622].
Gooch, W. D., description of larvæ referred to, [436];
crepuscular butterflies, [476];
sexual dimorphism of caterpillars, [535].
Gooseberry, not increased in size, [654].
Goss, H., larva of C. porcellus, [188].
Gosse, P. H., embryonic larva of P. Homerus, [167].
Grapta interrogationis, experiments with, [149].
Green colour of caterpillars, [293], [310].
Growth, law of, [655].
Gynandromorphism in butterflies, [249].
Gynanisa Isis, young larva, [166].
H.
Haeckel, Prof., on metagenesis, [80], [83];
on ontogeny, [270];
on adaptation, [281], [589];
on the biogenetic law, [611];
on reproduction and growth, [664];
the plastidule theory, [667].
Hare, white variation of, [660].
Hartmann, E. von; his views examined, [645];
on variability, [646], [652], [655], [664];
on heredity, [657];
his “Philosophy of the Unconscious,” [670];
on correlation, [670], [673];
on the nature of species, [671];
on design in nature, [696];
on the sensibility of atoms, [714].
Helmholtz, Prof., on natural laws, [668];
on the senses, [711].
Hemaris hylas, larva, [255].
Heredity, alternating and continuous, [24];
cyclical, [66];
homochronic, [63], [431];
not mechanical, [657];
nature of, [667].
Herrich-Schäffer, wing neuration of butterflies, [449].
Hertwig, on teeth of Amphibia, [376].
Heterogenesis, definition of, [82], [96];
parallelism between and metamorphosis, [86];
origination of, [89].
Heyden, Von, reproduction of Aphis, [97].
Hilgendorf, on fossil shells, [109].
Hipparchia semele, colour variations, [8].
Hoffmann, Ernst, on immigration of European butterflies, [77].
Horsfield and Moore, figures of caterpillars referred to, [193], [195], [196], [243], [253], [261].
Hübner, figures of caterpillars referred to, [193], [208], [211], [218], [231], [267].
Humboldt, Baron, on the Lake of Mexico, [608], [621].
Huxley, Prof., “Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals” referred to, [498].
Hydromedusæ, alternation of generations in, [83];
want of parallelism in different generations of, [395].
Hydrozoa, asexual reproduction and polymorphosis, [83].
Hymenoptera, incongruence among, [481];
imaginal characters, [481];
causes of incongruence, [486].
I.
Ichthyodea, characters of, [577], [579].
Incongruence; in Lepidopterous families, [437];
genera, [446], [449];
species, [451];
varieties, [456];
two kinds of, [458], [502];
in Hymenoptera, [481];
in Diptera, [488];
different forms of, [503];
dependent upon action of environment, [505], [507], [508].
Inheritance; homochronic, [63], [431];
definition of cyclical, [66];
limited by sex, [68].
Insects, ancestry of, [493].
Intermaxillary gland of Axolotl, [623].
J.
Jullien, on Lissotriton punctatus, [591].
K.
Kant, referred to, [638], [709].
Kirby, W. F., “Synonymic Catalogue” referred to, [2], [49], [435], [449].
Kleemann, larva of S. Ligustri, [259].
Knaggs, Dr. H. G., seasonal dimorphism of S. illustraria, [4].
Kölliker, Prof., experiments with Axolotl, [564];
characters of Axolotl, [575].
L.
Lacerta muralis, colour variations, [361].
Lake of Mexico, [603], [608], [621].
Lange, F. A., “History of Materialism” referred to, [645], [656].
Langer, Prof., experiments with Pelobates tadpoles, [607].
Lankester, Prof. E. R., on degeneration, [583].
Lasiocampa Pini, larva eaten by lizards, [336];
variable in two stages, [405].
Lepidoptera; foes, [8];
larva and imago independently variable, [401];
species constant in three stages, [405];
species variable in three stages, [405];
variable in two stages, [405];
variable in one stage, [406];
causes of variability of pupæ, [411];
case of incongruence among pupæ, [540].
Leptodora hyalina, development, [93].
Lepus timidus, white variations of, [662].
Leuckart, reproduction of Ascaris nigrovenosa, [90];
on growth, [654].
Leydig, on sexual larvæ of Triton, [591].
Limenitis Artemis and L. Proserpina, dimorphic in both sexes, [32];
L. Camilla, constant in three stages, [405].
Lines, dorsal, subdorsal, supra- and infra-spiracular, [175].
Lissotriton punctatus, sexual larvæ, [591], [595].
Lizards, colour variation of, [361];
rejection of caterpillars by, [336].
Local forms, distinct from climatic varieties, [45];
produced by isolation, [109].
Lockyer, B., young Noctua larvæ, [166].
Lophostethus Dumolinii, larva, [527].
Lophura hyas, larva, [254].
Lubbock, Sir John, insect metamorphosis, [65], [431];
derivation of metagenesis, [83];
colours of caterpillars, [294];
ancestry of insects, [493].
Lycæna pseudargiolus, larva and ants, [290].
M.
Macroglossa, larvæ of, [245];
M. stellatarum, oviposition of, [245];
1st, 2nd, and 3rd larval stages, [246];
4th and 5th stages, [247];
di- and polymorphism of larva, [247];
pupa of, [250];
M. belis, and M. pyrrhosticta, larvæ, [255].
Markings, general biological value of, [285];
special biological value of, [308];
subordinate, [347];
of Sphingidæ, evolution of, [380].
Marsh, Prof., on Siredon lichenoides, [567].
Matter, assumption of, [711];
conscious, [714].
Mayer, Paul, insect phylogeny, [493].
McLachlan, R., phytophagic variability, [305].
Mechanism and teleology, [694].
Medusæ, internal parasitism, [699].
Melanopsis recurrens, from Paludina bed, [275].
Menopoma, characters of, [579].
Mérian, Madame, figures of caterpillars referred to, [195], [232], [263], [268].
Metagenesis, defined, [81], [96];
derivation, [83].
Metamorphosis, [430].
Mexico, climate of, [619].
Millière, figure of larva referred to, [254].
Mimicry, [648], [663].
Möller, L., phytophagic variability, [305].
Mono- and digoneutic species, [16].
Moore, F., figures of caterpillars referred to, [436], [526].
Morris, affinities of Apatura and Nymphalis, [438].
Moths, seasonal dimorphism in, [4];
resembling splinters, [292].
Mühlenpfordt, on Lake of Mexico, [604].
Müller, Fritz, odoriferous organs of butterflies, [102];
sexual selection in butterflies, [103];
habit and protective resemblance, [290];
spiny caterpillars, [293];
larva of Papilio Evander, [299];
reversion in Orchids, [614];
maggot-like larvæ of insects, [493];
the biogenetic law, [611];
mimicry, &c., [665].
Müller, Hermann, larva of Stauropus Fagi, [290].
Müller, P. E., Leptodora hyalina, [94].
Murray, Andrew, seasonal change of colour, in animals, [7];
green caterpillars, [293].
Muscidæ, embryonic development, [492].
N.
Nägeli, reversion of cultivated plants, [107].
Natural selection, [112], [361], [704], [705].
Nature, mechanical conception of, [634];
harmony of, [697].
Neumayr and Paul, on Melanopsis, [275].
Noctuæ, change of colour in larvæ, [166];
number of legs in young larvæ, [166], [520];
ontogeny of larvæ, [520].
Noll, Dr., larva of Ach. Atropos, [324].
North America, glaciation of, [622].
Nurse-breeding in Hymenoptera and Diptera, [402].
Nymphalidæ, larval classification, [435].
O.
Ontogeny, Fritz Müller and Haeckel on, [270];
predominance of new characters in last stage of, [280], [283].
Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Sphinx-markings, [177].
Ophiuroidea, want of parallelism in, [396].
Orchids, reversion in, [614].
Organic compounds, synthesis of, [643].
Organism, parts independently variable, [514].
P.
Pachylia Ficus, early stages of larva, [232].
Packard, insect phylogeny, [493].
Pangenesis, theory of, [668].
Papilio. P. Ajax, seasonal forms, [30];
P. Turnus, a dimorphic form, [32];
P. Machaon and Podalirius, seasonally dimorphic in Spain and Italy, [74];
P. Ajax, experiments with, [126];
P. Merope, young larva, [166];
P. Homerus, young larva, [167];
P. Machaon, larva rejected by lizards, [339].
Parallelism, phyletic, in metamorphic species, [390];
phyletic, law of, [510].
Pararga Ægeria, sexually dimorphic, [68];
climatic variation of, [68].
Pascoe, F. P., “Zoological Classification” referred to, [488], [498].
Pelobates, experiments with tadpoles, [607].
Pergesa Mongoliana, larva, [194].
Philampelus achemon and P. satellitia, larvæ, [523];
P. labruscæ, larva, [195];
P. vitis, and P. anchemolus, larvæ, [232].
Philosophy, function of, [640].
Phyciodes Tharos and P. Marcia, seasonal dimorphism of, [4];
experiments with, [140].
Phylogeny, conclusions from, [270];
and ontogeny of Sphinx-markings, [177];
of insects, [493].
Pierinæ, seasonal dimorphism of, [13];
analogous seasonal dimorphism in, [60], [108];
experiments with, [122].
Pieris Napi, experiments with, [13];
summer form the younger, [29];
reversion of, caused by mechanical vibration, [38];
var. Bryoniæ, the potential winter form, [39];
experiments with this var., [40];
this var. the parent form of Napi, [41];
a climatic var., [41];
very variable, [43];
variability due to crossing, [43];
var. æstiva more variable than var. vernalis, [43];
P. Napi, summer and winter forms compared, [56];
incongruence in this species, [457];
P. Krueperi, seasonal dimorphism of, [78];
P. Brassicæ, larva rejected by lizards, [337];
constant in three stages, [405];
photographic sensitiveness of pupa, [405];
P. Napi, variable in two stages, [405].
Plants, cultivated, [107];
sterility of reverted, [596].
Plastidule theory, [667].
Plebeius amyntas and P. polysperchon, seasonal dimorphism, [2];
P. Alexis, do., [3];
P. pseudargiolus and P. violacea, do., [4];
P. agestis, do., [50];
polymorphism of females in this genus, [251].
Pluvial period, [621].
Polar animals, colour of, [658], [660].
Polyommatus phlæas, distribution and climatic variation, [49];
seasonal dimorphism, [50];
Italian summer and winter forms compared, [55].
Polyptychus dentatus, larva, [244].
Ptarmigan, seasonal colours of, [6].
Pterogon, larvæ of, [255];
P. ænotheræ, larva, [256].
Pulmonifera, functional change in lungs, [590].
Pygæra bucephala, larva rejected by lizards, [337].
Q.
Quatrefages, De, spermatozoa of Amblystoma, [593].
R.
Rana temporaria of Upper Engadine, [618].
Ratzeburg, larva of Anc. Pinastri, [265].
Reproduction and growth, [664].
Reversion, of species, [611];
two modes of, [612];
periodic, [613].
Rhopalocera, characters of, [433], [471].
Rhytina Stelleri, extinction of, [651].
Riley, C. V., descriptions of caterpillars referred to, [437], [521], [522];
on sexual dimorphism in caterpillar, [535].
Ring-spots, [325];
development, [327];
signs of distastefulness, [341];
resembling berries, [344].
Rösel, breeding of Aras. Levana by, [6];
on larva of Deil. Euphorbiæ, [206];
of D. Galii, [213];
of Smer. Tiliæ, [236];
of S. ocellatus, [240];
of Anc. Pinastri, [265], [268].
Roux, Dr. W., struggle of parts in the organism, [689].
Rutherford, D. G., colour variations of Ater. meleagris, [8].
S.
Sacc, on sterility of Amblystoma, [593].
Salamanders, habits of Italian land species, [617];
oviposition of, [630].
Salamandra atra, experiments with, [615].
Salamandrina, characters of, [577];
S. perspicillata, habits of, [617].
Sars, development of Leptodora hyalina, [94].
Saturnia.
S. Yamamai, variable in first stage only, [406];
S. carpini, development of larva of local forms, [419].
Satyrinæ, hibernation of larvæ, [73].
Saussure, De, on Siredon Mexicanus, [565], [602];
physical character of Mexican Lake, [603].
Saw-flies, protective habits of larvæ, [290].
Schmankewitsch, transformation of Artemia, [635].
Schmidt, Oscar, on convergence of character, [396], [459];
on variability, [654].
Schreibers, sexual Triton larvæ, [591];
arrested tadpoles, [607].
Schulze, F. E., parasitism in Medusæ, [699].
Science, function of, [640].
Scudder, S. H., embryonic larvæ of butterflies, [166].
Seasonal dimorphism, origin and significance, [1];
seasonal change of colour in animals, [7];
and climatic variation, [45];
seasonal adaptation in caterpillars, [305].
Seidlitz, reproduction of Axolotl, [571];
white var. of hare, [662].
Selenia tetralunaria, S. illunaria, S. lunaria, and S. illustraria, seasonal dimorphism, [4].
Semper, C., origin of alternation of generations, [84];
transformation of Amblystoma mavortium, [629].
Semper, G., young Sphinx-larvæ, [166];
figures of caterpillars referred to, [522].
Senses, physiology of, [711].
Sepp, figure of caterpillar referred to, [262].
Sesiidæ, affinities of, [370].
Sexual dimorphism, of butterflies, [32], [250];
of caterpillars, [308], [527], [534];
secondary sexual characters, [62];
sexual selection, [69], [102].
Siebold, Von, on Pulmonifera, [590].
Siredon. S. Mexicanus, habits, [565];
S. lichenoides, transformation, [567], [630];
phyletic advance of genus, [584];
retention of genus, [610];
S. tigrinus from L. St. Isabel, [626].
Slater, J. W., food of gaily coloured caterpillars, [294].
Smerinthus, larvæ of, [232];
S. Tiliæ, [233];
4th stage, [235];
S. Populi, [236];
and stage, [237];
3rd and 4th stages, [238];
5th stage, [239];
S. ocellatus, [240];
dimorphism of larva, [241];
S. Tiliæ, variable in two stages, [405];
North American species of, [453];
S. tatarinovii, and S. planus, larvæ, [244].
Species, causes of transformation of, [116];
nature of, [671].
Specific characters, [91];
may originate through direct action, [100].
Specific constitution, [112].
Spencer, Herbert, theory of descent, [645];
variability, [654];
law of growth, [655].
Spermatozoa, of Amblystoma, [593];
of Lissotriton punctatus, [595].
Speyer, Dr., seasonal dimorphism of moths, [4];
of P. phlæas in Germany, [50].
Sphingidæ, oviposition, [164];
congruence and incongruence in genera, [450].
Sphinx-markings, ontogeny and morphology, [177].
Larvæ of genus, [259];
S. Convolvuli, [650].
Origination of markings, [273];
law of development, [274];
forms of markings, [309];
S. Ligustri, constant in three stages, [405].
Stainton, H. T., larval characters of Notodontidæ, [443];
young larvæ of Triph. pronuba, [520].
Staudinger, Dr., seasonal dimorphism of Euch. Belia and E. Ausonia, [3], [48];
butterflies of Finnmark, [20];
P. Napi var. Bryoniæ from Lapland, [44], [49];
larvæ of Ch. alecto, [193];
affinities of Nymphalis and Apatura, [438].
Stauropus Fagi, protective habits of larva, [290].
Sterility, causes of, [596];
a result of reversion, [597];
law of, in reversion forms, [599].
Stoat, seasonal change of colour, [7].
Strauch, “Revision of Salamandridæ” referred to, [570], [577].
Strecker, H., N. American species of Smerinthus, [453].
Stripes, longitudinal, [312], [372];
oblique, [317], [373].
T.
Tadpoles, arrested development, [607].
Tegetmeier, W. B., metamorphosis of Siredon, [566].
Teleology and Mechanism, [694].
Terebrantia, larvæ, [508].
Transformation, causes of, [460], [496];
factors of, [676].
Trematoda, alternation of generations in, [83].
Trimen, Roland;
larva of Lopho. Dumolinii, [527];
of Ch. Capensis, [529];
phytophagic variability of larva of Ach. Atropos, [531].
Triptogon roseipennis, larva, [244].
Triton;
T. alpestris, sexual larva, [585];
reproductive larvæ, [590].
Degeneration in genus, [612].
Species of Upper Engadine, [631].
Typical parts, modified by environment, [501], [513].
U.
Upper Engadine;
Amphibia, [615];
climate, [616];
frog from, [618];
Tritons of, [631].
Urea, synthesis of, [643].
V.
Vanessa.
V. Urticæ, climatic variation, [60];
V. Atalanta, Urticæ, and polychloros, variable in two stages, [405];
V. Io, variable in one stage, [407].
Congruence and incongruence in genus, [446];
phyletic completeness of, [447];
arrangement of spines on larvæ, [448].
Variability, origin, [107];
limited, [114], [362], [653], [655];
independent in different stages, [402];
definition of, [404];
a relative term, [408];
causes of, in pupæ, [411];
primary and secondary, [416];
independent in different larval stages, [416];
phytophagic, [305], [531];
Von Hartmann’s views, [646];
not unlimited, [647], [652], [655], [683];
factors of, [676], [684];
mechanical theory of, [677];
individual, [681], [685].
Variation; climatic, [45], [686];
causes of, [105];
analogous, [683];
abrupt not inherited, [701].
Varieties, climatic, distinct from local, [45].
Velasco, Señor, Axolotl of L. St. Isabel, [626].
Vital force, phyletic, elimination of, [287];
objections to, [352], [461], [511], [518];
ontogenetic, abandonment of, [641], [687].
W.
Wallace, A. R.;
introduction of the expression “seasonal dimorphism,” [1];
on the dull colours of female butterflies, [8];
sexual dimorphism of butterflies, [32];
local variation in colour, [60];
comparison of seasonal dimorphism with alternation of generations, [80];
the bright colours of caterpillars, [293];
on adaptation, [589];
on variability, [654], [658].
Wallace, Dr., colour changes in larva of B. Cynthia, [7].
Walsh, B. D., phytophagic variation, [305].
Weale, J. P. M., on the young larvæ of Pap. merope and Gyn. Isis, [166];
the larva of Ach. Atropos in S. Africa, [263];
habits of S. African Sphinx-caterpillars, [290].
Weir, J. Jenner, the colour variations of Hip. semele, [8];
experiments with brightly-coloured, hairy, and spiny caterpillars, [336].
Westwood, Prof. J. O., seasonal dimorphism of Eph. punctaria, [4];
figure of caterpillar referred to, [243];
gynandromorphic butterfly, [249].
White colour, protection afforded by, [6], [659], [661].
White, Dr. F. B., local variation in British Lepidoptera, [60];
young Notua larvæ, [166].
Wiedersheim, on the anatomy of Amblystoma, [577];
habits of Geotriton fuscus, [617];
anatomy of Axolotl, [623].
Wigand, on the non-increase in size of the gooseberry, [654].
Wilde, O., on larva of Dei. Galii, [213];
of Dei. Hippophaës, [218];
larval characters of the Notodontidæ, [443].
Wilson, Owen, figure of larva of Ch. porcellus referred to, [188].
Wöhler, Prof., the synthesis of urea, [643].
Wood, T. W., photographic sensitiveness of Lepidopterous pupæ, [405].
Würtemberger, on Ammonites, [275].
Y.
Yenisei, Swedish Expedition referred to, [20].
Z.
Zeller, P. C., seasonal dimorphism of Pl. Polysperchon and Pl. Amyntas, [2];
of Italian butterflies, [75].

INDEX.

ERRATA.