The Evolution Theory, Vol. 2 of 2 - August Weismann

INDEX

[References to vol. ii have the volume prefixed.]

Accessory idioplasm, [383].
Acræides, immunity of, [100].
Adaptation, in leaf butterflies, ii. [346];
of the sperm-cells to fertilization, [278], [279];
facultative, ii. [278];
functional, [244];
harmonious, ii. [80], [197];
not chance but necessity, ii. [346];
all evolution depends upon, ii. [347].
Affinities, vital, within the 'person,' ii. [36];
within the id, [374].
Agassiz, L., immutability of the species, [16].
Alcoholism, ii. [68].
Aldrovandi, [13].
Amixia, ii. [285], [286].
Ammon, O., the variation-playground, ii. [199], [202].
Amœba 'nests,' ii. [219].
Amphigony, [267];
as a factor in maintaining species, ii. [204].
Amphimixis, general significance of, ii. [192];
antiquity of, ii. [202];
Ammon's playground of variations, ii. [206];
Amœba 'nests' as a preliminary stage, ii. [219];
beginnings of, ii. [213];
parthenogenesis as self-fertilization, ii. [233];
in Coccidium, ii. [214], [216];
chromosomes in Protozoa, ii. [216];
the 'cycle' idea, [326];
increased stability due to, ii. [200];
continued inbreeding, ii. [231];
'formative' stimulus, ii. [229];
Galton's curves of frequency, ii. [206];
in relation to rudimentary organs, ii. [226];
immediate consequences of, ii. [224];
plastogamy as a preliminary stage of, ii. [222];
alters individuality, ii. [192];
and natural death, [335];
direct advantages of, ii. [198];
origin of, ii. [211];
association of, with reproduction, ii. [210];
increases power of adaptation, ii. [223];
preliminary stages of, ii. [213];
not a rejuvenescence in the sense of preserving life, ii. [221].
Ancestral plasm, ids of, ii. [38].
Ants, several kinds of ids in the germ-plasm of, [390];
harmonious adaptation of sterile forms, ii. [89];
degeneration of wings and ovaries in the workers, ii. [90];
transition forms between females and workers, ii. [92];
Wasmann's explanation of these, ii. [93];
Polyergus rufescens, ii. [95];
dimorphism of workers, ii. [96];
number of queens, ii. [98].
Apes, furred, in Tibet, ii. [269].
Arctic animals, sympathetic colouring in, [62].
Aristotle, [10].
Assimilation, ii. [371].
Auerbach, spindle-figure of the dividing cell-nucleus, [289].
Autotomy, self-amputation, ii. [18].
Baer, K. E. von, development of the chick in the egg, [25].
Barfurth, on the segmentation of the egg in the sea-urchin, [408].
Bates, discovery of mimicry, [91];
on the Sauba ant, ii. [96].
Beccari, Amblyornis inornata, [223].
Bees, harmonious adaptation in the workers, ii. [89];
influence of nutrition on the degeneration of the ovaries, ii. [92];
importance of the fact that there is only one queen, ii. [97].
Belt, plants and ants, [171].
Beneden, E. van, fertilization of the ovum of Ascaris, [295];
deutoplasm, [282];
theory of mitotic cell-division, [291].
Bickford, Elizabeth, experiments on regeneration, ii. [90].
Binswanger, on artificial epilepsy in guinea-pigs, ii. [68].
Biogenetic Law, Fritz Müller's view, ii. [160];
crustacean larvæ, ii. [161];
Haeckel's views, ii. [173];
markings of the caterpillars of the Sphingidæ, ii. [177];
shunting back of the stages in the ontogeny, ii. [177].
Biophors, the smallest vital units, [369];
struggle of the, ii. [52];
spontaneous generation of, [369].
Birds, adaptation in, ii. [315].
Blochmann, on the directive corpuscles in parthenogenetic ova, [304];
on the development of the ovum of the bee, [336];
on chromosomes in unicellulars, ii. [217].
Blumenbach, 'nisus formativus,' [352];
inheritance of mutilations, ii. [66].
Bois-Reymond, doubts as to the inheritance of functional modifications, [242].
Bonnet, preformation theory, [350], [351].
Bordage, regeneration, ii. [20].
Borgert, proof of the splitting of the chromosomes in the division of unicellulars, ii. [216].
Boveri, fertilization of non-nucleated pieces of ovum with nucleus of another species, [341].
Brandes, on the extinction of Machairodus species and the giant armadillos, ii. [358], [359];
on the supposed transformation of the stomach in birds as a result of nutrition, [267].
Brown-Séquard, artificial epilepsy in guinea-pigs, ii. [67].
Brücke, Ernst, organization of the living substance, [368].
Budding and division, ii. [1].
Bütschli, theories of amphimixis, [330];
discovery of the spindle-figure in nuclear division, [289].
Burdach, inheritance of mutilations, ii. [65].
Buttel-Reepen, Hugo von, on fertilization in the bee ovum, [306].
Butterflies, their enemies, [98];
aggressive colourings, [68], [70];
aberrations due to cold, ii. [274];
transmissibility of these, [275];
endemic species, [285];
polar and Alpine species, [285];
species of the Malay region, [291].
Butterflies, protective coloration in, [74].
Cænogenesis, ii. [173].
Calkins, conjugation of infusorians, [329].
Caterpillars, protective coloration in, [67].
Catocala, adaptive coloration in the various species, ii. [310].
Cell-division, integral and differential, [374];
differential in Ctenophores, [408];
proofs of differential, [377].
Centrospheres, [289], [309].
Ceratium, ii. [326].
Chance, elimination sometimes due to, [44], [47].
Characters, purely morphological, ii. [133].
Child, determination of, at fertilization, ii. [46].
Chromatin, the hereditary substance, [287];
grounds for the belief, [337-43].
Chromosomes, their occurrence in unicellulars, ii. [217];
simple and plurivalent (-idants), [349], [350];
individuality of, [349];
number of, in different species, [291];
indications of complexity of their structure, [292];
reasons for their existence, [303].
Chun, segmentation of the ovum in Ctenophores, [408];
Kerguelen cabbage and rabbits, ii. [362];
deep-sea investigation, ii. [322].
Cirrhipeds, ii. [241].
Climate, influence of, in causing variation, ii. [269].
Climatic varieties, ii. [269], [272].
Coadaptation, ii. [80];
in crustaceans, ii. [81];
in the markings of butterflies, ii. [87];
in the forelegs of the mole-cricket, ii. [86].
Cold aberrations in butterflies, transmissibility of, ii. [275].
Coloration, animal, its biological import, [58];
sympathetic in butterflies, [74];
in moths, [76];
of animals in green surrounding, [64];
of eggs, [60];
of nocturnal animals, of polar animals, [64];
water animals, [63].
Coloration, shunting backwards of, in the ontogeny, [73].
Colour-adaptation, double, [64], [73];
colour change in fishes, amphibians, reptiles and Cephalopoda, ii. [278].
Combinations of determinants, ii. [40].
Conjugation, in Protozoa, [317];
in Paramæcium, [319].
Conklin, on the behaviour of the centrosphere in the ovum of Crepidula, [309], ii. [41].
Connective tissue of vertebrates, [386].
Constancy and variability, periods of, ii. [294], [295];
degree of constancy of a character increases with its age, ii. [200].
Convergence, ii. [323].
Cope, supposed palæontological proofs for the Lamarckian principle, ii. [77].
Copernicus, [13].
Copulation of Coccidium proprium, ii. [217].
Correlation of the parts of the body, [41];
of determinants of the germ-plasm, ii. [153].
Correns on Xenia, ii. [59].
Corsica, endemic butterflies of, ii. [285].
Crampton, segmentation in a marine snail, Ilyanassa, [409].
Crystal animals, sympathetic colouring, [63].
Cultivated plants, asexual reproduction in, ii. [261].
Cuvier, [16];
his dispute with St.-Hilaire, [24].
Dahl, the ants of the Bismarck Archipelago, ii. [101].
Danaides, immune butterflies, [94].
Danais erippus and Limenitis archippus (mimicry), [113], [114].
Darwin, Charles, first appearance of The Origin of Species, [28];
story of his life, [29].
Darwin, Erasmus, theory of evolution, [17].
Darwin and Nägeli, ii. [322].
Darwinian theory, dependence of the frequency of species on enemies, [47];
on external circumstances, [45];
correlation of parts, [41];
races of pigeons, [34];
of domesticated animals, [31];
geometrical ratio of increase, [46];
struggle for existence, [47];
struggle between individuals of the same species, [52];
artificial selection, [39];
natural selection, [42];
affects all parts and stages, [54];
variation, [43];
summary, [55];
origin of flowers, [182];
pangenesis, ii. [62].
Death, natural, [260].
Degeneration of a typical organ not an ontogenetic but a phylogenetic process, ii. [91];
of disused parts, ii. [116].
Delage, the germ-substance, [401];
'a portmanteau theory,' ii. [3];
experiments with sea-urchins, [342].
Desert animals, sympathetic colouring in, [62].
Determinants, active and passive state, [380];
controlling the cells, [381];
proofs of their existence, [361], [371], [408];
in limbs of Arthropods, [361];
liberation of, [382];
size and number, [369].
Determinates, [355].
Deutoplasm, [280].
Dewitz, degeneration of wings in the ontogeny of worker-ants, ii. [90].
Diatoms, ii. [324].
Dimorphism, sexual, its idioplasmatic cause, [388].
Disappearance of disused parts, ii. [135];
unequal rate of, ii. [129].
Dividing apparatus of the ovum, [288], [308].
Division, proof of differential nuclear division (Phylloxera), [377];
multiplication by division, ii. [1].
Dixon, isolation as a condition of species formation, ii. [284].
Döderlein, increase of characters in diluvial forms, ii. [139].
Dog, breeds of, [31];
attachment to man, ii. [73].
Driesch, 'prospective' importance of a cell, [378], [408].
Dzierzon, discovery of parthenogenesis in bees, [303].
Echinoderms, mesoderm cells of, [386], [387].
Ectocarpus, [334].
Egg-cell, form and structure, [280];
its migrations, [281].
Ehrlich, experiments with ricin and abrin, ii. [106].
Eigenmann, on blind cave-salamanders, ii. [347];
on species of Leptocephalus, ii. [133].
Eisig, on symbiosis, [162].
Elimination, ratio of, [47].
Elymnias, a genus of mimetic butterflies, [103].
Emery, on extinction of species, ii. [357];
on Colobopsis truncata, ii. [96];
on germinal selection, ii. [139];
'mixed' forms in ants, ii. [93];
variation of homologous parts, ii. [189].
Empedocles, [9];
ii. [370], [378].
Endemic species, ii. [283].
Endres, 'prospective' significance of the blastomeres of the ovum of the frog, [407].
Epigenesis and evolution, [350].
Epilepsy, artificial, in guinea-pigs, ii. [67].
Equilibrium between species of a region, [49].
Evolution, phyletic, ii. [332];
paths of, ii. [381];
forces of, ii. [381];
mechanism of, [353];
facts of, [406].
Evolution, progressive, attempt of species to extend its range, ii. [383];
unlimited diversity of forms of life, ii. [391];
parable of the traveller, ii. [386].
Evolution theory, general meaning of, [6];
'prospective' import of the cell, [378].
Exner, electric adaptation of the fur of mammals and feathers of birds, ii. [316];
vision of insects, [216].
Eye-spots, [69];
ii. [179].
Falkland Islands, influence of climate on cattle and horses, ii. [268].
Feathers, regarded as an adaptation, ii. [316].
Fertilization, process of, [286];
in lichens, [313];
in Ascaris, [296];
in the sea-urchin ovum, [293];
in Phanerogams, [313];
in higher plants, ii. [251];
importance of the chromatin, [290];
conjugation, [317];
the centrosphere the dividing apparatus of the cell, [289];
chromatin the hereditary substance, [287];
differentiation of individuals among the Protozoa, [322];
number of chromosomes reduced to half, [297];
rôle of the centrosphere, [308];
summary of process of fertilization, [343].
Fischel, segmentation, of the Ctenophore ovum, [408];
regeneration of the lens in Triton, ii. [20].
Fischer, E., experiments with butterfly pupæ in low temperature, ii. [275].
Flowers, origin of, [179];
adaptation to insects, [189];
in Aristolochia, Pinguicula, and Daphne, [186];
colour as an attraction to insects, [195];
collecting apparatus of bee, [193];
cross-fertilization, means for securing, [182];
in Salvia, [183];
lousewort, [184];
flowers adapted to fly-visits, [185];
orchids, [187];
deceptive flowers, Cypripedium, [200];
fertilization of Yucca, [202];
imperfection of adaptation a proof of origin through selection, [204];
mouth-parts of insects, [189];
bee, [172];
butterfly, [193];
cockroach, [191];
wind-pollination, [182].
Forel, Auguste, alarm-signals in ants, ii. [83].
Fraisse, on regeneration, ii. [30].
Function, passively functioning parts in relation to the Lamarckian principle, ii. [77];
harmonious adaptation in these, ii. [81].
Fungi, reproduction of, ii. [267].
Fur of mammals, adaptation to the conditions of life, ii. [269].
Galapagos Islands, fauna of, ii. [283], [292].
Galileo, Galilei, [13].
Galls, plant, [385];
ii. [271].
Gall-wasps, reproduction of, ii. [245].
Galton, Francis, on continuity of the germ-plasm, [411];
on inheritance of talents, ii. [150];
curves of frequency, ii. [206];
doubt of the Lamarckian principle, [242].
Genius, human, ii. [394].
Germ-cells, and somatic cells, [411];
development of, [410];
their mutual attraction, ii. [230].
Germinal infection, ii. [69].
Germinal Selection, ii. [113];
influenced by personal selection, ii. [155];
relation of determinants to determinates, ii. [153];
combination of mental gifts, ii. [150];
influence of amphimixis, ii. [125];
influence of the multiplicity of ids, ii. [124];
objections on the score of smallness of the substance of the germ-plasm, ii. [156];
degeneration of a species through cultivation, ii. [144];
there are only plus and minus variations, ii. [151];
excessive increase of variations, ii. [139];
basis of sexual characters, ii. [135];
its sphere of operation, ii. [127];
small hands and feet in the higher classes, ii. [147];
climatic forms, ii. [134];
bud-variations, ii. [141];
play of forces in the determinant system, ii. [154];
artificial selection, ii. [123];
short-sight, ii. [146];
milk-glands, ii. [147];
deformities, ii. [137];
muscular weakness in the higher classes of men, ii. [147];
positive variation, ii. [122];
regulated by personal selection, ii. [131];
source of purely morphological characters, ii. [132];
disappearance of disused parts, ii. [119], [129];
self-regulation of the germ-plasm, ii. [128];
specific talents, ii. [149];
sport-variations, ii. [140];
spontaneous and induced, ii. [137];
excessive increase of a variation tendency, ii. [130];
preponderance of panmixia, ii. [120];
origin of secondary sexual characters, ii. [143].
Germinal vesicle, [295].
Germ-plasm, conception of, [410];
continuity of, [411];
at once variable and persistent, ii. [220];
disintegration of, in ontogeny, [379];
nutritive variations within the, [379];
structure of the, [373];
variation of, due to environment, ii. [267];
to nutrition, ii. [268].
Germ-plasm theory, [345];
accessory idioplasm, [383];
active and passive state of determinants, [379];
connective tissue-cells, [386];
determinants and determinates, [355];
lithium-larvæ, [383];
ids, conception of, [349];
idants, [349];
male end female ids, [389];
mesoderm cells of sea-urchin, [387];
plant-galls, [385];
polymorphism, [390];
proofs of existence of determinants (Lycæna agestis, insect metamorphosis, &c.), [356];
sexual dimorphism, [388].
Germ-tracks, [411].
Gesner's Book of Animals, [13].
Godelmann, regeneration of Phasmids, ii. [28] n.
Goebel, [269].
Goethe, archetypal animal and plant, [18].
Green animals, [64].
Gruber, A., regeneration experiments on the Protozoa, [340].
Guignard, fertilization of Phanerogams, [315].
Gulick, snails in the Sandwich Islands. ii. [329].
Haase, Erich, on Pharmacopagæ, [101];
on mimicry, [104].
Haberlandt, protection of leaves, ii. [133];
Auxo-spores, ii. [221].
Haeckel, Ernst, fundamental biogenetic law, ii. [173];
monogony and amphigony, [267];
palingenesis and cœnogenesis, ii. [173];
genealogical trees, ii. [388].
Häcker, Valentin, importance of the nucleolus, [287];
separateness of paternal and maternal nuclear substance during development, ii. [42];
process of nuclear division, [291].
Hahnel, observations on the enemies of butterflies, [154];
lizards and birds as enemies of butterflies, [97], [98].
Haller, [267].
Harmony, pre-established, apparently existing in development, ii. [309].
Hartog, views on amphimixis, [334];
ii. [194].
Haycraft, on the equalizing effect of amphigony, ii. [203].
Heidenhain, theory of mitotic division, [291].
Heider, on the intimate processes of segmentation of the ovum, 'regulation' and 'mosaic' ova, [409].
Heliconiidæ, first example of immune butterflies, [91].
Henslow, on purely morphological specific differences, ii. [308].
Herbst, lithium-larvæ, [383];
ii. [277].
Hereditary sequence, alternation of, ii. [50].
Hering, his reasons for assuming the inheritance of functional modifications, ii. [110].
Hermaphroditism in flowers, ii. [250];
in animals, ii. [239];
advantages of, ii. [239].
Herrich-Schäfer, on mimicry, [105].
Hertwig, O., fertilization of sea-urchin eggs, [293];
theory of development, [354];
differential cell-division, [376];
inheritance of functional modifications, ii. [106];
maturation divisions of the sperm-cells, [300].
Hertwig, R., chromosomes in Actinosphærium, ii. [216].
Heterogony, ii. [244].
Heteromorphosis, Loeb on, ii. [7].
Heterostylism, ii. [254].
Heterotopia, [365], [367].
Hirasé, fertilization of Phanerogams, [313].
Histonal selection, [240];
and personal selection, [280].
Hübner, O., experiments on regeneration in Volvox, ii. [4].
Humming-birds, species fixed by isolation, ii. [290].
Hyatt, Alpheus, the snail-strata of Steinheim, ii. [305].
Hybrids, ii. [60];
of pigeons, [34];
plant, ii. [57].
Hydra, regeneration in, ii. [4].
Hydroid polyps, development of germ-cells in, [411].
Idants, [349].
Ids, [349];
male and female, [389];
mimicry a proof of the existence of, [390].
Immortality, potential, of the Protozoa, [260].
Immunity of butterflies, [99].
Imperfection of adaptation, [203].
Inbreeding, evil consequences of, ii. [231].
Infection of the germ, ii. [69].
Infusorians, experiments of Maupas on, [328];
Calkins on, [329];
differentiation of nucleus into macro-and micro-nucleus a means of compelling conjugation, [334].
Inheritance, of acquired characters, ii. [62] (see also Lamarckian principle);
of functional modifications, ii. [64];
of mutilations disproved, ii. [65];
from parent to child, ii. [38];
hereditary substance, [288], [341];
preponderance of one parent, ii. [47];
alternation in ontogeny, ii. [48].
Instinct, [141], ii. [70];
will and, [152].
Instincts, aberrant, [149];
attachment of dog, ii. [73];
change of, in Eristalis, &c., [150];
egg-laying of butterfly, [159];
exercised only once, [155];
ii. [75];
'feigning death,' [145];
imperfectly adapted, [152];
inheritance of, ii. [72];
masking of crabs, [145];
material basis of, [142];
monophagy of caterpillars, [146];
new in domesticated animals, ii. [73];
nutritive, [146];
in Ephemerids and sea-cucumbers, [148];
in predatory fishes, [149];
origin of, ii. [70];
pupation of butterflies, [156];
self-preservation of, [144];
wild animals on lonely islands, ii. [73].
Intra-selection (histonal selection), [240].
Ischikawa, on chromosomes in unicellulars, ii. [216];
on the conjugation of Noctiluca, [317];
ii. [42].
Island faunas, ii. [283].
Isolated regions, ii. [284].
Isolation, favours species-formation, ii. [383];
relative, ii. [350];
snails on the Sandwich Islands, ii. [292].
Jäger, G., on the continuity of the germ-plasm, [411].
Japanese cock, [356].
Kaleidoscope, transformation resembles a, ii. [307].
Kallima, mimicry of leaf, [83], [236], [237].
Karyokinesis, [290].
Kathariner, birds as enemies of butterflies, [97].
Kennel, birds as enemies of butterflies, [97].
Kerner von Marilaun, Alpine plants, [122];
influence of hybridization on the formation of new species, ii. [352].
Knowledge, limits of, ii. [392].
Köhler, on scent-scales in the Lycænidæ, [370].
Koshewnikow, on the influence of royal food on drone-larvæ, ii. [92].
Kükenthal, on the fur of aquatic mammals, ii. [270].
Lamarck, theory of development, [21];
on limits of genera and species, ii. [306].
Lamarckian principle, ii. [62];
Lamarck regarded inheritance of functional modifications as a matter of course, [241];
cleaning apparatus of bees, ii. [84];
claw of crustacean, ii. [85];
Darwin's attitude to, [242];
facts (foreleg of mole, cricket, &c.), ii. [86];
Galton's attitude to, [242];
Hering's view, ii. [109];
O. Hertwig's view, ii. [106];
neuters among ants and bees, ii. [89];
phyletic development, ii. [77];
skeleton of Arthropods, ii. [82];
stridulating organs, ii. [83];
theoretical impossibility of, ii. [107];
variation of passive parts, ii. [77];
venation of butterfly's wing, ii. [87];
Zehnder's defence of, ii. [99].
Lathræa, [135].
Lauterborn, on amphimixis in diatoms, ii. [216].
Leaf-imitation, in Locustidæ, [88];
in moths, [87];
in butterflies, [83], [357-61];
in Anæa species, ii. [310].
Lepus variabilis, [62];
ii. [344], [350].
Leeuwenhoek, first use of the microscope, [14].
Leuckart, Trichosomum crassicauda, with dwarf males, [227];
structure of snails, ii. [301].
Leuckart and von Siebold, [333].
Leydig, regeneration of the lizard's tail, ii. [30].
Liberation of the determinants in ontogeny, [382-6];
quality of nutrition as a liberating stimulus in bees and ants, ii. [92].
Liebig, theory of the origin of life, ii. [365].
Limits of knowledge determined by selection, ii. [394].
Linné, conception of species, [14].
Lloyd Morgan, artificially induced instincts, ii. [72].
Loeb, experiments on regeneration, ii. [6], [7];
the cell-nucleus as an organ for oxidation, ii. [31].
Luminous organs in deep-sea animals, ii. [321].
MacCullock, autotomy, ii. [19].
Machairodus, ii. [358].
Mammals, adaptation to aquatic life, ii. [333].
Maturation divisions, ii. [40];
in plants, [315];
in the ovum, [298];
in the sperm, [301];
influence of, ii. [44].
Maupas, intimate processes of conjugation, [319];
conjugation of Infusorians, [329].
Medium, influence of, ii. [267].
Mendel's Law, ii. [57].
Merogony, fertilization of non-nucleated pieces of ovum, [343].
Merrifield, temperature-experiments with Polyommatus phlæas, ii. [273];
cold experiments with Vanessa, ii. [274].
Meyer, Hermann, architecture of the bone spongiosa, [246].
Mimicry, [91];
in beetles, bees, ants, &c., [116];
in butterflies does not affect caterpillar or pupa, [104];
in both sexes, [96];
in vertebrates, [117];
degree of resemblance to model, [104];
Elymnias undularis, [106];
Papilio merope, [108];
P. turnus, [110];
same effect produced in different ways, [105];
several imitators of one immune species, [101];
species of genera which need protection imitate different immune models, [102];
'rings' of mimetic species, [112];
rarity of mimetic species, [108];
wide divergence of mimetic species from their congeners, [115].
Mitosis, [288].
Möbius, [296].
Monism, [393].
Monogony, [266].
Montgomery, on reduction of the chromosomes, ii. [43].
Morgan, experiments on regeneration, ii. [15].
Morphological characters, dependent on germinal selection, ii. [132];
discussion as to indifferent characters, ii. [132], [309].
Mortality of multicellular organisms, [260];
causes of this, [263].
Morton, Thomas, on degeneration in the children of alcoholics, ii. [69].
Moths, protective coloration in, [80].
Müller, Fritz, scent-scales, [217];
on mimicry, [111];
plants and ants, [171];
relation between ontogeny and phylogeny, ii. [160].
Müller, Johannes, the vision of insects, [216].
Musical sense in man, ii. [148].
Mutation theory of de Vries, ii. [317].
Mutilations, supposed inheritance of, ii. [65].
Mutual sterility, of no great importance in connexion with lasting variation, [349].
Nägeli, Carl von, on the definite directions of variations, ii. [306], [385];
objection to origin of flowers through selection, [198];
on the difference in size between egg and sperm, [337];
his Hieracium experiments, ii. [272];
Nägeli's view and Darwin's reconciled through germinal selection, ii. [334];
number of smallest vital units in a 'moneron,' ii. [368].
Nathusius, inbreeding experiments, ii. [231].
Natural Selection, not directly observable, [58];
under the influence of isolation, ii. [292].
Neo-Lamarckism, [243].
Neotaxis, ii. [40].
Nerve-tracks in relation to instincts, ii. [71].
Normal number of a species, [45].
Notodonta, protective coloration in, [80].
Nuclear division, process of, [289];
integral and differential, [374], [377].
Nussbaum, M., regeneration-experiments in Protozoa, [340];
on the continuity of the germ-cells, [411];
infection of the ovum in Hydra, ii. [68].
Nutrition, influence of, on variation, ii. [267];
relation between nutrition and the number in a species, [45].
Oken's 'Naturphilosophie,' [21].
Omnipotence of selection, ii. [348].
Ontogenesis, relation to phylogenesis, ii. [159];
shunting back of the phyletic stages in embryogenesis, ii. [176];
condensation of phylogeny in ontogeny, ii. [186].
Orchids, fertilization of, ii. [256].
Organs, rudimentary, ii. [226].
Origin of flowers, see Flowers.
Osborn, supposed palæontological proofs for the Lamarckian principle, ii. [77].
Ovaries, [282].
Ovogenic determinants, [388].
Ovum, maturation of, [295].
Packard, disappearance of useless parts, [129].
Palingenesis, ii. [173].
Pandorina, reproduction of, [257], [293].
Pangenesis, ii. [62].
Panmixia, ii. [114].
Papilio meriones, [108], [427];
P. turnus, [110].
Parasites, power of adaptation in, ii. [384].
Parthenogenesis, discovery of, [303];
exceptional and artificial, [307];
facultative in bees, ii. [235];
receptaculum seminis in Cypris-species without males, [326], ii. [234];
advantages of, ii. [243];
its effects compared with those of inbreeding, ii. [233];
alternation of, with bisexual generations (heterogony), ii. [243].
Personal selection, indirect effects of, ii. [200].
Petrunkewitsch, A., maturing divisions in the ovum of the bee, [306], [336].
Pfeffer, rôle of malic acid in the fertilization of ferns, [273].
Pflüger and Born, experiments in hybridization, ii. [232].
Phasmids, regeneration in, ii. [17].
Phylloxera, reproduction in, ii. [249].
Phylogenetic variation of butterfly and caterpillar independent of each other, [362].
Phylogeny, condensation of, in ontogeny, ii. [186].
Physiologus, [11].
Pictet, turban eyes in male Ephemerids, [229].
Pigeons, breeds of, [34].
Plants, fertilization of the higher, ii. [250];
carnivorous, [132];
Aldrovandia, [138];
Dionæa, [138];
Drosera, [136];
Lathræa, [135];
Nepenthes, [134];
Pinguicula, [135];
Utricularia, [133].
Plant-galls, ii. [270].
Plastogamy a preliminary stage to fertilization, ii. [220].
Pliny, [11].
Polar bodies, [294].
Polymorphism, its idioplasmic roots, [390].
Polyommatus phlæas, dimorphism of caterpillars, [363];
climatic varieties, ii. [272].
Postgeneration (Roux), [407].
Pouchet, spontaneous generation, ii. [366].
Poulton, on facultative colour adaptation in caterpillars, ii. [278];
on mimicry, [105].
Prediction on the basis of the evolution theory, [3].
Preformation and Epigenesis, [351].
Primordial males among Cirrhipeds, ii. [242].
Protective arrangements in plants, [119];
Alpine plants, [126];
chemical substances, [128];
ethereal oils, [128];
hairs, [122];
poisons, [120];
Raphides, [129];
'Prigana scrub,' [126];
against small enemies, [127];
Tragacanth, [124].
Protective colouring, rôle of light in, [78];
Kallima, [83];
Notodonta, [80];
Xylina, [82].
Protective marking in caterpillars, [67].
Protozoa, chromosomes in, ii. [216].
Quetelet, amphigony preserves the mean of the species, ii. [204].
Races, development of, depending on adaptation, ii. [335];
dependent on germinal selection, ii. [144].
Radiolarians, skeleton of, ii. [324].
Rand, experiments on regeneration in Hydra, ii. [5].
Rath, O. von, on the influence of royal food on drone-larvæ, ii. [91].
Ray, John, conception of 'species,' [14].
Reactions, primary and secondary, ii. [277].
Reducing divisions, see Maturation divisions.
Regeneration, ii. [1];
atavistic, ii. [30];
autotomy, ii. [16];
in birds, ii. [14];
in Hydra, ii. [4];
in Hydroid polyps, ii. [9];
in plants, ii. [9], [32];
in Planarians, ii. [6], [13];
in starfishes, ii. [30];
in Vertebrates, ii. [10];
of the lens in Triton, ii. [19];
a phenomenon of adaptation, ii. [9];
nuclear substance the first organ of, ii. [31];
phyletic origin of, ii. [23];
disappearance of the power of, ii. [16];
and budding, ii. [31];
relation of, to liability of part to injury, ii. [7];
not always purposive, ii. [25].
Reinke, objections to the 'machine theory' of life, [402];
on regeneration, [32].
Rejuvenescence, theory of, [325-8].
Reproduction, adaptation of the germ-cells, [277];
asexual, ii. [259];
structure of the ovum, [280];
of the bird's egg, [285];
zoosperm, [273];
in Amœbæ, [253];
in Infusorians, [254];
in Pandorina morum, [257], [269];
in fungi, [267];
by means of germ-cells, [266];
differentiation of germ-cells into male and female, [267];
by division, [264];
two kinds of eggs in same species, [282];
nutritive ovum cells, [283];
introduction of death into the living world, [261];
contrast between reproductive and body cells in the Metazoa, [256];
budding and division in the Metazoa, [264];
potential immortality of the Protozoa, [260];
sperm and ovum in Algæ, [272];
in Volvox, [265], [271];
zoosperms of Ostracods, [275];
different kinds of spermatozoa, [278].
Reproductive cells, development of, [410];
in Diptera, [411];
in Hydroid polyps, [413].
Reversion, ii. [53];
in doves, ii. [55];
in the horse, ii. [55].
Riley, fertilization of the Yucca by a moth, [202].
Ritzema Bos, experiments on mice, ii. [65], [66].
Romanes, isolation theory, ii. [284];
physiological selection, ii. [337];
panmixia, ii. [115].
Rosenthal, experiments with mice, ii. [65], [66].
Roux, Wilhelm, Mosaic theory, [379];
struggle of the parts, [244];
postgeneration, [407].
Rückert, the nuclear substances in Copepods, ii. [42].
Rudimentary organs in man, ii. [226].
St.-Hilaire, unity of type, [18].
Samassa, segmentation of the frog's egg, [407].
Sarasin, snails of Celebes, ii. [299].
Saturnia, pupation of, [158].
Schaudinn, fertilization in Coccidia, ii. [214];
maturing division in Sun-animalcule, [318].
Schimper, plants and ants, [171].
Schleiden and Schwann, discovery of the cell, [26].
Schmankewitsch, experiments with Artemia, ii. [277].
Schmidt, Oscar, ii. [324].
Schneider, discovery of the 'spindle-figure' of nuclear division, [289].
Schütt, Diatoms, ii. [325].
Schwarz, Ostracods, [276].
Segmentation-cells in animal ova, their prospective importance, [406].
Seitz, a case of mimicry, [114].
Selection-processes, grades of, ii. [265];
evolution guided by, ii. [298].
Selection, sexual, [210-39];
absence of secondary sexual characters in the lower animals, [231];
adaptations for seizing the females, [229];
choice on the part of the females, [214];
odours and scent-scales, [217];
song of cicadas and birds, [221];
superfluity of males, [213];
weapons for the struggle for mates, [228];
summary, [238].
Selection value, ii. [132], [311].
Self-fertilization in plants, ii. [252];
continued influence of, ii. [257];
alternation of self- with cross-fertilization, ii. [241].
Self-preservation, instinct of, [144].
Sex-cells, mutual attraction of, ii. [228].
Sex, determination of, [377]; ii. [44].
Sexual characters, secondary, have their roots in germinal selection, ii. [130], [143], [289-91], [378].
Sexual selection, see Selection, sexual.
Sexual selection through isolation, ii. [289].
Short-sight, ii. [146].
Siedlecky, copulation in Coccidium proprium, ii. [218].
Simroth, ii. [302].
Slevogt, on birds as enemies of butterflies, [97].
Sluiter, on symbiosis, [167].
Smerinthus, markings of the caterpillars, ii. [177], [184].
Snail-strata of Steinheim, ii. [305].
Sommer, on artificial epilepsy in guinea-pigs, ii. [68].
Special investigation, period of, [25].
Species, the, a complex of adaptations and variations, ii. [307].
Species-colonies, ii. [280].
Species, extinction of, ii. [357];
dying out of the large animals of Central Europe, ii. [361];
extinction due to cultivation, ii. [360];
to unlimited variation, ii. [357];
Machairodus, ii. [358];
lower types more capable of adaptation than higher, ii. [359];
extinction of flightless birds, ii. [360].
Species-formation, ii. [299];
favoured by isolation, ii. [284];
snails of Celebes, ii. [219];
without amphigony in lichens, ii. [343];
without isolation in Lepus variabilis, ii. [344];
Peridineæ, ii. [325];
protective coloration in butterflies, ii. [310];
the Steinheim snail-strata, ii. [315];
telescope eyes in deep-sea animals, ii. [323];
typical species, ii. [304];
variation in definite directions, ii. [306];
the bird as a complex of adaptations, ii. [316];
the whale as a complex of adaptations, ii. [313];
mutual fertility between many plant-species, ii. [340].
Species, variable and constant, ii. [286].
Specific type, its occurrence favoured by germinal variation, ii. [333], [334];
by natural selection, ii. [334];
origin of the, ii. [299], [332-5].
Spencer, Herbert, germinal substance composed of homogeneous particles, [355];
on 'units,' the smallest vital particles, [369];
protective adaptations in plants to be referred to selection, ii. [77].
Spermaries, [282].
Spermatozoa, see Zoosperms.
Sperm-cells, [272].
Spermogenic determinants, [388].
Sphingidæ, caterpillars of the, biological value of their markings, [73];
ontogeny and phylogeny of the markings, ii. [177].
Sphinx convolvuli, double adaptation of the caterpillar, [71], [72];
S. euphorbiæ, var. Nicæa, purely local form of caterpillar, [362].
Spontaneous generation, [410];
conditions necessary, ii. [370];
only possible as regards invisible minute organisms, ii. [369];
the 'where' of, ii. [371];
impossibility of proving or disproving it experimentally, ii. [366].
Sprengel, fertilization of flowers, [180].
Standfuss, cold experiments with butterfly pupæ, ii. [275].
Steinheim snail-strata, ii. [305].
Steller's sea-cow (Rhytina stelleri), ii. [74].
Stick-insects, [88].
Strasburger, fertilization of Phanerogams, [314].
Stuhlmann, zoosperms in Ostracods, [276].
Swammerdam, [14].
Symbiosis, candelabra trees and ants, [171];
hermit-crabs and Hydroid polyps, [163];
hermit-crabs and sea-anemones, [162];
origin of symbiosis, [176];
lichens, [173];
fishes and sea-anemones, [167];
green Amœbæ, [170];
green fresh-water polyp (Hydra viridis), [168];
Nostoc and Azolla, [177];
sea-anemones and yellow Algæ, [171];
root-fungi, [175].
Talents, specific, of man referred to germinal selection, ii. [149];
depend on a combination of mental gifts, ii. [150].
Tichomiroff, artificial parthenogenesis, [307], [333].
Thorn-bugs, [89].
Transparent winged butterflies, [106].
Treviranus, as founder of the evolution theory, [18];
on generic differences, ii. [306].
Trimen, observations on the immunity of the Acræidæ, [100].
Tropism in plants, ii. [276].
Twins, identical, ii. [44].
Vanessa, endemic species of, with protective colouring, [75].
Variability, fluctuating, ii. [327].
Variation, all ultimately quantitative, ii. [151];
in a definite direction, ii. [118];
double roots of, ii. [195];
ascending, ii. [122];
sports or saltatory variations, ii. [140];
roots of hereditary, ii. [118].
Variation of individual characters, ii. [336];
not always due to adaptation, ii. [197].
Variation, periods of, ii. [294].
Vital force, ii. [369].
Vitalism, ii. [369].
Virchow, Rudolf, on the inheritance of mutilations, ii. [65].
Vöchting, influence of light on the production of flowers, ii. [276];
on regeneration, ii. [32].
Voigt, Walter, experiments in regeneration, ii. [6];
on Planarians, ii. [25].
Voit, Carl von, influence of nutrition on bodily size, ii. [268].
Volvocineæ, reproduction in, [257].
Vries, de, asymmetrical curves of frequency, ii. [234];
theory of mutations, ii. [317];
Pangen theory, [380].
Wagner, Franz von, regeneration in Lumbriculus, ii. [27].
Wagner, Moriz, on the influence of isolation, ii. [284].
Wahl, Bruno, on the development of Eristalis, [399].
Wallace, on the immunity of Heliconiidæ, [99];
on the causes of the coloration of butterflies, [211].
Wasmann, Erich, on transition forms in ants, ii. [93];
on sounds produced by ants, ii. [83].
Weaver birds, ii. [290].
Whales, their origin through adaptation, ii. [313].
Wheeler, rôle of the centrosphere in the ovum, [309].
Wiedersheim, rudimentary organs in man, ii. [226].
Wiesner, the smallest vital particles, [369].
Wing-primordia in insects, [364].
Winkler, Hans, experiments on artificial parthenogenesis, [307], [333];
on merogony, [343].
Wolff, G., regeneration of the lens in Triton, ii. [19].
Wolff, K. v., the founder of the epigenetic theory of evolution, [352].
Wroughton, Robert, production of sounds by Indian ants, ii. [95].
Würtemberger, form-series of ammonites, ii. [176].
Xenia, ii. [58].
Xylina, protective colouring of, [82].
Yolk of egg, [282].
Zehnder, the living substance made up of fistellæ, ii. [217];
polymorphism in ants, ii. [99];
on the Lamarckian principle, ii. [99-106];
on the skeleton of Arthropods, ii. [103];
effect of amphimixis, ii. [223].
Ziegler, Ernst, on deformities, ii. [138].
Ziegler, H. E., experiments on merogony in sea-urchin ova, [342].
Zoja, experiments with the ova of Medusæ, [407].
Zoosperms, [273], [278], [279].

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