A striking trait is furnished by the French race which has remained pure in the eastern provinces of Canada, whose sexual customs are very different from those of the present population of France. The French Canadian is extremely pure and chaste, leads a regular life and has a numerous family. Families of fifteen or twenty are not rare among French Canadians. We can here, therefore, observe the effect of climate and custom on a single race. For reasons mentioned above, I shall content myself with a few remarks, but I am certain that a profound study of the question would discover, in the character of the individuals, specific peculiarities of their race which are only marked externally by customs. It is obvious that such characters will be all the more distinct, the more the race differs from its congeners, and the purer its ethnical separation. As among animals, it is necessary to distinguish between slight variations, and races or sub-species which are more constant and more divergent. Hereditary or phylogenetic individual differences must also be distinguished from those of races or varieties.
Weight of the Brain in Different Races and Sexes.—Bebel has stated that among savages the difference between the brain of the men and women is less than among civilized people. This statement is quite wrong. Prof. Rudolph Martin, of Zurich, has given me statistics of the cranial capacity of the two sexes in different races, drawn from reliable sources. According to Martin the weight of the brain represents about 87 per cent. of the cranial capacity. His table of statistics is given on the opposite page.
These figures show that the difference between the two sexes is always about the same, while the average absolute weight of the brain in the two sexes is lower in the lower races. Reckoning it 87 per cent. of the cranial capacity, it is in the Weddas 1111 grammes for males and 991 grammes for females, which corresponds to the weight of the brains of idiots or general paralytics with us. Martin assures me that in the Malay peninsula he has found as much difference between the men and women as in Europeans.
According to Martin, men living at the present day may be divided into three classes according to their cranial capacity:
| | MEN. | WOMEN. |
| Aristencephalous (large brains) | over 1450 gr. | over 1300 gr. |
| Euencephalous (medium brains) | 1300 to 1450. | 1150 to 1300. |
| Oligencephalous (small brains) | under 1300. | under 1150. |
AVERAGE CRANIAL CAPACITY IN DIFFERENT RACES
| | | | | | | Men | Women | Difference |
| Civilized | | Badois | | 48 Craniums m. | | 1513 | 1330 | 183 |
| 26 Craniums f. |
| Bavarian | | 100 Craniums m. | | 1503 | 1335 | 168 (11.2 %) |
| 100 Craniums f. |
| Semi-Civilized | | Malay | | 26 Craniums m. | | 1414 | 1223 | 191 |
| 2 Craniums f. |
| Aino | | 87 Craniums m. | | 1462 | 1308 | 154 |
| 64 Craniums f. |
Lowest Race
Weddas | | 22 Craniums m. | | 1277 | 1139 | 138 (10.8%) |
| 10 Craniums m. |