Of Medicine, in Eight Books

by Aulus Cornelius Celsus

Whenever a bone is injured, it is either corrupted, or fissured, or fractured, or perforated, or contused, or dislocated. A corrupted bone generally turns first oily, and afterwards either black or carious. These cases happen from large ulcers, or fistulas over them, when they have either grown antient, or have been seized with a gangrene. First of all it is necessary to lay bare the bone, cutting out the ulcer, and if the disorder extends farther than the ulcer was, to pare away the flesh below, till the sound part of the bone be exposed all round; then it is sufficient to cauterize the part that is oily, once or twice, by the application of an iron instrument, that so a scale may cast off; or to scrape it, till some blood appear, which is the mark of a sound bone: for whatever is vitiated must necessarily be dry. The same method must also be pursued in a cartilage that is injured; for that too must be scraped by a knife, till what remains be sound. And then what is thus scraped, whether bone or cartilage, must be sprinkled with nitre well powdered. And nothing else is to be done, where a caries or blackness is in the surface of the bone: for in that case, the cautery or the scraping must only be continued a little longer. A person, that scrapes these, ought to press the instrument boldly, that he may both do it effectually, and have the sooner done. The operation is finished, when we come to the white or firm bone. It is evident, that when the defect is a blackness, it ends in the white, and that where there is a certain degree of solidity, there the caries terminates. We have already observed, that there is also some blood in a sound bone: But when either of these happen to go in pretty deep, it is uncertain where they end.

It is easy to form a judgment in a caries, if a small probe is introduced into the foramina, which by penetrating more or less, shews that the caries is either in the surface, or of greater depth. The same may be collected[(11)] even from the pain and fever; for when these are moderate, it cannot have penetrated deep. A greater certainty is obtained however by the application of the perforator: for the disease ends, where the dust of the bone ceases to be black. Therefore if the caries has gone deep, several holes must be made in it by the perforator, as deep as the disease goes; then into these holes must be put hot irons, till the bone become entirely dry. For the consequences of this operation will be, that whatever is spoilt will be separated from the bone below; and the cavity will be filled up with flesh; and afterwards either no humour at all, or a small quantity will be discharged.

But if the blackness goes through[(12)] to the other side of the bone, it ought to be cut out. The same may be done also in a caries, that penetrates to the other side of the bone. But where the whole is spoilt, the whole must be taken away. If the inferior part is sound, so far as is corrupted, ought to be cut out. Likewise if the skull or pectoral bone, or a rib be carious, the actual cautery is needless, but there is a necessity for excision. Neither does the opinion of these people deserve our attention, who defer the excision to the third day after the bone is laid bare, before they cut it out; for in all cases it is safer to perform an operation, before an inflammation come on. Therefore both the skin is to be cut, and the bone laid bare, and freed from every fault, as far as possible, in the same moment. Now a disease in the pectoral bone is far the most pernicious of any; because though the operation have succeeded well, it hardly ever restores a perfect soundness.

CHAP. III. OF THE USE OF THE MODIOLUS AND PERFORATOR, AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS, ESPECIALLY FOR THE BONES OF THE HEAD.

There are two ways of cutting out a bone; if the part injured be very small, by a modiolus, which the Greeks call chœnicion[ HZ ], if larger by terebræ. I shall explain the method of each. The modiolus is a concave and round iron instrument with serrated edges in its lowest extremity; through the middle of which is put a pin, surrounded also by an interior circle. Of perforators there are two kinds: one of them resembling that, which carpenters use; the other with a longer head, which begins from a sharp point, and then turns quickly broader; and again from another beginning goes upward with thickness pretty near equal.

If the disease be confined to a small space, so that the modiolus can cover it, that must be used preferably. But if a caries appear below, the pin in the middle is put into the opening. If there be a blackness, a small hole is made by the angle of a chisel[(13)] to receive the pin, that the modiolus resting upon that, by being turned round may not slip, and then it is turned like the perforator by a strap. And there is a certain degree of pressure required, that both a perforation may be made, and it may go round; because if it be lightly impressed, it does not produce the effect; if too much, it has no motion. And it is not improper to drop in a little rose oil or milk, the smoothness of which may make it turn with the greater ease; yet too much of the liquid blunts the edge of the instrument. But when the modiolus has marked out a way for itself, the middle pin is taken out, and it is worked about by itself. And then, when the soundness of the inferior part is discovered by the dust, the modiolus is taken away.

But if the disease is more extended than to be covered by that, we must make use of the perforator. By this a hole is made in the limit, that divides the injured from the sound part of the bone; and not far from that a second, and a third, till the part, that is to be cut out, be surrounded with these holes. And in this case too the dust indicates how deep the perforator is to go. Then a chisel being drove by a mallet from one hole to another, cuts out the intermediate space between them; and thus a circumference is formed like to that, which is imprinted in a smaller circle by the modiolus. In whichever way the circle has been made, let the same chisel, laid flat on the corrupted bone, smooth each superior lamina, till the bone be left entirely sound.

A blackness hardly ever goes quite through a bone, but a caries does, especially where the skull is faulty. There also the disorder is discovered by the probe, which being introduced into the hole, that terminates at the sound part of the bone, both finds some resistance, and comes out moist. If it prove pervious, the probe going in deeper between the bone and the membrane, meets with no resistance, and comes out dry: not because there is no corrupt sanies within, but because it is there diffused, as being in a larger cavity.

Now whether a blackness, which the perforator has discovered, or a caries, which the probe has shewn, pass through the bone, the use of the modiolus is generally fruitless: because, where the disease has penetrated so deep, it must also necessarily be largely extended in breadth. Here then we must use the second kind of perforator above described; and to prevent its growing too hot, it must be dipped now and then in cold water. But then we must proceed with greater caution, when we have perforated either half through in a simple bone, or the superior lamina in a double one. The space itself guides us in the first case; and in the other, the blood. Therefore at that time the strap must be drawn slower, the left hand should press more gently, and be taken off pretty frequently: also the depth of the perforation is to be considered, that we may be sensible whenever the bone is broke through, and run no risque of wounding the membrane of the brain by its point, from which proceed violent inflammations, with danger of death.