Steam, Its Generation and Use

by Babcock & Wilcox Company

	PAGE
Absolute pressure	[117]
Absolute zero	[80]
Accessibility of Babcock & Wilcox boiler	[59]
Acidity in boiler feed water	[106]
Actual evap. corresponding to boiler horse power	[288]
Advantages of Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[61]
Stoker firing	[195]
Water tube over fire tube boilers	[61]
Air, composition of	[147]
In boiler feed water	[106]
Properties of	[147]
Required for combustion	[152] , [156]
Specific heat of	[148]
Supplied for combustion	[157]
Vapor in	[149]
Volume of	[147]
Weight of	[147]
Alkalinity in boiler feed water	[103]
Testing feed for	[103]
Altitude, boiling point of water at	[97]
Chimney sizes corrected for	[248]
Alum in feed water treatment	[106]
A. S. M. E. code for boiler testing	[267]
Analyses, comparison of proximate and ultimate	[183]
Proximate coal, and heating values	[177]
Analysis, coal, proximate, methods of	[176]
Coal, ultimate	[173]
Determination of heating value from	[173]
Analysis, Flue gas	[155]
Flue gas, methods of	[160]
Flue gas, object of	[155]
Anthracite coal	[166]
Combustion rates with	[246]
Distribution of	[167]
Draft required for	[246]
Firing	[190]
Grate ratio for	[191]
Semi	[166]
Sizes of	[190]
Steam as aid to burning	[191]
Thickness of fires with	[191]
Arches, fire brick, as aid to combustion	[190]
Fire brick, for	[304]
Fire brick, laying	[305]
Automatic stokers, advantages of	[195]
Overfeed	[196]
Traveling grate	[197]
Traveling grate, Babcock & Wilcox	[194]
Underfeed	[196]
Auxiliaries, exhaust from, in heating feed water	[113]
Superheated steam with	[142]
Auxiliary grates, with blast furnace gas	[228]
With oil fuel	[225]
With waste heat	[235]
Babcock, G. H., lecture on circulation of water in Boilers	[28]
Lecture on theory of steam making	[92]
Babcock & Wilcox Co., Works at Barberton, Ohio	[7]
Works at Bayonne, N. J.	[6]
Babcock & Wilcox boiler, accessibility of	[59]
Advantages of	[61]
Circulation of water in	[57] , [66]
Construction of	[49]
Cross boxes	[50]
Cross drum	[53]
Cross drum, dry steam with	[71]
Drumheads	[49]
Drums	[49]
Durability	[75]
Evolution of	[39]
Fittings	[55]
Fixtures	[55]
Fronts	[53]
Handhole fittings	[50] , [51]
Headers	[50] , [51]
Inclined header, wrought steel	[54]
Inspection	[75]
Life of	[76]
Materials entering into the construction of	[59]
Mud drums	[51]
Path of gases in	[57]
Path of water in	[57]
Rear tube doors of	[53] , [74]
Repairs	[75]
Safety of	[66]
Sections	[50]
Set for utilizing waste heat	[236]
Set with Babcock & Wilcox chain grate stoker	[12]
Set with bagasse furnace	[208]
Set with Peabody oil furnace	[222]
Supports, cross drum	[53]
Supports, longitudinal drum	[52]
Tube doors	[53]
Vertical header, cast iron	[58]
Vertical header, wrought steel	[48]
Babcock & Wilcox chain grate stoker	[194]
Babcock & Wilcox superheater	[136]
Bagasse, composition of	[206]
Furnace	[209]
Heat, value of	[206]
Tests of Babcock & Wilcox boilers with	[210]
Value of diffusion	[207]
Barium carbonate in feed water treatment	[106]
Barium hydrate in feed water treatment	[106]
Barrus draft gauge	[254]
Bituminous coal, classification of	[167]
Combustion rates with	[246]
Composition of	[177]
Distribution of	[168]
Firing methods	[193]
Semi	[166]
Sizes of	[191]
Thickness of fire with	[193]
Blast furnace gas, burners for	[228]
Combustion of	[228]
Composition of	[227]
Stacks for	[228]
Boiler, Blakey’s	[23]
Brickwork, care of	[307]
Circulation of water in steam	[28]
Compounds	[109]
Development of water tube	[23]
Eve’s	[24]
Evolution of Babcock & Wilcox	[39]
Fire tube, compared with water tube	[61]
Guerney’s	[24]
Horse power	[263]
Loads, economical	[283]
Perkins’	[24]
Room piping	[108]
Room practice	[297]
Rumsey’s	[23]
Stevens’, John	[23]
Stevens’, John Cox	[23]
Units, number of	[289]
Units, size of	[289]
Wilcox’s	[25]
Woolf’s	[23]
Boilers, capacity of	[278]
Care of	[291]
Efficiency of	[256]
Horse power of	[265]
Operation of	[291]
Requirements of steam	[27]
Testing	[267]
Boiling point	[86]
Of various substances	[86]
Of water as affected by altitude	[97]
Brick, fire	[304]
Arches	[305]
Classification of	[304]
Compression of	[303]
Expansion of	[303]
Hardness of	[303]
Laying up	[305] [Pg 332]
Nodules, ratio of	[303]
Nodules, size of	[303]
Plasticity of	[302]
Brick, red	[302]
Brickwork, care of	[307]
British thermal unit	[83]
[Burners] , blast furnace gas	[228]
By-product coke oven gas	[231]
Natural gas	[231]
Oil	[217]
Oil, capacity of	[221]
Oil, mechanical atomizing	[219]
Oil, operation of	[223]
Oil, steam atomizing	[218]
Oil, steam consumption of	[220]
Burning hydrogen, loss due to moisture formed in	[261]
By-product coke oven gas burners	[231]
By-product coke oven gas, combustion of	[231]
By-product coke oven gas, composition and heat value of	[231]
Calorie	[83]
Calorific value (see [Heat value] ).
Calorimeter, coal, Mahler bomb	[184]
Mahler bomb, method of correction	[187]
Mahler bomb, method of operation of	[185]
Calorimeter, steam, compact type of throttling	[132]
Correction for	[131]
Location of nozzles for	[134]
Normal reading	[131]
Nozzles	[134]
Separating	[133]
Throttling	[129]
Capacity of boilers	[264] , [278]
As affecting economy	[276]
Economical loads	[283]
With bagasse	[210]
With blast furnace gas	[228]
With coal	[280]
With oil fuel	[224]
Capacity of natural gas burners	[229]
Capacity of oil burners	[221]
Carbon dioxide in flue gases	[154]
Unreliability of readings taken alone	[162]
Carbon, fixed	[165]
Incomplete combustion of, loss due to	[158]
Monoxide, heat value of	[151]
Monoxide, in flue gases	[155]
Unconsumed in ash, loss due to	[261]
Care of boilers when out of service	[300]
Casings, boilers	[307]
Causticity of feed water	[103]
Testing for	[105]
Celsius thermometer scale	[79]
Centigrade thermometer scale	[79]
Chain grate stoker, Babcock & Wilcox	[194]
Chemicals required in feed water treatment	[105]
Chimney gases, losses in	[158] , [159]
[Chimneys] (see [Draft] ).
Correction in dimensions for altitude	[248]
Diameter of	[243]
Draft available from	[241]
Draft loss in	[239]
For blast furnace gas	[253]
For oil fuel	[251]
For wood fuel	[254]
Height of	[243]
Horse power they will serve	[250]
Circulation of water in Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[57] , [66]
Of water in steam boilers	[28]
Results of defective	[62] , [66] , [67]
Classification of coals	[166]
Fire brick	[304]
Feed water difficulties	[100]
Fuels	[165]
Cleaners, turbine tube	[299]
Cleaning, ease of, Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[73]
Closed feed water heaters	[111]
Coal, Alaska	[169]
Analyses and heat value	[177]
Analysis, proximate	[176]
Analysis, ultimate	[173]
Anthracite	[166]
Bituminous	[167]
Cannel	[167]
Classification of	[165] , [166]
Combustion of	[190]
Comparison with oil	[214]
Consumption, increase due to superheat	[139]
Distribution of	[167]
Formation of	[165]
Lignite	[167]
Records	[293]
Semi-anthracite	[166]
Semi-bituminous	[166]
Sizes of anthracite	[190]
Sizes of bituminous	[191]
Code of A. S. M. E. for boiler testing	[267]
Coefficient of expansion of various substances	[87]
Coke	[171]
Oven gas, by-product, burners	[231]
Oven gas, by-product, combustion of	[231]
Oven gas, by-product, composition and heat value of	[231]
Coking method of firing	[195]
Color as indication of temperature	[91]
Combination furnaces	[224]
Combustible in fuels	[150]
Combustion	[150]
Air required for	[152] , [156]
Air supplied for	[157]
Combustion of coal	[190]
Of gaseous fuels	[227]
Of liquid fuels	[212]
Of solid fuels other than coal	[201]
Composition of bagasse	[205]
Blast furnace gas	[227]
By-product coke oven gas	[231]
Coals	[177]
Natural gas	[229]
Oil	[213]
Wood	[201]
Compounds, boiler	[109]
Compressibility of water	[97]
Compression of fire brick	[303]
Condensation, effect of superheated steam on	[140]
In steam pipes	[313]
Consumption, heat, of engines	[141]
Correction, stem, for thermometers	[80]
For normal reading in steam calorimeter	[131]
For radiation, bomb calorimeter	[187]
Corrosion	[101] , [106]
Coverings, pipe	[315]
Cross drum, Babcock & Wilcox boiler	[52] , [53] , [60]
Dry steam with	[71]
[Draft] area as affecting economy in Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[70]
Available from chimneys	[241]
Draft loss in chimneys	[239]
Loss in boilers	[245]
Loss in flues	[243]
Loss in furnaces	[245]
Draft required for anthracite	[246]
Required for various fuels	[246]
Drums, Babcock & Wilcox, cross	[53]
Cross, boxes	[50]
Heads	[49]
Longitudinal	[49]
Manholes	[49]
Nozzles on	[50]
Dry steam in Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[71]
Density of gases	[147]
Steam	[115]
Dulong’s formula for heating value	[173]
Ebullition, point of	[86] [Pg 333]
Economizers	[111]
Efficiency of boilers, chart of	[258]
Combustible basis	[256]
Dry coal basis	[256]
Increase in, due to superheaters	[139]
Losses in (see [Heat balance] )	[259]
Testing	[267]
Test vs. operating	[278]
Variation in, with capacity	[284]
With coal	[288]
With oil	[224]
Ellison draft gauge	[254]
Engine, Hero’s	[13]
Engines, superheated steam with	[141]
Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 degrees	[116]
Eve’s boiler	[24]
Evolution of Babcock & Wilcox boiler	[39]
Exhaust steam from auxiliaries	[113]
Expansion, coefficient of	[87]
Of fire brick	[303]
Of pipe	[315]
Pyrometer	[89]
Factor of evaporation	[117]
Fahrenheit thermometer scale	[79]
Fans, use of, in waste heat work	[233]
[Feed water] , air in	[106]
As affecting capacity	[279]
Boiler	[100]
Feed water heaters, closed	[111]
Economizers	[111]
Open	[111]
Feed water heating, methods of	[111]
Saving by	[110]
Feed water, impurities in	[100]
Lines	[312]
Method of feeding	[110]
Feed water treatment	[102]
Chemical	[102]
Chemical, lime and soda process	[102]
Chemical, lime process	[102]
Chemical, soda process	[102]
Chemicals used in lime and soda process	[105]
Combined heat and chemical	[105]
Heat	[102]
Less usual reagents	[106]
Firing, advantages of stoker	[195]
Methods for anthracite	[190]
Bituminous	[193]
Lignite	[195]
Fittings, handhole in Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[50] , [51]
Pipe	[311]
Superheated steam	[145]
With Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[55]
Fixtures with Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[55]
Flanges, pipe	[309]
Flow of steam into pressure above atmosphere	[317]
Into the atmosphere	[328]
Through orifices	[317]
Through pipes	[317]
[Flue gas] analysis	[155]
Conversion of volumetric to weight	[161]
Methods of making	[160]
Object of	[155]
Orsat apparatus	[159]
Flue gas, composition of	[155]
Losses in	[158] , [159]
Weight per pound of carbon in fuel	[158]
Weight per pound of fuel	[158]
Weight resulting from combustion	[157]
Foaming	[102] , [107]
Fuel analysis, proximate	[176]
Ultimate	[173]
Fuel calorimeter, Mabler bomb	[184]
Tests, method of making	[186]
Fuels, classification of	[165]
Gaseous, and their combustion	[227]
Fuels, liquid, and their combustion	[212]
Solid, coal	[190]
Solid, other than coal	[201]
Furnace, bagasse	[209]
Blast furnace gas	[228]
By-product coke oven gas	[231]
Combination wood and oil	[225]
Efficiency of	[283]
Natural gas	[229]
Peabody oil	[222]
Webster	[55]
Wood burning	[201] , [202]
Galvanic action	[107]
Gas, blast furnace, burners	[228]
Combustion of	[228]
Composition of	[227]
Gas, by-product coke oven, burners	[231]
Combustion of	[231]
Composition of and heat value	[231]
Gas, natural, burners	[229]
Combustion of	[229]
Composition and heat value of	[229]
Gases, chimney, losses in	[158] , [159]
Density of	[163]
Flue (see [Flue gases] ).
Path of in Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[57]
Waste (see [Waste heat] )	[232]
Gaskets	[312]
Gauges, draft, Barrus	[254]
Ellison	[255]
Peabody	[255]
U-tube	[254]
Gauges, vacuum	[117]
Grate ratio for anthracite	[191]
Gravity of oils	[214]
Grooving	[102]
Guerney’s boiler	[24]
Handhole fittings for Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[50] , [51]
Handholes in Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[50] , [51]
Hardness of boiler feed water	[102]
Permanent	[102]
Temporary	[102]
Testing for	[105]
Hardness of fire brick	[303]
Heat and chemical methods of treating feed water	[105]
And its measurement	[79]
[Balance]	[262]
Consumption of engines	[141]
Latent	[84]
Of liquid	[120]
Sensible	[84]
Specific (see [Specific heat] )	[83]
Total	[86]
Transfer	[323]
[Heat value] of bagasse	[205]
By-product coke oven gas	[231]
Coal	[177]
Heat value of fuels, determination of	[173]
Determination of Kent’s approximate method	[183]
High and low	[174]
Heat value of natural gas	[229]
Oil	[215]
Wood	[201]
Heat waste (see [Waste heat] )	[232]
Heaters, feed water, closed	[111]
Economizers	[111]
Open	[111]
Heating feed water, saving by	[110]
Hero’s engine	[13]
High and low heat value of fuels	[174]
High pressure steam, advantages of use of	[119]
High temperature measurements, accuracy of	[89]
Horse power, boiler	[265]
Evaporation (actual) corresponding to	[288]
Rated boiler	[265]
Stacks for various, of boilers	[250]
Hydrogen in flue gases	[156]
Ice, specific heat of	[99] [Pg 334]
“Idalia”, tests with superheated steam on yacht	[143]
Impurities in boiler feed water	[100]
Incomplete combustion of carbon, loss due to	[158]
Injectors, efficiency of	[112]
Relative efficiency of, and pumps	[112]
Iron alum in feed water treatment	[106]
Kent, Wm., determination of heat value from analysis	[183]
Stack table	[250]
Kindling point	[150]
Latent heat	[84] , [115]
Laying of fire brick	[305]
Red brick	[305]
Lignite, analyses of	[181]
Combustion of	[195]
Lime and soda treatment of boiler feed	[102]
Used in chemical treatment of feed	[105]
Lime treatment of boiler feed water	[102]
Liquid fuels and their combustion	[212]
Loads, economical boiler	[283]
Losses due to excess air	[158]
Due to unburned carbon	[158]
Due to unconsumed carbon in the ash	[261]
Losses in efficiency (see [Heat balance] ).
In flue gases	[158] , [159]
Low water in boilers	[298]
Melting points of metals	[91]
Mercurial pyrometers	[89]
Moisture in coal, determination of	[176]
In fuels, losses due to	[259]
In steam, determination of	[129]
Mud drum of Babcock & Wilcox boiler	[51]
Napier’s formula for flow of steam	[321]
Natural gas, burners for	[229]
Combustion of	[229]
Composition and heat value of	[229]
Nitrate of silver in testing feed water	[105]
Nitrogen, as indication of excess air	[157]
In air	[147]
In flue gases	[157]
Nodules, fire brick, ratio of	[303]
Size of	[303]
Normal reading, throttling calorimeter	[131]
Nozzles, steam sampling for calorimeter	[134]
Location of	[134]
Oil fuel, burners (see [Burners] ).
Capacity with	[224]
Combustion of	[217]
Comparison with coal	[214]
Composition and heat value of	[213]
Efficiency with	[224]
Furnaces for	[221]
Gravity of	[214]
In combination with other fuels	[224]
Stacks for	[251]
Tests with	[224]
Open hearth furnace, Babcock & Wilcox boiler set for utilizing waste heat from	[236]
Open heaters, feed water	[111]
Operation of boilers	[291]
Optical pyrometers	[91]
Orsat apparatus	[160]
Oxalate of soda in feed water treatment	[106]
Oxygen in air	[147]
Flue gases	[155]
Peabody draft gauge	[255]
Formulae for coal calorimeter correction	[188]
Furnace for oil fuel	[221] , [222]
Oil burner	[218]
Peat	[167]
Perkins’ boiler	[24]
Pfaundler’s method of coal calorimeter radiation correction	[187]
Pipe coverings	[315]
Data	[308]
Expansion of	[315]
Pipe fittings	[311]
Flanges	[309]
Flow of steam through	[317]
Radiation from bare and covered	[314]
Sizes	[312]
Supports for	[315]
Piping, boiler room	[308]
Pitting	[102]
Plant records, coal	[293]
Draft	[294]
Temperature	[294]
Water	[293]
Plasticity of fire brick	[302]
Pressed fuels	[171]
Priming in boilers	[102]
Methods of treating for	[107]
Properties of water	[96]
Proximate analyses of coal	[177]
Proximate analysis	[173]
Method of making	[176]
Pulverized fuels	[170]
Pump, efficiency of feed	[112]
Pyrometers, expansion	[89]
Mercurial	[89]
Optical	[91]
Radiation	[90]
Thermo-electric	[90]
Quality of steam	[129]
Radiation correction for coal calorimeter	[187] , [188]
Correction for steam calorimeter	[131]
Effect of superheated steam on	[140]
From pipes	[314]
Losses in efficiency due to	[307]
Pyrometers	[90]
Ratio of air supplied to that required for combustion	[157]
Reagents, less usual in feed treatment	[106]
Records, plant, coal	[293]
Draft	[294]
Temperature	[294]
Water	[293]
Requirements of steam boilers	[27]
As indicated by evolution of Babcock & Wilcox	[45]
Rumsey’s boiler	[23]
Safety of Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[66]
Salts responsible for scale	[101]
Solubility of	[101]
Sampling coal	[271]
Nozzles for steam	[134]
Nozzles for steam, location of	[134]
Steam	[134]
Steam, errors in	[135]
Saturated air	[149]
Saving by heating feed	[110]
With superheat in “Idalia” tests	[143]
With superheat in prime movers	[140] , [142]
Scale (see [Thermometers] )	[101]
Sea water, composition of	[97]
Sections, Babcock & Wilcox boiler	[50]
Selection of boilers	[277]
Sensible heat	[84]
Separating steam calorimeter	[132]
Sizes of anthracite coal	[190]
Bituminous coal	[191]
Smoke, methods of eliminating	[197]
Smokelessness, relative nature of	[197]
With hand-fired furnaces	[199]
With stoker-fired furnaces	[199]
Soda, lime and, treatment of feed	[103]
Oxalate of, in treatment of feed	[106]
Removal of scale aided by	[300]
Silicate of, in treatment of feed	[106]
Treatment of boiler feed	[103]
Space occupied by Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[66]
[Specific heat]	[83]
Specific heat of air	[148]
Ice	[99]
Saturated steam	[99]
Specific heat of superheated steam	[137] [Pg 335]
Various solids, liquids and gases	[85]
Water	[99]
Spreading method of firing	[193]
Stacks and draft (see [Chimneys] )	[237]
Stacks for blast furnace gas	[228]
Oil fuel	[251]
Wood	[202] , [254]
Stayed surfaces, absence of, in Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[69]
Difficulties arising from use of	[67]
Steam	[115]
As aid to combustion of anthracite	[191]
As aid to combustion of lignite	[195]
Consumption of prime movers	[289]
Density of	[115]
Flow of, into atmosphere	[320]
Flow of, into pressure above atmosphere	[318]
Flow of, through pipes	[317]
High pressure, advantage of	[119]
History of generation and use of	[13]
Making, theory of	[92]
Moisture in	[129]
Properties of, for vacuum	[119]
Properties of saturated	[122]
Properties of superheated	[125]
Quality of	[129]
Saturated	[115]
Specific heat of saturated	[99]
Specific heat of superheated	[137]
Specific volume of	[115]
Superheated	[137]
Superheaters (see [Superheated steam] ).
Steaming, quick, with Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[73]
Stem Correction, thermometer	[80]
Stevens, John, boiler	[23]
Stevens, John Cox, boiler	[23]
Stokers, automatic, advantages of	[195]
Babcock & Wilcox chain grate	[194]
Overfeed	[196]
Smokelessness with	[199]
Traveling grate	[197]
Underfeed	[196]
[Superheated steam]	[137]
Additional fuel for	[139]
Effect on condensation	[140]
Effect on radiation	[140]
Fittings for use with	[145]
“Idalia” tests with	[143]
Specific heat of	[137]
Variation in temperature of	[145]
With turbines	[142]
Superheater, Babcock & Wilcox	[136]
Effect of on boiler efficiency	[139]
Supports, Babcock & Wilcox boiler	[52] , [53]
Tan bark	[210]
Tar, water gas	[225]
Temperature, accuracy of high, measurements	[89]
As indicated by color	[91]
Of waste gases	[232]
Records	[294]
Test conditions vs. operating conditions	[278]
Testing, boiler, A. S. M. E. code for	[267]
Tests of Babcock & Wilcox boilers with bagasse	[210]
Coal	[280]
Oil	[224]
Theory of steam making	[92]
Thermo-electric pyrometers	[90]
[Thermometer scale] , celsius	[79]
Thermometer scale, centigrade	[76]
Fahrenheit	[79]
Réaumur	[79]
Thermometer scales, comparison of	[80]
Conversion of	[80]
Thermometer stem correction for	[80]
Thermometers, glass for	[79]
Throttling calorimeter	[129]
Total heat	[86] , [115]
Treatment of boiler feed water (see [Feed water] )	[102]
Chemicals used in	[105]
Less usual reagents in	[106]
Tube data	[309]
Doors in Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[53]
Tubes in Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[50]
Ultimate analyses of coal	[183]
Analysis of fuels	[173]
Unaccounted losses in efficiency	[261]
Unconsumed carbon in ash	[261]
Units, boiler, number of	[289]
Size of	[289]
Units, British thermal	[83]
Unreliability of CO 2 readings alone	[162]
Vacuum gauges	[117]
Properties of steam for	[119]
Valves used with superheated steam	[312]
Variation in properties of saturated steam	[119]
Superheat from boilers	[145]
Volume of air	[147]
Water	[96]
Volume, specific, of steam	[115]
[Waste heat] , auxiliary grates with boilers for	[235]
Babcock & Wilcox boilers set for use with	[236]
Boiler design for	[233]
Curve of temperature, heat absorption, and heating surface	[235]
Draft for	[233]
Fans for use with	[233]
Power obtainable from	[232]
Temperature of, from various processes	[232]
Utilization of	[232]
Water, air in boiler feed	[106]
Boiling points of	[97]
Compressibility of	[97]
Water feed, impurities in	[100]
Methods of feeding to boiler	[132]
Saving by heating	[110]
Treatment (see [Feed water] ).
Water-gas tar	[225]
Heat of the liquid	[120]
Path of, in Babcock & Wilcox boilers	[57]
Properties of	[96]
Records	[293]
Specific heat of	[99]
Volume of	[96]
Weight of	[96] , [120]
Watt, James	[17]
Weathering of coal	[169]
Webster furnace	[55]
Weight of air	[147]
Wilcox boiler	[25]
Wood, combustion of dry	[202]
Wet	[203]
Composition and heat value of	[201]
Furnace design for	[201]
Moisture in	[201]
Sawmill refuse	[202]
Woolf s boiler	[24]
Zero, absolute	[81]