Edward R. Kantowicz, The Rage of Nations (Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999), p. 138. Kantowicz adds that the total population loss for Europe was 48 million, including 15 million “swept away” because their run down health made them vulnerable to the post-war influenza epidemic, and because of the reduction caused by the steep drop in the birth rate consequent on these disasters. Hobsbawm estimates that France lost almost twenty percent of its men of military age, Britain lost one quarter of its Oxford and Cambridge graduates who served in the army during the war, while German losses reached 1.8 million or thirteen percent of their military age population. (See Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991, op. cit., p. 26).
President Wilson has been the subject of many biographies over the years since his death. Three relatively recent biographies are Louis Auchincloss, Woodrow Wilson (New York: Viking Penguin, 2000); A. Clements Kendrick, Woodrow Wilson: World Statesman (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1987); Thomas J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).
‘Abdu’l-Bahá, The Promulgation of Universal Peace, op. cit., p. 305.
Shoghi Effendi, Citadel of Faith, op. cit., p. 32.
ibid., pp. 32-33.
As finally adopted, Article X of the Covenant of the League did not require collective military intervention in cases of aggression but merely stated that “...the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.”
Shoghi Effendi, The World Order of Bahá’u’lláh, op. cit., pp. 29-30.
Shoghi Effendi, Citadel of Faith, op. cit., pp. 28-29.
ibid., p. 7.
Selections from the Writings of the Báb (Haifa: Bahá’í World Centre, 1978), p. 56.