In 1860 Garibaldi conquered Sicily and Naples. Piedmontese troops entered the Papal States. By 1861 all Italy, with the exception of Rome and Venice, was under Victor Emmanuel. In the North war broke out again. The Italians were defeated by Austria at Custozza, but after Königgrätz (see p. [50]) the Austrians ceded Venice to France, and Napoleon III handed it over to Italy. This arrangement was confirmed by the Treaty of Vienna, October 3, 1866, between Austria and Italy. In 1867 France defended the Papal States against Garibaldi’s invasion, and he was defeated at Mentana. Finally, in 1870, Napoleon III withdrew his troops from Papal territory, and on September 20th Victor Emmanuel entered Rome.
Political Result:
All Italy became united under one monarch with its capital at Rome. Victor Emmanuel was succeeded in 1878 by Humbert, the father of King Victor Emmanuel III.
Remarks:
The rivalry between Austria and Italy did not die down, and there were still certain territories—Italia irredenta (such as Trentino)—which remained in Austrian hands.
THE CRIMEAN WAR
1854–1856
Belligerents:
Great Britain, France, Turkey and Sardinia.
Russia.