People of the veil

by Baron Francis James Rennell Rodd Rennell of Rodd

• Pliny’s Natural History. Various editions.
• Strabo’s Geography. Various editions.
• Herodotus’ Geography. Various editions.
• Hanno’s Periplus (London, 1797), and Geographi Græci Minores (Editio Mueller).
• Sallustius: De bello Jugurthino. Various editions.
• Ptolemy’s Geography and Marinus of Tyre.
• The Works of Diodorus Siculus.
• Corippus: Libri qui supersunt. Berlin, 1879.
• The Works of Aulus Gellius.
• Silius Italicus: Œuvres complètes. 1850.
• Leo Africanus: History and Description of Africa. Hakluyt Society. London, 1896. Three volumes.
• Ibn Batutah’s Travels. Translation of Defrémery and Sanguinetti. Paris: Société Asiatique. 1893. Four volumes.
• —— Lee’s edition in the Oriental Translations Fund, with references to Kosegarten’s edition, 1929.
• Ibn Khaldun’s History of the Berbers. Translation by Slane. Algiers, 1852-4. Four books.
• Abderrahman Ibn Abd el Hakim’s History of the Conquest of Egypt. In the above edition of Ibn Khaldun.
• El Noweiri: Extracts in the above edition of Ibn Khaldun.
• Abdallah abu Obeid Ibn Abd el Aziz el Bekri: A Description of North Africa. Edition Slane. Algiers, 1913.
• —— Wüstenfels Das Geographische Wörterbuch des Abu Obeid el Bekri. 1876.
• Abu el Hassan Ali Mas’udi: The Meadows of Gold. Oriental Translations Fund, 1841.
• Sultan Bello’s History. See Denham and Clapperton’s journey.

Works dealing more particularly with Air

• Barth, H.: Travels in Central Africa. Five volumes. London, 1857. (For Air, see principally Vol. I. Historical and ethnological references to the Tuareg are contained in all the volumes.)
• Jean, C.: Les Touareg du Sud-Est; L’Air. Paris, 1909.
• Documents Scientifiques de la Mission Foureau-Lamy. Paris.
• Buchanan, A.: Out of the World North of Nigeria. London: Murray, 1921.
• Novitates Zoologicæ, the Journal of the Tring Museum, Vol. XXVIII. pp. 1-13, 75-77. 1921.
• Rodd, F.: A paper (with map) on Air, R.G.S. Journal, Vol. LXIII. 2, August, 1923.
• von Bary, E.: his Diary edited by Schirmer. Paris (Fischbacher), 1898.
• Chudeau, R., and Gautier, E. F.: Missions au Sahara et au Soudan. Two volumes (especially Vol. II.). Paris, 1908.
• Palmer, H. R.: “Some Asben Records.” (The Agades Chronicle), Journal of the African Society, No. XXXVI. Vol. IX., 1910.

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INDEX

• “A” names, tribal, [128]
• “A type” of Tuareg houses, [244]-6, [247], [248], [249], [253], [255], [258], [260], [302], [316]; ornamentation of, [246], [247], [248]
• “A’ada” (right of passage), [237]
• Abadarjan, Ridge of, [70], [71], [78]
• Abalkoran, the, [379]
• “Abandoned of God,” the, [274]
• Abarakan, [216], [217], [238], [241], [243], [299]; position of, [425]
• Abattul, [213], [214], [388]; Itesan defeated at, [391]; mosque of, [213], [214], [291]
• Abattul, Mount, [156], [213]
• Abd el Jelil (Selma I), [372], [373]
• Abd el Qader, Sultan, [93], [99], [100], [108]-9, [117], [379], [467]
• Abd el Rahman, [290]
• Abdallah, King of Bornu, [374]
• Abdallah, Abu, [405]
• Abdallah ibn Yasin, [405]
• Abderrahman Ibn Abd el Hakim, [468]
• Abdominal strain of camel riding, [180], [194]
• Abdulkerim, [122], [436]
• Abellama, [60], [69], [70], [75]; position of, [424]
• Aberkan, Kel, [437]
• “Abesagh” acacia, [226]
• Abeshan, Sultan, [103]
• Abirkom, Kel, [437]
• “Abisgi” bush, [82], [449]; leaf as condiment, [160]
• Ablutions, Tuareg remiss in, [273], [274]
• “Aborak” tree, [226]; articles made from wood of, [229]
• Abscess, native treatment of, [82]
• Absen (Air), [17], [28]
• Absenawa (people of Air), [17]
• Abu Abdallah, [405]
• Abu Bakr Dau, [409]
• Abu Muhammad, [176]
• Abyssinia, Semitic influence in, [342]
• Acacia, People of the, [307], [437]
• Acacia trees, [58], [67], [86], [211], [226], [447], [449]; eaten by camels, [199]; a defence from insects, [121]; thorns of, [165], [166], [199]
• Adalet, Al, Sultan of Agades, [409]-10
• Adamber, the, [437]
• Adar, Kel Geres move to, [390], [391]
• Adaudu, [242], [243]
• Addal, Muhammad el, Sultan, [363]
• Addax antelopes, [446]
• Aderbissinat, [69]-70; fort, [70]; well, [75]
• Adermellen well, [451]
• Adesnu, spirits of, [279]
• “Adghar,” [18] n.[18], [254]
• Adghar n’Ifoghas, [18] n.[18], [209], [260], [399]
• Adil, Sultan, [409]-10, [464]
• Adjeur, see Azger.
• Adoral valley, [242]
• Adrar Ahnet, tribes of, [351]
• Adultery not common among Tuareg, [177]
• Adze, Tuareg, [229]
• Aerwan wan Tidrak, [156] n.[150]
• Æthiopia; matriarchate in, [152] n.[144]; Romans in, [323]
• Afaguruel (Ifagarwal), the, [437]
• Afasas, [241], [250], [436]; valley, [210] n.[200], [243], [439]
• Afasas-Tebernit groups, houses in, [248], [250], [251]
• Afasto, position of, [425]
• Afaza grass, [158], [160], [212]
• Afis, [315], [430]; inscription on grave at, [260]; position of, [425]
• Afis mountains, [308], [314], [315]
• Afis, Kel, [430]
• Africa, partition of, [20], [22], [25]; problem of introduction of camel into, [206]-8
• Africa, North, see North Africa.
• “Africa Minor,” [1]
• “Ag Ali” (son of Ali), [350] n.[338]
• Ag Malwal, [408]
• Ag Mastan, [169], [353]
• Aga (salt), [125], [441]
• Agadem, [333]-4, [450]; road to, [32]; well, [58]
• Agades, [19], [84], [298], [303], [405], [413], [426], [440]; Air administered from, [115]-16, [383]; decline of, [411], [414]; foundation of, [102], [364], [365], [409]; population of, [113], [402]; position of, [424], [425]; prosperity of, former, [411]; quarters of, [91]; races and languages of, [117], [118]; revolt of 1917 and, [84], [85], [86], [98], [189]-90; sanitary system of, [91]; site of, peculiar, [110], [112]-16, [364]; Songhai colonisation of, [410], [440]; Songhai element in people of, [117]; Sudanese in aspect, [87], [90]
• Amenokal of, see Amenokal; Añastafidet’s residence at, [92], [100], [145]; Barth’s journey to, [23]; battle at, [392]; blacksmith-jewellers of, [229]-30; earth from, daubed on women’s faces, [173]; exchange rates at, [221], [414]; French occupation of, [27], [52]; French post at, [86], [91], [118], [218]; gaol of, [107]; Hole of Bayazid at, [281]; Holy Men of, [290]; House of Kaossen at, [92]-3; houses of, [87], [90], [91], [92], [246]; King of, see Amenokal; Kings of, list of, [463]-5; leather-working at, [164], [165], [174], [227], [228]; markets at, [91]; merchants of, [410]; minaret of, [87], [93]-4, [302]; measures of, [221]; mithkal of, [221]-2; Mosque, Great, of, [86], [87], [93]-4, [257], [258]; pots made near, [160], [161]; prostitution in, [177]; sandals made in, [164], [165]; Sultan of, see Amenokal; tribal history kept at, [362]; weights of, [221]-2; wells at, [90]; wireless station at, [188]; women of, [118]
• Agades Chronicle, the, [53], [93] n.[81], [100] n.[86], [102], [103], [303], [362], [363], [369], [379], [387], [388], [396] n.[411], [414], [415]; list of kings of Air compiled from, [463]-5; on selection of first Amenokal, [397]-8
• Agades Cross, the, [44], [277], [283], [284]
• Agades, Kel, [117], [130], [440]
• Agades, River of, [33], [34], [69], [70], [71], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [83], [115], [119], [121], [123], [127], [183], [189], [258], [456]; plain of, [79], [82]-3, [85]-6
• Agades-Tabello road, [85]-6
• Agades-Taberghit road, [62]
• Agades-Tanut road, [69]-70
• Agades-Termit road made practicable, [451]
• Agajida, [290]
• Agalak mountains, [216], [299], [301]
• Agalak well, [300]
• Agalak, Kel, [436]
• Agalenge, [428]
• Agamgam, [315], [318], [319], [320], [321]; pool, [219]
• Agaragar, [239], [264], [315]
• Agate, ornaments made of, [282], [283]
• Agdalar, the, [368]
• Agejir, [239], [240], [241], [429]; houses in, [248], [252]; mosque of, [255]
• Agellal, [26], [290], [299], [302], [418], [431], [437], [440]; houses in, [248], [254]; position of, [425]
• Agellal, Kel: of the Kel Unnar, [380], [381], [432], [433]; Ikazkazan, [437]; Imaqoaran, [431]; present, mixed, [440]
• Agerzan valley, [243]
• Agewas, [320]
• Aggata mountain, [33], [216], [299], [300]; spirit drums of, [279], [300]
• Aggata well, [299], [300], [430]; position of, [425]
• Aggata, Kel, [290], [429], [430], [440], [441]
• “Agha” (salt), [125], [441]
• Aghalwen, [412]
• “Aghelam,” [219]
• Aghelashem wells, [9]
• “Aghil” (measure of length), [222]
• Aghil, Kel, [441]
• Aghimmat, Kel, [429]
• Aghmat well, [66], [74]
• “Agilman” (pool) of Taghazit, [23]
• Agisymba Regio, attempt to identify with Air, [318], [322], [324], [326]; derivation and application of name, [364]
• “Agoalla,” [147]
• Agoalla Kel Tagei, [397]
• Agoalla Mafinet, [397]
• Agoalla T’Sidderak, [397]
• Agoras, the, of Assode, [301], [304], [308], [309]
• Agram (Fashi), [413]
• Agriculture: in Air, [131]-4, [135]; despised by noble Tuareg, [127], [134], [174], [360]
• Agumbulum, the, [369], [397]
• “Agwalla,” [147]
• Agwau, [262], [314], [315], [319], [430], [435]; valley, [314]
• Agwau, Kel, [304], [314], [435]
• Ahaggar, [2], [3], [4], [6], [9], [18], [334], forms of the name, [128]
• Amenokal of, [169], [352]-3; camels of, [196]; De Foucauld in, [11]-12, [13]; Hawara occupy, [359]; Ibn Batutah in, [453], [454], [455], [456]; language of, [12], [387]; mountains, [2], [3], [4], [6], [18], [332]
• Ahaggar, Kel, [17], [139]; see Ahaggaren.
• Ahaggaren (Imghad of Kel Gharus), [308], [438]
• Ahaggaren (Tuareg of Ahaggar), [109], [148], [209], [345], [350], [384] n.[402], [402]; works on, [8]-9, [20]
• Originally Auriga, [270], [348], [349], [352]; Azger and, their origin and connection, [349]-53; caravan roads controlled by, [353]; dialect of, [270]; French occupation resisted by, [10], [13], [328], [350], [352]-3; polytheistic traces among, [275]; as raiders, [182], [350], [354]; tribal divisions of, [350]-51
• Ahamellen, Kel, [351], [352], [353], [355], [359], [370]
• Ahawagh, [347]
• “Ahel” and “Kel,” [129]
• Ahir (Air), [454]
• Ahitagel, [352]
• Ahmadu, of the Kel Tagei, [197], [210], [211]
• Ahmadu ag Musa, [210]
• Ahmed Rufaiyi, Sultan, [99]
• Ahnet mountains, [17], [260], [351], [352], [354]
• Ahnet, Kel, [351], [354]
• Ahodu, chief of the Kel Tadek, [26]-7, [127], [149], [154], [155], [161], [172], [180], [181], [182], [215], [266], [269], [270], [278], [298], [305], [419], [428], [438], [440]; disputed headship of Auderas, [142]-3; female descent exemplified in family of, [149], [150], [151]; French assisted by, [26]-7, [142], [290]; on the Kel Owi, [149], [387], [389]; on Queen Kahena, [170], [265]; raiding reminiscences of, [191]-3; his son, [150], [151], [165]; his sword, [233]; tribal history in possession of family of, [361]-2; on the Veil, [289]; his wife, [150], [161], [172], [284]
• Aiawan, the, [434]
• Ain Irhayen, position of, [424]
• Air, [5], [6], [18]-19, [112], [115], [334]; as a geographical term, [28]; attempted identification with Agisymba Regio, [318], [322], [324], [325]; origin of name of, [28]; original inhabitants of, [138], [363]-4, [365]-6; not penetrated by Romans, Arabs or Turks, [327]
• Air, accounts of, [18]-19, [452]-3, [456]; agriculture in, [5], [131]-4; Askia’s conquest of, [409]-10, [411]; astronomically determined points in, [422]-5; Azger and, women sent to ensure friendship between, [384]; Bornu and, war between, [406]-7, [412]; boundaries of, [28]-33; camels of, [195], [196]-7; caste system of, [136], [137]-8, see Nobles and serfs; civilisation of, pre-Tuareg, [365]; climate of, [28], [123]; cotton of, [132]; Damergu economically part of, [47]; disease in, [178], [179]-80; dialect of, [270], [347], [349]; distribution of, [394]; drainage system of, [23], [28]-31, [71], [76], [122]-3, [183], [214]-15, [242]; economics of, [133]-4, [218]-20; European penetration of, [8]-14, [19]-27; evacuation of, 1918, [113], [121]-2, [302], [309], [360]-61, [426]; exploration of, [23]-4, [24]-5, [27]; fair tribes of, [162]; fauna and flora of, [27]-8, [119], [120]; French occupation and annexation of, [26], [27], [50], [52], [99], [114] n.[104], [361], [420]; revolt against, see below revolt in, 1917; geology of, [27], [31], [33]-5, [76], [78], [79], [183], [215], [216], [241]-2; Goberawa in, [364], [365]-6, [379], [403]; graves and tombs of, [259]-63; history of, [17], [360]-416; Holy Men of, [290], [293]; holy tribes of, [290]-91, [306]; houses and huts of, [89], [90], [244]-55; infant mortality high in, [178]; Lemta invasion of, [356], [358], [359]; Libyan influence in, [403]; lions in, [119], [120]; live-stock of, [202], [204]-5, [361]; mosques of, [255]-8; mountains of, [2], [4], [5], [16], [23], [27], [83]-4, [156]-7, [332], [334]; negroid original inhabitants of, [363]-4, [365]-6; oases of, [32]; population of, [402]; raids from, [190]-91; raids on, [113]-14, [188], [189], [350]; rains in, [79], [120]-21, [123]-4; revolt in, 1917, [39], [59], [60], [69], [70], [84]-5, [86], [93], [98], [121]-2, [127]-8, [185], [205], [302], [309], [420]; roads of, [32], [37], [38], [353]-4; rock drawings and inscriptions in, [207], [213], [216], [260], [263]-5, [269], [271], [276], [315], [318], [319], [321]-2, [360]; rocks of, [72], [76], [78], [126]; Roman campaigns near, [322], [323], [324], [325]-6; Sanhaja in, [364], [365], [368], [375], [405]; scale of life in, former, [411]; Senussiya in, [290]; spirits of, [278]-81; tribal names in, [128], [129]; tribal warfare in, [101]; Sultan of, see Amenokal.
• Tuareg of, see Tuareg of Air; invasion of Air by, [359], [366]-93, [394], [395], [396], [397], [403], [404], [405]-6; its date, [364], [371], [373], [375], [381], [403], [404]; their vicissitudes in, [401]-16; Tuareg symbol for name of, [454]
• Air, Central, [299], [418]; belonged to People of the King, [394]; rains in, [123]; tribal names derived from, [378], [380], [398]; view over, [126]
• Air, Eastern, Kel Owi in, [394]
• Air, North-eastern: houses of, [252], [254]; unnamed valley of, [304]
• Air, Northern, [298]-329; ancient monuments in, [263]; evacuation of, 1918, [309]; houses of, [252], [309]-11, [316]; Kel Owi tribes of, [303]-8, [394]; palm groves of, [317]; roads traversing, [318]-22; salt caravan route from, [315]
• Air, Southern: Goberawa in, [379]; graves in, [263]; servile tribes in, [394]; see Tegama.
• ’Aisha-Kel Eghrarmar, [412]
• Ajaraneen, the, [368]
• Ajiru, [24], [129] n.[117], [146], [243], [305], [436]
• Ajiru, Kel, [436]
• Akaraq, [71], [77], [79], [82], [183], [189], [418]; valley, [77]-8, [258], [263]
• Akasani, Sultan, [102]
• “Akel,” meaning of, [134] n.[123], [136], [367] n.[370]
• Akil, [408], [409]
• Akir (Air), [28]
• Akri, [47]
• Akritan hills, [47]
• Alagwas, Alakkos, Alakwas (Elakkos), [357], [445]
• Alali, Bir, [51], [52], [92]
• Alamt (Lemta) Tuareg, [376]
• Alaren (Allaghan), Kel, [432]
• Alarsas, [121]
• Albes, well of, [243]
• Alburdatan, the, [437]
• Alfalehle plant, [10]
• Alfalehle river, [30]-31
• Algeria, [41]; Christianity in, [294]; the Circumcelliones, [328]; French expedition from, [25], [26]-7; French occupation of, [22]; funerary monuments in, [261]; rock drawings in, [318]
• Algeria, Southern, [332], [334]; French operations in, [11]; native Camel Corps in, [189]
• Algeria-Ahaggar caravan road, [353]
• Algiers, [418]
• “Alguechet,” [6] n.[5]
• Alhassan, the, [434] n.
• Ali, King of Bornu, [410]
• Ali ben el Haj Omar ben Idris, King of Bornu, [413], [414]
• Ali ibn Tama el Ghati, [96], [154]-5, [191], [192], [193], [280], [282]
• Ali Killun, [408]
• Aliso, El Haj, Sultan, [102], [463]
• “Alkarhat,” game of, [281]
• “Allagh” (spear), [234]
• Allaghan, Kel, [432]
• “Allelthrap” (ghosts), [281]
• Alliances, tribal, [147]-8
• Alluvial soil, Air, [31]; plain of River of Agades, [79], [121]
• Almoravids, the, [405], [420]
• Almoubari, Sultan, [102] n.[91], [391]
• Alms-houses, [255]
• Almubari (El Mubaraki), [102] n.[91], [391]
• Alphabet, Tuareg, [266], [267]-8
• Alwali, [96], [209]-10, [211]
• Alwalitan, the, [433]
• “Alwat” plant, [77], [210], [211]
• Amadu, [154], [180], [315], [418]
• Amahar (form of Imajegh), [457]-8
• Amakeetan (Immikitan), the, [368], [370], [429]
• “Amán” (peace), [237]
• Amarkos, Kel, [434]
• Amati, Sultan, [102], [463]
• Amazigh (form of Imajegh), [457]
• Amazigh, the, [458]
• Amazons, suggested explanation of story of, [152], [170], [288]
• Ameluli, [91]
• Amenokal, the (Sultan of Agades), [54], [96], [97]-100, [134], [144], [304], [387], [409]; deputation sent to Constantinople for the first, [101], [102], [104]-5, [396]-7; list of his successors, [463]-5
• election of, [99], [103], [104], [107], [108], [109], [391], [393], [432]; family of, foreign appearance of, [117]; family name of, [434] n.; female descent of, [151]; first, possibly a Byzantine prince, [102], [104]; legend of Imanen women sent to, [384]; installation of, [99]-100, [101]-2, [383], [384], [391], [393], [396]-7, [432]; Itesan and election of, [100], [103], [109], [379], [391], [393], [397], [432]; judicial functions of, [107], [110], [141], [390]; Kel Geres and election of, [100], [146], [384], [391], [392], [393], [397]; Kel Owi and election of, [100], [108], [383], [396]-7; officials and courtiers of, [106]-7; palace of, [97], [100]; People of, [374], [384], see People of the King; position of, [101], [104]-5, [107]-8, [109]-10, [116], [141], [144], [145], [146]; precarious tenure of office, [99], [368], [392]; revenue of, [110]; second, Agades mosque presented to, [257], [258]
• Amenokal of Ahaggar, the, [169]
• Amenokal, Kel, see People of the King.
• Amezegzil, the, [430]
• “Amghid” (singular of “Imghad”), [140] Amidera valley, [84]
• Amin, Muhammad el, Sultan, [413], [464]
• “Amitral” (measure of length), [222]
• Amjid, wells of, [10]
• Ammianus, [356]
• Amon, Egyptian deity, [295]
• Amosciarg (form of Imajegh), [460]
• Amóshagh (form of Imajegh), [459]-60, [462]
• Amulet cases, leather, [228]
• Amulets, Tuareg, [282], [284]
• “Amunan,” [459]
• “Amzad” (mandoline), [272]
• Anai (S.W. of Murzuk), [318], [319], [320], [321], [324]
• Anai (Kawar), [318]
• Añastafidet, the, [96], [107], [144], [239], [290], [301], [302], [303], [374]; origin of authority of, [384], [386]; election of, [145]; freed slaves of, [139]; house of, [92], [100], [145], [301]; position and duties of, [107], [145]-6
• Añastafidet, people of the, [374], [384], [386], [394], [429]; numbers of, [402]; tribes and subtribes of, [435]-9, [440]
• Anfissak valley, [242]; well, [242], [436]
• Anfissak, Kel, [243], [436]
• Angels, Tuareg belief in, [278]
• Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, [1] n.[1]
• Anglo-French boundary, Northern Nigeria, [41]
• Anglo-German Convention, 1890, [25]
• Anigara, [433]
• Anigara, Kel, [380], [381], [433]
• Animals, domestic, Air, [202]-6; rock drawings of, [264]-5
• Animistic view of nature, Tuareg, [295]
• Aniogara, Kel, [429], [433]
• Ankh, the Agades Cross and the, [285]
• Annur, chief of the Kel Owi, [23], [24], [108], [134], [135], [146], [304]-5, [308], [312], [313], [435]
• Ansaman (T’in Shaman), [364]-5
• Ansatfen, family of, [368], [369]
• Ant-bear secured by Buchanan, [121]
• Antassar, Kel, [428]
• Antelopes, [446], [449], [450]
• Antimony, women’s eyes darkened with, [173]
• Anu Areran, position of, [424]
• Anu Maqaran, [215], [216], [238], [243], [299], [418], [434]; rock drawing, [321]-2
• Anu n’Ageruf, position of, [425]
• Anu n’Banka, [62], [66], [74]
• Anu Samed valley, [311]; houses in, [248]
• Anu Samed, Kel, [435]
• Anu Wisheran, [248], [418], [429]
• Anu Wisheran, Kel, [429]
• Aouror well, [74], [75]
• Aowjal, see Aujila, [368], [369]
• “Ara” (salt), [125], [127] n.[115]
• Ara valley, [183], [184], [216], [240]
• Arab authors: the Veil first mentioned by, [328]-9; works by, [468]
• Arab country, meaning of term in Air, [385] n.[405]
• Arab element among Imghad, [138], [139]
• Arab geographers and historians, [61], [468]; see Bekri, Ibn Khaldun, etc.
• Arab merchants, Agades, [96], [106]; caravan raided by Ahodu, [192]-3
• Arab raiders, [12], [13], [14], [188]
• Arabia, [266]; question of introduction of camels from, [207]; invasions from, [371]
• Arabian origin of Tuareg, Bello on, [368], [369], [371]
• Arabic: Temajegh and, [271]; used by Tuareg, [268], [269]
• Arabs: Air not invaded by, [324]; head-cloths worn by, [286]; Kaossen believed killed by, [98]; North Africa conquered by, [293]-4, [346], [356], [371], [375]-6, [404]; patriarchal system of, [339]; raids by, [12], [13], [14], [188]; robes of, [285] n.[253]; Southland invaded by, [325], [326], [376], [403], [444]; Spain conquered by, [376]
• Tuareg (Muleththemin, q.v.) and, [14]-15, [273], [274], [287], [294], [364]; Arab influence on, [324]-5; Arab opinion of, [454]; connection with Arabs claimed in order to establish descent from the Prophet, [339], [342]; Arab tribes assimilated by, [347] n.[329], [354]; Arabs considered newcomers by, [170]; Arabs called “white” by, [162]; upper-class Arabs considered nobles by, [459]
• Arakieta, [238], [243]
• “Araruf,” [200]
• Araten valley, [78], [428]
• Archean rocks, Air, [33], [34], [35], [78]
• Architecture, Tuareg, [184], [241], [244]-59; ascribed to the Itesan, [253], [377], [378]
• “Areg,” [274] n.[243]
• Areitun, [431]
• Areitun, Kel, [431]
• “Argem” (funerary monuments), [260]-62, [263]
• Arguin, [332] n.[301]
• Arharkhar valley, [156] n.[152]
• Aril, Kel, [441]
• Arki, King of Kanem, [372]
• Arm daggers, Tuareg, [234]
• Arm rings, Tuareg, [91], [285]-6, [289]
• Armes blanches, Tuareg allegiance to, [55], [235]-6, [328]
• Ar’rerf Ahnet, the, [351]
• Arrow-heads, conventionalised, as ornaments, [283]
• Arrows, poisoned, used by bush folk, [45]
• Arsu, [304]
• Art, Tuareg, [246], [263]-5
• Arwa, Mount, [216], [300], [321]
• Arwa Mellen, [215], [299], [418]
• “Aryan,” the word, [339]
• Arzuges, the, [356], [358]
• Asaki, the, [291]
• Asawa, [347]
• Asben (Air), [17], [28], [313] n.[274], [363]-4, [369], [403]; derivation of, [363]-4
• Asben horses, [202]
• Asbenawa (people of Air), [17], [202], [313]
• Asbytæ, [364] n.[362]
• Asclepias, use of juice of, [180]
• Asclepias, People of the, [307], [433]
• Ashanti, matriarchal survivals in, [152], [171]; religious feasts, [274]
• Ashegur well, [32], [219], [315], [318], [320], [321], [414]
• Ashraf (descendants of the Prophet), [339]-40, [439]
• Asiu, [23], [30], [31], [354], [367], [455], [456]
• Askar, see Azger.
• Askia, Ishak, [411]
• Askia Ismael, [291]
• Askia, Muhammad el Haj, [291], [409]-10; conquests of, [116], [117], [409]-10; pilgrimage of, [409], [411]
• Asnagho, peak, [300]
• Assa, [125]
• Assada valley, [34], [214]-15, [218], [298], [418]
• Assadoragan, [309]
• Assarara, [247], [314], [315], [435]
• Assarara mountains, [314]
• Assarara, Kel, [134], [303], [304], [314], [430], [435]
• Assatartar, [308], [314], [436]
• Assatartar, Kel (Igermaden), [436]
• Assatartar, Kel (Immikitan), [430]
• Assawas swamp, [31], [78]
• Assingerma, [241] n.[217]
• Assode, [145], [233], [299], [300]-303, [314], [413], [454] n.[458]; first real capital of Air, [303]; houses of, [248], [254], [302]; mosque of, [255], [257], [301]-2; position of, [425]
• Astacures, the, [356], [358]
• Astronomically determined points in Air, list of, [422]-5
• Atagoom, [185], [239]; amulets worn by, [282]; cases of possession in family of, [279]-80
• Atan, Kel, [433]
• Atara, the, [155]
• “Ataram” (west), varying sense of, [244], [247]
• Ataram, Kel, [129], [441]
• Atkaki, [239]
• Atlas languages, [270]
• Atlas mountains, [2]; MZGh names in, [461], [462]
• Atrebisa, [412]
• Attafriya, Muhammad, Sultan, [391], [464]
• Audaghost, Libyan kings of, [404], [405]
• Auderas, [26], [33], [155]-7, [161], [214], [241], [253], [404] n.[418]; author’s stay at, [123], [127], [154]-5, [157], [158]-62, [171]-2, [178], [275], [279]-80, [418], [423], [424] n.[436]; basin of, [34], [131], [156], [213]; cemetery at, [181]; headship of, disputed, [142]-3; houses of, [213], [248]; Itesan “Kel names” derived from, [380], [381]; Kel Ataram of, [129] n.[117]; lion killed near, [119]-20; measures of, [221]; plough seen at, [133]; position of, [424], [425]; possession, case of, at, [279]-80; rainy season at, [123]-4; village organisation in, [131], [142]-3
• Auderas, Kel, [440]
• Augela (Aujila), [336]
• Augila, people of, [282]
• Aujila, [318], [334], [336]; story of compulsory migration from, [366], [368], [369]; trade with Kawar, [369], [370]
• Aulimmiden, the, [18], [101], [109], [408], [441]; the Abalkoran and, [379]; Amenokal and, [144]; El Baghdadi attacked by, [292]; horses of, [202]; Ibn Batutah’s possible reference to, [455]; Ilemtin a form of the name, [355]; Kel Geres defeated by, [391], [415]; identical with the Lemta, [341], [345], [355], [356], [357]-8, [379], [445]; matriarchal inheritance system disliked by, [152] n.[149]; origin of, [341], [377], [379]; position of, explained, [357]-8; raids on, [139], [190]; Tademekka occupied by, [345], [348], [357], [387], [414]
• Aulus Gellius, [468]
• Auraghen, the, [347], [348], [352], [354], [355]; noble in Azger, servile in Southland, [348]; noble Kel Owi once belonged to, [387]
• Auraghiye dialect, [270], [347], [349], [387] Aureran well, [215], [299]; position of, [425]
• Aures, people of, [294]
• Aures, Queen of the (Kahena), [170], [265], [294]
• Auriga, the, [270], [340], [341], [343], [346], [347], [348], [349], [352]; Auriga-Hawara represented by Ahaggaren, [353], [355], [387]
• Ausa, [415]
• Austria, “talhakim” made in, [282]
• Austuriani (or Ausuriani), the, [356], [357], [358]
• Autochthonous significance of MZGh root, [461]
• Awa, tomb of, [281]
• Awelimmid (Aulimmiden), the, [357]
• Axe, Tuareg, [229]
• “Azalai,” the, [219]
• Azamkoram mountains, [418]
• Azañieres mountains, [157], [308], [314] n.[276]
• Azañieres, Kel, [145], [147], [148], [243], [303], [304], [435], [436], [437]; legend of the mother of, [384]
• Azañierken, the, [430], [431]
• Azanzara valley, [84]
• Azar valley, [243]
• Azar, Kel, [433]
• Azaret, Kel, [437]
• Azawad, [61]
• Azawagh (Asawa), [347]
• Azawagh, the, [32], [49], [54], [61], [62]-3, [80], [114], [115], [242], [309], [347] n.[333], [426]; cold encountered in, [63], [167], [418]; deserted sites in, [64]; millet cultivation in, [74]; Ifadeyen move into, [209], [399]; population decreasing in, [64]; Sanhaja in, [364]; Tegama of, [54]; valleys of, [61]-2, [63], [66]-7, [71], [76]; wells of, [74]-5; wind prevalent in, [63]
• Azawagh, Kel, [64], [65], [80]; name disappears, [65]
• Azawak, [31]
• Azbin (Air), [17]
• Azel, [428]
• Azel, Kel, [427]
• Azelik valley, [71]
• Azenata, the, [437]
• Azger country, the, [9], [18], [335], [353], [355], [356]; Aulimmiden return to, [387]; Auraghen noble in, [348]; Ifoghas of, [54]
• Azger Tassili, the, [260], [261]
• Azger Tuareg, [17], [148], [331], [335], [347], [402]; Ahaggaren and, origin and connection of, [348], [349]-53, [359], [402]; Ausuriani identified with, [356], [358]; camel brands of, [201]-2; caravan roads controlled by, [353]; courage of, [354]; divination by women of, [281]; European contact with, [8], [9]; fort built to watch, [12]; French penetration and, [12], [18], [350], [354]; Imanen of, [348] n.[385], [432]; Imanen kings of, [352], [353]; inheritance, system of, [153]; Kaossen sheltered by, [92]; Kel Ahamellen break from, [352], [359]; old Lemta stock represented by, [341], [348], [350], [355]-9, [432]; migrations of, [18], [350]; purity of stock of, [18], [354]; raids by, [350], [354]; tribes of, noble and mixed caste, [354]-5; warlikeness of, [353], [354]; women sent by, to first Sultan of Air, [384]
• Azger-Auraghen, the, [348], [387]
• Azjer Tuareg, see Azger, [17]
• Azuraiden, [436]
• Azzal, [121], [122], [436]
• “B type” of Tuareg houses, [246]-8, [249] n.[221], [250], [252], [254], [309], [310]-11, [314], [315], [316]
• “Bab Ras el Hammada,” [323]
• Babies, Tuareg method of carrying, [179]
• Bacos valley, [216]
• Badge of office, Añastafidet’s, [145]
• Bagai, [328]
• Bagezan horses, [202]
• Bagezan mountains, [23], [33], [34], [84], [85], [123], [126], [127], [156], [183], [216], [238]-40, [299], [319], [384], [385], [389]; an unknown area, [238]; houses of, [239], [240]-41; limes found in, [160], [239]; lions in, [120]; name of, connected with Agisymba, [324]; Tuareg stronghold against Bornuwi, [414]
• Bagezan, Kel; Itesan sub-tribe, [381], [385], [432]; Kel Owi group, [184], [385], [429], [435]; present, composite, [239], [240], [438]-9
• Baghdadi, El, [213], [214], [215], [291], [292], [293]
• Baghzen, Kel, [129]
• Bagirmi, [26]
• Bahr Bela Ma, [3]
• Bairam, feast of, [274]
• Bakeir, Muhammad el, Sultan, [363], [465]
• Bakiri, Sultan, [99]; see Bekri.
• Bandages, abdominal, worn by Tuareg riders, [180], [194]
• Bangles, women’s, [283]-4
• “Barbars,” the term, [371], [372]
• Barca, [334]; food taboos in, [295]; the Hawara in, [345]
• Bardai, [327], [335], [336]
• Bardamah, the, [406]; women of, [452]
• Bardetus mountain, [327]
• Barkasho, [169]-70
• Barth, Dr. Heinrich, [8], [9], [21], [22]-3, [28], [31] n.[36], [36], [49], [118], [127] n.[115], [128], [132], [180] n.[172], [214], [243], [299], [362], [392]; Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa by, [14], [23], [106] n.[96], [277] n.[247], [410] n.[423], [412] n.[425], [452] n.[450], [455] n.[459], [460], [461], [468]; expeditions of, [8], [9], [18], [20], [21], [23]-4, [36], [59], [60], [61], [215]; attempts on his life, [290], [304], [312]
• account of Air by, [18], [28]; origin of name of, [28], [454]; Tuareg invasion of, [359], [368], [370]-71, [382]-3, [386], [387], [391]
• on Abd el Qader, [108], [117]; on site of Afasas, [241]; his journey to Agades, [23], [70], [71], [78], [80] n.[75], [122]; at Agades, [86], [87], [90], [91], [92], [93], [99], [117], [118]; on date of foundation of Agades, [116]; on the Amenokal and Añastafidet, [100], [105], [108], [145] n.[135], [146]; Annur and, [304]-5, [312], [313]; on Assode, [301]; at Auderas, [133], [156] n.[150]; in the Azawagh, [49], [63], [67], [70], [71], [78], [80] n.[75]; on Bardamah women, [406]; on El Maghili, [291]-2; on Elakkos, [444]; on exchange rates, [222]; on Gamram, [49], [334] n.[309]; on Ibn Batutah’s journey, [406], [454], [455]; Kanem and Bornu chronicle collected by, [372]-3; lion’s prints seen by, [120]; on population of Murzuk, [113]; on the MZGh root in North African names, [460]-61, [462]; as an ox-rider, [203]; rock drawings discovered by, [265], [319]; Roman remains discovered by, [322]; on site of T’in Shaman, [364]; at T’intellust, [308], [312]-13; his quarters there still known as the House of the Christians, [312]-13
• on the Tuareg: etymology of word, [273]-4; absence of national name, [459]-60; Air invaded by, [359], [368], [370]-71, [382]-3, [386]-7; date of invasion, [382]-3, [386], [391], [404]; the Aulimmiden, origin of, [341], [357]-8, [377]; the Auraghen (Oraghen), [347]-8, [387]; Azger tribes, [355]; Damergu tribes, [53], [54]; Elakkos tribes, [444]; female descent system, [152]-3; Imghad and slaves, mistakes regarding, [134]-5, [142] n.[133]; the Kel Fadé, [399]; the Kel Owi, their arrival in Air, [382]-3, [386], [387], [391]; their earlier habitat, [387]; their language, [270]; the Kel Wati, [412]; Lemta migrations, mistakes regarding, [344]-5, [359]; tribal names, [129], [130]; tribal organisation, [380] n.[396], [393], [426], [427]; women, fatness of, [118], [172]
• Bary, Erwin von, [24]-5, [146], [241], [321], [355] n.[344], [468]; Air explored by, [24]-5; boundary fixed by, [31]; detained at Ajiru, [24], [243]-4; on disease among Tuareg, [179], [180]; on the Imajeghan, [139] n.[128]; on laws of succession among Kel Owi, [151]; on lions in Air, [120]; on rains in Air, [123] n.[114]; on social distinctions lost among Kel Owi, [144] n.[134]; prevented from entering Sudan, [24], [244]; on tribal names, [129] n.[117]
• Basalt boulders, [210], [215], [216], [217]
• Basalt flows, Air, [33], [34], [119], [126], [183], [216]
• Basin formations, [3], [32], [43]
• Basket, grain measures in, [221]
• Basset, [206]
• Bates, Oric: Eastern Libyans by, [6] n.[3], [145] n.[136], [166] n.[160], [176], [267] n.[236], [294] n.[259], [336] n.[314], [364] n.[362], [466], [467]; references to, on: the Ausuriani, [356]; cross symbol among Tuareg, [276], [278]; cross-belts, Libyan, [194]; eating of dogs, [295]; female descent, [151]; funerary monuments, [260], [262]; Imghad and Imajeghan, [137]; Lebu and word Libyan, [337]; MZGh root of Libyan names, [457] n.[461], [461]; the “penistasche,” [164] n.[158]; religious beliefs, [275]; sun worship, [276], [278], [295]
• Battles, Saharan, small numbers involved, [11]
• Bayazid, the Hole of, [281]
• Bazin, R.: Life of Charles de Foucauld, [12] n.[9], [271] n.[240], [467]
• Beds, nomads’, [212]
• Beduaram, [21]
• Bekri, El, Sultan, [99], [293], [325], [336] n.[316], [345], [372], [404] n.[417], [465], [468]
• “Bela,” [134]
• Belkho, paramount chief of Air, [24], [146], [191], [243], [244], [305]-6, [436]; defeat of the Isherifan by, [50], [75], [440]
• Bello, Emir of Sokoto, [362], [372]; on “Barbar” invasion of Air, [371]; on Goberawa Copts, [294], [363]; on rise of Kanuri in Kanem, [369]-70, [374]; on Sultan of Agades, [99], [108]
• on Tuareg invasion of Air, [364], [368], [369]-70; the original five tribes, [368], [369], [394], [397], [400], [432], [433]; their modern representatives, [394]-5, [397], [400]
• Bells, camel, the Prophet’s ban on, [293]
• Belly of the Desert, the, [30], [347] n.[333]
• Belts, Libyan, [194], [265]; Tuareg, [180], [194]
• Ben Guten, the, [131] n.[120], [437]
• Ben Hazera, [282] n.[252]
• Ben Mubarak, Muhammad, [413]
• Benghazi, [110]
• Beni Abbes, [333], [344]
• Beni Dugu dynasty, [372], [375]
• Beni Ghalgha, [372]-3
• Beni Hume dynasty, [372], [373], [374], [378]
• Beni Itisan, [377]
• Beni Khattab, [347]; conquest of Zuila by, [112]
• Benue, the, [30]
• Beranes Libyans, [339], [340], [341], [342], [346]
• Berber, linguistic sense of word, [339]
• Berber languages, [270], [271]; camel names in, [206]; MZGh root in, [458]
• “Berbers”: confused use of term, [371]-2; applied to Libyans and Tuareg, [338], [371], [372], [458], [461]; Jewish tribes of, [294]
• Berbers of North Africa, [16]; arrival in N. Africa, [262]; Arab invasion resisted by, [170]; former Christianity of, suggested, [273]; funerary monuments of, [261]; Ibn Batutah on, [453]; Ibn Khaldun’s History of, [295], [330], [338]; matriarchal inheritance system of, [152]-3; MZGh root, significance of, among, [458]; origins of, [7]; robes of, [285] n.[253]; sun worship by, [295]; Tuareg and, [7], [16], [371], [372], [458], [461]; element of, in Tuareg Imghad, [138]
• Berdeoa, country of the, [334], [335]-6
• Berdianen, the, [428]
• “Beriberi,” applied to Kanuri, [371], [373] n.[386]
• Bettina plant, the, [10] n.[7]
• Beughqot, [242], [390]; valley, [71], [209], [210] n.[200], [218], [238], [243], [244], [390], [436]
• Beurmann, [9]
• Bianu, feast of, [274]-5
• Bibliographical material, list of, [466]-8
• Bight of Benin, [22], [30]
• Bila, Mount, [157], [214], [215], [216], [299], [418]
• Bilalen, [143]
• Bilasicat valley, [243]
• Bilet, [157]
• Bilma, [21], [305], [413]; French fort at, [320]; wireless station at, [188]
• salt caravan, [69], [85], [114], [115], [195], [210], [217], [218]-20, [443]; Amenokal’s revenue from, [110]; number of camels in, [218]; French escort for, [84], [218], [219]; Minister accompanying, [106]; raids on, [218], [219], [450]; route of, [32], [114], [145], [219], [264], [315], [320], [450]
• salt trade, [133], [218], [219]-20; struggles between Air and Bornu for, [407], [415]
• war of, [407], [415]
• Bir Alali, [51], [52], [92]
• Bir Gharama, disaster to French at, [9]-10, [236]
• Birds, taboo on, [294]
• Birjintoro, [46]
• Births, among Tuareg, [179], [181]
• Bishoprics, North African, [293]
• Bissuel: Les Touareg de l’Ouest, [10] n.[7], [351], [467]
• “Black” and “White” Tuareg, [139]-40
• Blacksmith, Tuareg, [155], [228]-9, [230], [283]-4
• Blanket carried by some Tuareg, [166]
• Bleeding, remedy for donkey disease, [203]
• Blemmyes, the, [376]
• “Blood in the head,” camel and donkey disease, [200]-201, [203]
• “Blue,” negroes spoken of as, [162]
• Blue-eyed Tuareg, [161]
• Boghel valley, [122]
• Bomba, Gulf of, [260]
• Books, Tuareg, [269]; lost during revolt, [360], [361]-2; fragments of, discovered, [385]
• Booz, [320], [321]
• Borgu, [336]
• Borku, [336]
• Bornu, [26], [191], [192], [336], [369]; on early maps, [336], [410]
• Beni Hume dynasty in, [372], [373], [374], [378]; Bulala conquest of, [374]; Christian influence in, [294]; history of, chronicle of, [372]-3, [374]
• Empire of, [37], [47], [374], [406], [410], [412]; decline of, [407]; war with Air, [407], [415], [443]
• Kanuri in, [335], [371], [403], [407]
• Tuareg arrival in, problem of, [375]-6; their ascendancy in, [372]-4, [375], [376], [403]-4, [406]; expulsion of, from, [335], [358], [372], [374], [375], [403]-4; migration into Air from, [370], [371], [372], [375], [376]-7, [403]-4; Tuareg besiege, [413]
• Bornu Chronicle, [372]-3, [374], [413]
• Bornuwi, [44]
• Bororoji Fulani, [57]-8
• Borrow pits, Sudanese, [90]
• Boucle du Niger, La, [30]
• Boulders, basalt, [34], [183], [210]
• Boule, M.: Fossil Man, [339] n.[322], [467]
• Boundaries of Air, [28]-33
• Bourgou, [336]
• Bouthel, Sergeant, [50]-51
• Bows and arrows used by Kanuri, [55]; not used by Tuareg, [235], [236]
• Boys, Tuareg, circumcision of, [179]; dress of, [177]; upbringing of, [177]-8
• Bracelets, women’s, [283]-4
• Brahim, Sultan, [52], [99], [108]
• Brands, tribal, on camels, [201]-2
• Branes, Libyan family of, [338], [339], [340], [341]
• Brass, decorative work in, [310]
• Braun, [320]
• Bridle, camel, [193], [231]
• Bridle stand, [309]
• Brigands, [122]
• British described as White Nobles, [459]
• British part in exploration of Central Sahara, [20], [313]; in penetration of West Africa and Sudan, [36]-7
• British tendency to belaud obscure races, [401]
• Broking centres for desert traffic, [110], [111]
• Buchanan, Captain Angus, [20], [68], [110], [120], [121], [155], [164], [238], [299]; fauna of Air collected by, [27]; Out of the World North of Nigeria, [27] n.[31], [70] n.[67], [468]
• Buda, [453]
• Buddei valley, [127] n.[115]
• Buddei-Telwa drainage system, [183]
• “Bugadie,” [134]
• Building methods: Sudan and Northern Nigeria, [88]-9; Tuareg, [89], [90], [248]-50, [251]-2
• Bulala, the, conquest of Bornu by, [374]
• Bulls, [203]
• Bullum Babá well, [446], [451]
• Bullum village group, [443], [446]
• Bundai hills, [308] n.[272]
• Burials, Tuareg, [181]-2
• Burin, [9]
• Burr grass, [45], [58]-9, [62], [164], [165], [226], [227]; seeds ground and eaten, [158], [160], [211]
• Bush, Central African, discomforts of travel in, [45]-6; Damergu, [58]-9, [446]; Elakkos, [446], [447], [451]; the Southland, [42], [43]
• Bush folk, poisoned arrows used by, [45]
• Bushman drawings, [264]
• Bustard, [43], [265]
• Butter, Tuareg, [158]
• “Buzu,” [134], [135]-6, [159]
• Byzantine origin of first Sultan of Air discussed, [102], [104]
• Byzantines: emigration from North Africa, [376] n.[390]; encounters with Tuareg, [327]
• “C type” Tuareg houses, [250], [251]-2
• Ca’da Mosto, [404] n.[417]
• Cæsar, camels captured by, [206]
• Caillé, [19]
• Cairns, memorial, [292]-3
• Cairo, [20]; Arab rottl in, [222]
• Cairo-Timbuctoo road, [318]
• Calabashes, rare in Air, [161]; as grain measures, [221]; as drums, [272]
• Camel bells, the Prophet’s ban on, [293]
• Camel Corps, French, [10], [11], [68], [84], [188], [189], [193], [198]; camels stolen from, [188]; rate of travel of, [193]
• Camel skeletons, palæolithic, [207]
• Camel-borne trade, decline of, [38]
• Camel-riding, abdominal strain of, [180], [194]; position for, [232]
• Camels, [38], [95], [194]-5, [354]; their arrival in Africa, problem of, [206]-8; breeds of, [195]-7; delicacy of, [198]; diseases of, [72], [199]-201; equipment of, Tuareg, [193]-4, [223]-4, [227], [230]-31, [276]-7; fodder of, [62], [64], [199]; herding of, [135]-6, [141]-2; a popular investment, [134]; loading and unloading, [198], [223], [224]-5; numbers of, [204]-5, [361]; prices of, [204]; raids for, [188], [190], [191]; rock drawings of, [265]; saddles of, [223]-4, [227], [230]-31, [276]-7; salt needed by, [125]; with salt caravans, [218], [219], [220]; sores of, [72], [199], [201]; technique of travel with, [193], [198]-9; Temajegh names for, [197]; thirst of, [72], [198]-9, [445]-6; tribal marks on, [201]-2; rarely trotted, [193]
• Canaan, [339]
• Caravan roads, [5], [6]-7, [30], [32], [43]-4, [48], [62], [114], [145], [219], [242], [264], [308]-9, [315], [320], [325], [443], [450]; abandoned owing to destruction of wells, [60]-61; closed during war, [361]; controlled by Azger and Ahaggaren, [353]-4; controlled by Kel Owi, [390], see Kel Owi road; evacuation policy and, [361]; the “Garamantian way,” [318]-20; junction at Iferuan, [318]; Roman garrisons on, [208]; and sites of cities, [110], [111], [112], [114]
• Caravan trade: Añastafidet’s position and, [145]; breakdown of, during war, [142], [146]
• Caravan wells, [74]-5, [80]; rights over, [75]
• Caravans: large, formed for safety’s sake, [11]; camels for, supplied by Arabs, [354]; raids on, [50], [51], [52], [59], [80], [191]-3, [218], [219], [450]; salt, see under Bilma.
• Cardinal points, Temajegh names for, [244]
• Carpentry, [228]
• Carthaginians, camels not used by, [206]
• Casamicciola, [242]
• Caste, mixed, of some Azger tribes, [355]
• Caste system, Air, [103]-4, [108], [136], [137]-8; see Noble and servile tribes.
• Cattle, Air, [133]-4, [202], [203], [204], [205]; horns of, anointed by Bororoji, [58]
• Cats, Air, [203]
• Cave paintings, European, [264]
• Cemeteries, Nubian, [260]; Tuareg, [181], [216], [259]-63; urn cemetery, Marandet, [121], [161], [263]
• Central Africa: Arab influence in, [325]; Arab invasion of, [376]; bush of, discomforts of travel in, [45]-6; Empires of, [47] (see Bornu, Melle, Sokoto, Songhai); French scheme for occupation of, [25]-7; history of, in relation to that of Air, [358], [401], [403]-16; huts of, [87], [89]; Mediterranean civilisation brought to, [401]; trend of migration towards, [39], [342]
• Central Air, [299], [418]; belonged to People of the King, [394]; rains in, [123]; tribal names derived from, [378], [380], [398]; view over, [126]
• Central Empires, unrest in North Africa fomented by, [12]-13, [93]
• Central Sahara, [2]; bibliography of, [467]; British part in exploration of, [20]-24; caravan road, [318]; drainage system of, [4], [28]-34; allocated to French, [20], [22]; guides of, [185], [186]; mountain groups of, [2]; rains in, [28]; Roman penetration of, [322], [323], [324], [325], [326]-7
• Central Sudan, caravan route to, [7]
• Centre Peak, Termit, [448], [450]
• “Cercles,” [41]
• Chad, Lake, [3], [21], [23], [266]; caravan road, [7], [8], [320], [325], [326], [333], [334], [335], [369]; diversion of water from, [30]; French expeditions to, [25]-6, [50]-51; Lemta extend to, [345]; track from Termit to, [450]
• Chad area: Arab invasion of, [444]; early home of the Lemta, [376]; Tuareg migration into Air from, [376]-7, [378], [379], [396], [403], [432], [445]
• Chad road, [7], [8], [320], [325], [326], [333], [334], [335], [369]
• Chanoine, Lieut., [26]
• Chariots, discussion of ancient use of, in Air, [318]-19, [320], [321]-2, [324]
• Cheese, Tuareg, [157], [158]
• Chemical incrustation, line of valley marked by, [68]
• Chickens, [206]
• “Chief of the Market Place,” [106]
• “Chief of the White People,” [106]
• Childbirth among Tuareg, [179]
• Children, Tuareg, [174], [177]-9; belong to the mother, [148]-9; education of, [268], [400]; naming of, [181]; suckled late, [178]-9
• Chosroes, invasion of North Africa by, [375]
• Christianity: question of its existence in Air, [256]-7, [363]; former Berber religion, [273], [274]; among the Tegama, [53], [54]; possibly former religion of Tuareg, [275]-8, [293]-4; traces of its influence among Tuareg, [275]-6, [277], [278], [284]-5, [289], [293]-4
• Christians, House of the, [312]-13
• Chudeau, R., [27], [32], [257], [468]; on Assode, [301] n.[266]; Le Sahara Soudanais, [27] n.[30], [31] n.[34], [34]-5, [41] n.[45], [94] n.[82], [102] n.[89]^,[91], [205], [402] n.[416]
• “Cidamus, the people of,” [336] n.[314]
• Cillaba (Cilliba), [323]
• Cillala (Zuila), [112]
• Cinerite, Auderas basin, [34], [183]
• Circumcelliones, the, [12], [328]
• Circumcision, practised by Tuareg, [179]
• Cities, North African, caravan roads and sites of, [110], [111], [112], [114]
• Cities of the Desert, [110]-13, [114]
• Citroën Motor Expedition, [271] n.[239]
• Clapperton, Captain H., [8], [20], [21]; death of, [21]; Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa (Denham and Clapperton), [99] n.[85], [362], [363] n.[359], [368] n.[372], [371] n.[380], [374] n.[387], [413], [467]
• Classical authors, references in, possibly indicate early Tuareg, [376]; bibliography of, [468]
• Clay amphoræ, grain stored in, [317]
• Climate, of Air, [28], [123]; of the Sahara, [4]-5
• Cloth, native, [164], [166], [167], [194]
• Cochia, [404] n.[417]
• Coins, Air, [221]-2
• Cold weather, encountered in Azawagh, [63], [167], [418]; scantiness of Tuareg dress for, [166]-7
• Colocynth, use of juice of, [180]
• Colour, used on houses of Agades, [92]; not used in Tuareg dress, [95], [96]
• Colouring of Tuareg, [161]-2, [173], [367], [460]
• Concubinage in Air, [170], [171]; the caste system and, [136]; impossible for noble women, [160], [171]
• Congo, French expedition from, [25], [26]
• Congress of Berlin, [25]
• Constantinople, delegation from Air seeks a Sultan from, [101], [102], [104], [396]-7; list of tribes sending the delegation, [397]
• Cooley, Negroland of the Arabs, [116] n.[106]
• Copper mines, Tekadda, [452]-3, [454]
• Coptic Christianity, influence of, in Air, [294], [363]
• Corippus, [207], [295], [327] n.[294], [357], [445], [468]
• Cornelius Balbus, [322], [323]
• Cornish, V., [66] n.[63]
• Cortier: D’une Rive à l’autre du Sahara, [209] n.[198], [277] n.[247], [441], [467]; history of Ifoghas n’Adghar, [398]-9; Geographical Mission, maps of Air, [27], [71], [131] n.[120], [156] n.[152], [183], [210] n.[200], [214] n.[206], [215] n.[207], [218] n.[208], [238], [241], [311] n.[273], [314], [422], [424]-5, [454] n.[456], [466]
• Cosmetics used by Tuareg women, [173]
• Cotton cultivation, Air, [132], [227]
• Cottonest, Lieut., [10]
• Counting, Tuareg method of, [191]
• Courage of Tuareg, [11], [169]-70, [236], [237], [354]; of Tuareg women, [169]-70
• Cow-camels, [197], [201]
• Cowrie-shell currency discarded, [221]
• Cows, scarce in Air, [203]
• Crescentic type of sand dunes, [66]-7, [68]
• Criminals, gaol for, Agades, [107]
• Cross, Tuareg use of, as ornament, [235], [276]-7, [278], [289], [293]; the Agades Cross, [44], [277], [283], [284]; cross-hilted swords, [233], [234], [276], [289]; on pommel of saddle, [230], [276]-7, [289]; on shields, [235]
• Crows, camels attacked by, [199]
• Cruciform design, Tuareg use of, see Cross.
• Crusaders, the, [233], [276]
• Cubes on women’s bracelets, [284]
• Currency, Air, [221]-2
• Currie, Sir J., [132] n.[121]
• “Cursed,” the (Muhammad Askia), [410]
• Curzon, Lord, [279]
• Cydamus, [323]
• Cyrenaica: camels introduced into, [207]; the Lebu in, [337]; raids into, in classical times, [356]; steppes and desert of, [335]
• “D type” Tuareg houses, [250], [251]
• Dabaga, [122], [125]
• Daggers, Tuareg, [234]
• Dala, King of Bornu, [374]
• Damagarim, [42], [43], [44], [48], [150], [218], [320], [361], [443], [446]; date of Tuareg occupation of, [415] n.[432]
• Dambansa, [46]
• Dambida, [46]
• Damergu, [23], [32], [41], [43], [44]-62, [209], [309]; an appanage of Air, [47]; Agades Cross in, [284]; Barth in, [23]; bush of, [45]-6, [58]-9, [446]; cattle supplied from, [203]; cultivation in, [47], [48], [132], [133], [217]; drainage system of, [46]; French entry into, and events leading to occupation of Air, [50]-52; Fulani of, [16], [54], [55], [56]-8, [203]; geology of, [46]; granary of Air, [47]; hills of, [46]-7; measures of, [221]; negroid inhabitants of, [415]; oryx hide shields from, [235]; oxen used in, [203]; population of, [48], [64]; raiders in, [50], [51], [188], [189]; rains in, [124]; revolt, 1917, in, [85]; Sanhaja in, [364], [405]; villages of, [48]
• Tuareg of, [47]-8, [52]-3, [303], [400], [446]; evacuated from Air to, [360]-61; their predominance in, [54]-5; their migration into, [377], [396], [404], [415]; Sendal possibly ancestors of, [396]; Sultans of, [47]-8; tribes and sub-tribes of, [18] n.[18], [400], [426], [427], [428], [433], [436], [437], [438], [439]-40
• Dan Gudde, King of Gober, [392]
• Dan Kaba, [55]; position of, [424]
• Dancing, Tuareg, [44], [272]
• Danda, ruler of the Imuzuraq, [50], [51]
• Dani, Muhammad, Sultan, [392]
• D’Anville, [336]
• Darfur, Tuareg in, [51]
• Date-palms: cultivation of, [131], [155], [216], [217], [239], [317]; disputed ownership of, [298]; scarcity of, [224]
• Dates, [160]; date of ripening, [157]; preserved, [160]; trade in, [218], [220]
• Daud, King of Kanem, [407]
• Daura, [41]; people of, [363]
• Daza, the, [336]
• De la Roncière, Charles, [19] n.[19]^,[20]
• Deformation of body not practised among Tuareg, [179]
• Dehkar, mentioned by Ibn Batutah, [453]
• Demmili, [47], [48]
• Denham, D., Oudney, and Clapperton expedition, [8], [20], [21]; Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa (Denham and Clapperton), [99] n.[85], [362], [363] n.[359], [368] n.[372], [371] n.[380], [374] n.[387], [413], [467]
• Depopulation of Air, results of, [361]
• Descent, Tuareg system of, [103]-4, [148]-53, [373], [398]
• Desert between Air and Southland, [456]
• Desert, steppe and true, [2], [332], [333], [334]
• Desert vegetation, [64], [70], [226]; hardiness of, [67]; rain and, [124]; Elakkos and Termit, [445], [446], [449]
• Desert warfare: small numbers involved in, [11]; tactics of, [236]-7
• Desiccation, of the Sahara, [4]; of upper reaches of Niger, [30]
• Desplagnes: Le Plateau Central Nigérien, [261], [467]
• Devil, the, Tuareg belief in, [278]
• Dianous, Captain, [10]
• Dibbela well, [21]
• Dickson, [9]
• “Diffa” (reception), [272]
• Diodorus Siculus, [152], [468]
• Diom-Talras track, [451]
• Dirki, [413]
• Disease in Air, [178], [179]-80
• Diseases of camels, [199]-201
• Distance, no measure of, Air, [222]
• Distances covered by raiders, [188], [189]-90
• Divination, methods of, [281]-2
• Divorce among Tuareg, [176]-7
• Doctor, author as, [171]-2, [178], [180], [186]
• Dogam village, [184]
• Dogam, Kel, [381], [432]
• Dogam, Mount, [33], [131], [156], [183], [213], [214], [215], [216], [432]
• Dogs: Air, [203], [205]-6; eaten by Eastern Libyans, [295]
• Domestic animals, Air, [202]-6
• Donatist heresy, the, [328]
• Donkeys: Air, [202], [203]-4; wild, [204]
• Doors of Tuareg houses, [245]-6, [247], [277], [309]
• Drainage system of Air, [23], [28]-31, [71], [76], [122]-3, [183], [214]-15, [242]; of Sahara, [3]-4, [9], [28]-33
• Draughts, game of, [281]
• Drawings, rock, [263]-5, [269], [315], [318], [319]; of camel, [265]; of ox-drawn vehicles, [321]-2; of shield with cruciform design, [276]
• Dress, Tuareg, [14], [15], [95]-6, [163]-7, [177], [265], [289]; simplicity of, [164]; of women, [172]
• Drought, former administrative measures against, [47], [48]
• Drugs, Tuareg, [180]
• Drum as badge of office, [145]
• Drums, spirit, legends of, [278], [279], [300]
• Drums, Tuareg, [272]
• Dryness of air in the Sahara, [4]
• Dual administration of empire of Melle, [407]-8
• Dubreuil, [271] n.[239]
• Duga, Kel, [432]
• Dûm Palm, People of the, [307], [398] n.[413], [432], [435]
• Dûm palms, [87], [122], [125], [131], [156], [158], [226]; rope made of fronds of, [224]; sandals made of fronds of, [165]; wood used in building, [88], [93], [245], [249]
• Duguwa dynasty, the, [372], [373], [375]
• Dunama I, [373]
• Dunama II, [374], [406]
• Dunes, sand, [4], [58], [62], [63]-4, [66]-7, [70], [442], [446], [447]
• Duveyrier, H., [8]-9, [266], [271], [322]; explorations and work of, [8]-9; Les Touareg du Nord by, [9], [28]-9, [54] n.[54], [169], [180], [282] n.[252], [467]; on Ahaggaren and Azger, [350]-52, [353], [354], [355] n.[346], [356]; on Bir Gharama disaster, [10]; on dogs of Air, [206]; on food taboos, [206]; on the “Garamantian way,” [203], [318]-19, [320], [321], [324]; on derivation of Imajegh, [457]; on marriage system of Tuareg, [171]; on origin of Oraghen, [347], [348]; on religion of Tuareg, [274], [275]; on shields of Tuareg, [234] n.[215]; on T’ifinagh alphabet, [266]
• Dzianara, the, [397]
• “E type” of Tuareg houses, [250]
• “Early Period” rock drawings, [264]
• Earthenware, Tuareg, [160]-61
• Eastern Air, Kel Owi in, [394]
• Eastern Desert, roads across, [320]
• Eastern origin of camel, theory of, [207], [208]
• Eastern origin of the Libyans, probability of, [340]
• Eastern Sahara, [2]-3; drainage system, [3]
• Ebesan, El Haj, [102]-3
• Economic issues between Kel Owi and Kel Geres, [390]
• Economics of Air, [133]-4, [218]-20
• Education, Tuareg, [174], [177]-8, [268], [400]
• Efaken, Mount, [156], [213]
• Efale, the guide, [125], [149], [187], [225], [320]
• Egeruen, position of, [424]
• Eghalgawen, [68], [69], [347], [412], [418], [451]; position of, [424]; valley, [76], [77] n.[72]; watering points, [76], [80], [114]
• Eghalgawen-T’in Wana massif, [71], [77], [78]; fossil trees in, [259] n.[226]
• Eghbaren, the, [428]
• Egypt: Arab conquest of, [404]; invasions of, by Libyans and Sea People, [337], [340]; matriarchate in, [152] n.[145]; raids into, in classical times, [356]; weights in, [222]
• Egyptian Coptic church, influence of, in Air, [294], [363]
• Egyptian oases, the, [334], [337]
• Egyptian paintings, of Libyans, [194], [265]; figures like Tuareg on, [462]
• Egyptian records, possible references to Tuareg in, [376], [462]
• El Golea, [9]
• El Suk, [394]
• El Suk, Kel, [355], [377]
• Elakkos, [42], [49], [51], [81], [357], [358], [442]-8; as battle-ground, [396], [442]-3; bush of, [49], [58], [446], [447], [451]; Camel Patrol of, [450]; grain of, [444], [445]; name of, its origin, [357], [445]; oryx hide shields of, [235], [444]; plain of, [442]; rains in, [445]; wells of, [445]-6, [447]
• Tuareg of, [51], [303], [307], [308], [370], [396], [400], [440]; their migration into, [376], [377], [404], [415] n.[432]; their predominance in, [443], [444], [445]
• Elakwas (Elakkos), [357]
• Elar, Kel, [129], [437]
• Elattu, [96]
• Elazzas, hut foundations at, [262]-3; valley, [216]
• Elijah, the cave of, [321] n.[280]
• Elijinen, the, Tuareg tales of, [278]-81; amulets against, [282]
• Elmiki (Immikitan), the, [429]
• Elmina, Portuguese factory at, [409]
• Elnoulli, [241]
• “Em” names, tribal, [130]
• Emagadezi people, the, [107], [117], [130], [410], [440]
• Emallarhsen, the, [432]
• Emilía, [243]
• Emirates of Nigeria, [37], [38], [41]; French administration of, [42]; see Daura, Hadeija, Kano, Katsina, Sokoto.
• Emululi, [239], [241]
• En Nitra, the, [350]
• “Enad” (smith), [155], [228]-9, [230]
• Enclosures: funerary monuments, [260]-62, [263]; places of worship, [258]-9, [292]-3; round Tuareg houses, [250], [251], [262]-3
• “English Hill,” the, [313]
• English tendency to extol obscure races, [401]
• Ennedi, [92]
• Entrepôts of the desert, [110], [111]
• Envelopes, leather, [228]
• Equatorial Africa, [2], [21]; Arab pressure in, [376]; French, annexed, [26]; operations against French in, [92]; rainfall belt of, [4]; Tuareg migration to, [375]
• Erarar, Kel, [436]
• Erarar n’Dendemu, [156], [214], [292], [293]
• Erdi, [335]
• Erosion in valleys of Air, [34]; of sandstone formations, [77], [79], [81]
• “Ers” (eresan), [213]
• “Ers, Rodd’s,” [243]
• Esbet, [364] n.[362]
• Escherha, the, [433]
• Etaras valley, [183], [243]
• Ethical standards, Tuareg, pre-Moslem source of, [296]
• Ethnology of Air, [28]
• Eti, Kel, [412]
• Etteguen, the, [429]
• Eunuchs, negro, [179]
• European affairs, knowledge of, in Sahara, [266]
• European penetration, of the Sudan, [36]-7, [38], [41]-2; of Tuareg country, [8]-14, [19]-27
• European salt competing with Bilma product, [219]
• Europeans, Tuareg hostility to, [23], [24], [154]; Holy Men and, [290]
• Evacuation of Air during revolt, [113], [121]-2, [302], [309], [360]-61, [426]
• Exchange, rates of, [221], [222]
• Exorcism of spirits, [280]
• Exploration of Tuareg country, [8]-14, [19]-27
• Eye troubles common in Air, [179]
• Eyes, Tuareg, colour of, [161]
• Ezelu valley, [429]
• Ezelu, Kel, [429]
• Faces of Tuareg: man’s, seen without veil, [187]; women’s, daubed with earth or ochre, [173]
• Factions in Libyan villages, [338]-9
• Fadé, [23], [317], [319], [320], [321], [399], [400], [427]
• Fadé, Kel, [169], [318], [399], [400], [431]
• Fadeangh, Barth’s name for Fadé, [23] n.[25]
• Fagoshia, position of, [424]
• Fairness of skin among Tuareg, [161]-2; a social distinction, [162], [173]
• Faji, Tuareg village, [39]
• Faken, Mount, [213]
• Falezlez, Wadi, [30]-31
• Fall, [51]
• Family system, Tuareg: authority of heads of families, [147]; female descent, [103]-4, [148]-53, [373], [398]
• Famine, the War of, [414]
• Faodet, [253], [254], [315]-16; position of, [425]
• Faodet, Kel, [430], [431]
• Farak, [50], [51], [52], [54], [59], [60], [62], [439]; disasters at, [59]; hill north of, [60]; water supply at, [59]
• Fardi, Wadi, [3]
• Fareg, Wadi, [3]
• Fares, [304], [314], [316], [319]
• Fares, Kel, [149], [304], [428], [435]
• Fasher, El, [51]
• Fashi, [32], [68], [160], [191], [218], [219], [220], [315], [413], [414], [443], [450]
• Fashi road, [320]
• Fatimite era, the, [346]
• Fatness of Tuareg women, [118], [172], [406]; a sign of affluence, [172]
• Fauna of Air, [27]-8
• Feast of the Sheep, Sidi Hamada, [95]-7
• Feast of the Veil, [289]
• Feasts, religious, [274]-5
• Fedala, the, [437]
• Fedekel, Kel, [437]
• Feet, insensitive skin of Tuaregs’, [165]
• Feitei, Kel, [433]
• Female descent, rule of, among Tuareg, [103]-4, [148]-53, [373], [398]; of kings of Kanem, [373]
• Femmes douairières, Tuareg, [169]
• Ferwan, Kel, [102], [104], [119], [129], [150], [415], [441]; described as heathen, [258], [386]; Imghad of, [139], [398]; numbers of, [427]; origin of, [395], [396], [398]-9, [427]; among original invaders of Air, [395], [396], [398], [399], [400]; tribes and sub-tribes of, [427]-8; women of, status of, [174]
• Festivals, Tuareg, [181], [274]-5
• Fevers, value of quinine against, [178]
• Fez, [343], [452], [453]
• Fezzan, the, [8], [9], [20], [112], [145], [334], [335]; Ahaggaren and Azger migrate into, [350]; Arab conquest of, [325], [376]; Azger of, [350], [354]; British geographical work in, [8], [20]; cattle trade between Air and, [203]; date palms of, [317]; exploration of, [8], [9], [20], [248]; French and British factions in, [22]; anti-French and -British activities in, during war, [84], [92]; Hawara of, [347], [379]; houses of, [248], [254], [255]; conquered by Kanem, [112], [374], [406]; Kel Innek of, [400]; Lemta Tuareg of, [376], [403], [445]; oases of, [6]; Okba’s invasion of, [376]; Oraghen of, [347]; racial mixture in, [16]; raiders of, [12], [13], [187], [188], [350]; road from Air to, [318]-21; Roman occupation of, [322], [323], [324], [326], [403], [445]; wheat exported from Air to, [133]
• Fezzan, Eastern, the, [112], [335]; story of compulsory migration from, [366], [375]
• Fezzan, Southern, mountains of, [2], [3], [4]
• Fezzan mountains, unknown area between Air and, [32]
• Fezzanian branch of Tuareg, [254]
• Fida, Abul, [374] n.[389]
• Fire-making, nomads’ method of, [212]
• Firing, camel diseases treated by, [201]
• Fish, taboo on, [294]
• Flagged road (the “Garamantian way”), its existence discussed, [318]-20
• Flammand: Les Pierres Ecrites, [264] n.[232]
• Flat arm-rings, [286]
• Flatters, Colonel, [26]; French expedition under, [9]-10, [236]
• Flies, a pest, during rains in Air, [120]-21, [125], [126]
• Flora of Air, [27]
• Flour, millet, preparation of, [159]-60
• Flowers rare in Air, [226]
• Fonfoni, wells filled in at, [451]
• Food, Tuareg, [157]-60, [174], [211], [212]
• Food taboos, totemic, [294]-5
• Footgear, Tuareg, [164]-6
• Foreign Affairs, Tuareg Minister for, [106], [145]
• Foreign origin and servile status, [354]
• Foreign races, administration of, by empire of Melle, [407]-8
• Fort Laperrine, [12]
• Fort Motylinski, [12], [13]
• Fort Pradie, [51], [92]
• Fortified settlements, buildings of type of, [389]
• Fossil trees, specimens of, [81]-2, [259]
• Foucauld, Charles de, [11]-12, [13]-14; on derivation and use of the word Imajegh, [457], [458], [459]; Tuareg dictionary by, [12] n.[9], [269], [271], [454] n.[456], [467]; on Tuareg religion, [275]
• Foureau, F., [36], [299], [467]
• Foureau-Lamy Expedition, [26]-7, [36], [50], [51], [60], [86], [99], [114] n.[104], [143], [290], [316], [414] n.[429], [416]; observations taken from, [422], [424]-5
• Franks, emigration from North Africa, [376] n.[390]
• Freeman, H. Stanhope, [267], [467]
• French, the: African exploration and expansion by, [9]-14, [25]-7, [37]; penetration of Tuareg country by, [9]-14, [26]-7, [350], [352]; occupation and annexation of Air by, [26], [27], [50]-52, [99], [114] n.[104]
• books destroyed by action of, [361], [385]; Camel Corps of, [10], [11], [68], [84], [188], [189], [193], [198], [218], [219], [446], [450]-51; colonial policy of, [42], [360]-61, [416]; evacuation policy of, [360]-61, [385]; forts of, [12], [13], [86], [91], [118], [218], [316], [317], [320]; maps of Air by, [27], [65], [68], [71], [131] n.[120], [156] n.[152], [183], [210] n.[200], [214] n.[206], [215] n.[207], [218] n.[208], [238], [241], [311] n.[273], [314], [422], [424]-5, [454] n.[456], [466]; mosque desecrated by, [385]; Nigeria indirectly defended by, [85]; sedentarism encouraged by, [131]; seeds supplied by, [132]; slavery abolished by, [134] n.[122]
• Tuareg and, hostilities between, [9]-11, [13], [26], [51], [52], [114] n.[104], [236], [328]; migration of some tribes from, [51], [350], [352]; pacific counsels of others, [26]-7, [51], [52], [414] n.[429]; the 1917 revolt against, [39], [59], [60], [69], [70], [84]-5, [86], [93], [98], [121]-2, [127]-8, [169], [185], [205], [302], [309], [420]
• French works on Air and the Tuareg, [14], [466], [467], [468]. See under names of authors mentioned on these pages.
• Frobenius, [264] n.[232]
• Fugda, [217], [250], [439]
• Fulani, the, of Damergu, [16], [54], [55], [56]-8, [203]; Agades Cross among, [284]; Hausa and, feud between, [42]-3; houses of, [89]; language of, [118], [155]; musical instruments of, [44]; a noble race, [56]-7; in Punch and Judy show, [56]; tradition of return to the East among, [58]
• Fulani, Bororoji, [57]-8
• Fulani, Rahazawa, [57]
• Fulani Empire of Sokoto, the, [37], [57], [363], [415]
• Funerals, Tuareg, [181]-2
• Funerary inscriptions, absence of, [260], [263]
• Funerary monuments, North African, [260]-62
• “Fura,” [157], [305]
• Furniture, [309]; household, Tuareg, [229]-30
• Gabes, [337]
• Gadé, Mount, [77] n.[73], [79], [85]
• Gado, the, [100]
• Gagho (Gao), [345]
• Gago (Gao), [332] n.[303], [404] n.[417], [445], [452]
• Gall, [52]
• Game: Auderas, [184], [213]; Elakkos, [446]; Damergu, [43]; Termit, [449], [450]; T’in Wana, [81]
• Gamram, [47], [49]-50, [52], [60], [334] n.[309], [412], [413], [438], [439]; its amenities, [49]; Belkho’s attack on, [75]; extract from diary written at, [420]-21
• Gangara, [44], [46], [48], [57], [97]; position of, [424]
• Ganziga, the, [331], [332], [334]
• Gao, [110], [318], [332], [369], [374] n.[389], [404], [405], [445]; Agades as entrepôt for, [411]; Aulimmiden capture, [414]; centre of gold trade, [411]; decline of, [411]; history of, [407], [408], [409]; Ibn Batutah in, [345], [452], [456]; Moors occupy, [411]
• Gao, King of, tribute from Air to, [410]
• Gaogao, (Gao), [345], [452]
• Garama, [112], [306], [323], [326], [436]; the “Garamantian way,” [318]-20, [321], [324]
• Garamantes, the, [16], [318], [321], [322], [323], [326], [354], [356]; ox-drawn chariots of, [203], [208], [318], [320], [321]-2, [324]; suggested descendants of, [335]-6
• Garari, [44]
• Garazu, Ikazkazan of, [436], [443]-4
• Gardens, cultivation of, Air, [131], [132]; carried on by negro slaves, [135]
• Garet valley, [418], [429], [434]
• Garet, Kel, (of Kel Geres), [380], [381], [434]
• Garet, Kel, (of Kel Tadek), [429]
• Garet n’Dutsi, Kel, [434]
• Gautier, E. F., [261]-2, [468]; La Conquête du Sahara, [10] n.[8], [467]; Le Sahara, [5] n.[2], [27] n.[30], [31] n.[33]
• Gawgawa, [345]
• Gazelle, [43], [81], [184], [204], [213], [446], [449], [450]
• Gedala, the, [343]
• Gedeyenan, the, [428]
• Geographical tribal names, [128], [129], [130]
• Geography, Tuareg knowledge of, [265]-6
• Geography of the Sahara, [2]-5
• Geres, Kel, [17], [53]; Air invaded by, [256], [378], [380]-82, [405]-6; leave Air for Southland, [65], [143], [366], [390]-91, [392], [415]; and Amenokal’s installation, [100], [146], [384], [391], [392], [393], [397]; Aulimmiden defeat, [391], [415]; camels, white, of, [196]; a Hawara people, [65], [82], [348] n.[335], [387]; houses of, [251], [253], [254]; Islam introduced by, [256], [258]; Itesan and, connection between, [370], [373], [378], [380], [392], [393], [397], [398]; Kel Owi defeat and displace, [373]-4, [383], [388], [389], [390], [391], [392], [415]; tribal record of, [362]; tribes of, [65], [381], [422]-3; wars of, [388], [390], [391]-2, [415]; women as heads of villages of, [169]
• Gergesenes, Libyans related to, [339]
• Gerigeri, [455]
• “Germa,” root of many place names, [306]
• German intrigues in North Africa during the War, [12]-13, [93]
• Gezula, the, [343], [349]
• Gh sound, difficulty of transliterating, [271], [350] n.[338]
• Ghadames, [7], [8], [9], [21], [110], [323], [335], [336] n.[314]; population of, [113]; divination by women of, [281]
• Ghadamsi dialect, [267], [270]
• Ghamarama, [412]
• Ghana, kingdom of, [404], [405], [409]
• Gharama, Bir, [9]-10, [236]
• Gharnathi, El, [330]; see Leo Africanus.
• Gharus, [438]
• Gharus, Kel, [139], [143], [150], [308], [438]
• Gharus n’Zurru, [69], [74]
• Ghat, [7], [9], [20], [23], [24], [114], [145], [185], [335], [390]; difficulty of transcribing the word, [271]; caravan road to, [30], [318]; caravan roads from, controlled by Azger, [354]; cattle trade with, [203]; development of, [111]-12, [113]; Holy Men of, [280]; houses of, [248]; Oraghen in, [347]; population of, [113]; race of, original, [155]; raiders from, [12], [13]; religion of, recent conversion to Islam, [257]-8; Romans in, [322], [323], [326]; spirits at, [280]
• Tuareg of, female succession among, [151]-2; Lemta, [403]
• Ghati camels, [195]-6; brands of, [201]-2
• Ghela, Kel, [351], [373]
• Gheshwa, Mount, [33]; volcanic cone, [241], [242]
• Ghodala, El (Guddala), [413]; ruling family of, [103]
• Ghosts, Tuareg belief in, [278]-9, [281]
• Ghudet, [320], [321]
• “Ghussub” water, [19], [157], [305]
• Gibbon quoted, [328]
• Gidjigawa, [51]
• Giga, Kel, [80], [429]
• Ginea, Mount, [47], [51]
• Giraffes, [43], [264], [446]
• Girls, Tuareg, freedom of, [173], [174]-5
• Gissat hills, [214], [428]
• Glyphs, rock, see Rock drawings.
• Goats, Air, [203], [204], [205]
• Goats, People of the (Kel Ulli), [52], [129], [307]-8, [438]
• Goatskins, [223], [224]; decorated, [227], [228]; for water, [232]
• Gober, Kingdom of, [363], [367], [368], [403], [405]; Air receives tribute from, [383]; Air at war with, [392]; chiefs of, Copts, [294]; Kel Geres migrate to, [390], [391], [392]; Songhai occupy, [409]
• Goberawa, the, [363], [403]; in Air, [363], [364], [365], [368]; driven from Air, [379], [381], [405]; the Itesan and, [379]
• God, Tuareg words for, [278]
• Goethe, [91]
• “Gogdem,” [333]-4
• Gogo (Gao), [345], [374] n.[389]
• Gold Coast, British penetration of, [36]
• Gold currency, disappearance of, [221]
• Gold trade in Sudan, [411], [414]
• Gorset, Mount, [211]
• Gourara, [332], [334]
• Gourds, [132]; rare in Air, [161]
• Government of the Air Tuareg, [144]-8; of the tribal units, [147]-8
• Grain: from Damergu exported, [47]; dishes made from, [157]-8; of Elakkos, [444]; grinding of, [159]-160; measures of, [220]-21; former reserves of, [48]
• Grain pits, Assode, [302]
• Granary of Air, Damergu as, [47]
• Granite formations, Air, [78], [119], [125]
• “Grape design” on Tuareg pottery, [161]
• Grasses, seeds of, ground and eaten, [158]
• Graves, Tuareg, [181], [259]-63; peculiar form for a smith, [229]
• Great Bear, Tuareg name for, [226] n.[212]
• Great Bend, the, [30]
• Great South Road, the, [80]; see Kel Owi road and Tarei tan Kel Owi.
• Green leather and silver, saddles ornamented with, [230]-31
• Grimaldi race, survivors of, [364] n.[362]
• Gsell: Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord, [173] n.[168], [207] n.[194], [208], [466], [467]
• Guddala, El, [413], [464]; ruling family of, [103]
• Guenziga, the, [349]
• Guides, [72], [81], [125], [149], [185]-7, [225]-6, [320], [447]; see Efale, Ishnegga, Kelama, Sattaf, Sidi, T’ekhmedin.
• Guinea coast, Portuguese factory on, [409]
• Guinea corn, [47], [131], [133]; cakes of, [157]
• Guinea-fowl, [43], [125], [126]
• Guinea-worm, [180]
• Gulbi n’Kaba, the, [33], [43], [44], [46], [71]
• Gulbi n’Maradi, the, [33]
• Guliski, [50], [60], [451]; position of, [424]; rainstorm at, [83]
• Guma, Muhammad, Sultan, [392], [465]
• “Gumrek,” [334] n.[309]
• Gundai hills, [308], [309], [313]
• Gure, [42], [43], [44], [442]
• Gurfautan, the, [433]
• Gurzil (the sun-god), [295]
• Haardt, [271]
• “Hád” plant, [70]
• “Hadanarang” (Ihadanaren), the, [128]
• Hadeija, [21], [41]
• Haggar, French form of Ahaggar, [128], [454]; Ibn Khaldun’s etymology of, [345], [346], [347], [353]
• “Hair,” see Air.
• Hair of Tuareg, [161]; of children, [177]; untidiness in, an abomination, [117]
• Haj Road, the, [20], [318]
• Hakar (Ahaggar), Ibn Batutah in, [453], [454], [455], [456]
• Hakluyt Society reprint of Leo Africanus, editors of, [331]
• Halévy, J., on Libyan script, [267]
• Halo, solar, an evil omen, [296]
• Ham, [339]
• Hamed el Rufai, Sultan, [99]
• Hammad, Muhammad, Sultan, [103], [109], [392], [464], [465]
• Hammada el Homra, the, [322], [324]
• Hamid ibn Yesel, [337]
• Handful as unit of capacity, [220]-21
• Hannekar, [59], [60], [72], [74], [81], [418]; track to Agades, [62]
• Hanoteau, A.: grammar of Temajegh by, [266], [269], [271], [467]; on MZGh root, [458]-9
• Harris Papyrus, the, [6]
• Hassan ibn Muhammad el Wezaz el Fazi, [330]; see Leo Africanus
• Hassanein Bey, [3], [336]
• Hatita camel mark, [202]
• Hats, Kano conical, [166]
• Haunted places, Air, [278]-9
• Hausa, the term, [16] n.[17]; called “black,” [162]; commercial genius of the people, [38]; feud with Fulani, [42]-3; houses of, [89]; not pure negroes, [363]
• Hausa language, [16], [17], [40]-41, [118], [154]
• Hausaland, [218]; conquered by Bornu, [412]; Fulani ascendancy in, [56], [57], [415]; Goberawa withdraw into, [379]; Songhai occupation of, [409]
• “Hawar, people of,” [325]
• Hawara, the, [65], [270], [274], [325] n.[290], [341], [359], [385] n.[405]; ancestors of the Ahaggaren tribes, [270], [345], [349], [359], [387]; “Arabisation” of, [346]-7; Auriga the same as, [341], [343], [346], [347], [349], [387]; home of, [345]; Ibn Khaldun on, [341], [343], [345], [346], [347], [353], [379]; Kel Geres descended from, [65], [82], [348] n.[334], [387]; division of Libyan family, [341], [343], [346], [347]; Lemta people and, [345], [346], [348], [353]; not all Tuareg, [346]-7
• Hawarid origin of the Lemta, [345]-6, [353], [359]
• Hawk’s head as amulet, [282]
• Head-cloths, Arab use of, [286]
• Head-piece, camel’s, [276]
• Head-ropes, camel’s, [193], [224], [228]
• Head-stones on graves, [260]
• Headmen, village, [127]-8, [131], [339]
• Heaven, Tuareg belief in, [278]
• Height of Tuareg, [163]
• Hell, Tuareg belief in, [278]
• Henna, use of, [173]
• Herding, live-stock, [135]-6
• Hereditary principle rare among Tuareg, [151]
• Hernia frequent among Tuareg, [180]
• Herodotus, [7], [176], [206], [208], [281], [282], [295], [324], [365], [369], [457], [468]
• Heskura, the, [343], [349]
• “Hill of the Christians,” the, [313]
• Hillali, Abu Zeid el, invasion of North and Central Africa by, [376], [404]
• Himyarite tribes, [341]; invasion of, [342]
• Himyer, [341], [371]
• Historical works, native, [360], [361]-2
• History, Tuareg knowledge of, [265], [360], [361]-2
• Hobble ropes, [224]
• Hoggar, French form of Ahaggar, [128]
• Hole of Bayazid, the, legend of, [281]
• Holy Books, niches in houses for, [247]
• Holy Men, [289], [290], [293], [316], [355], [357], [405]; amulets manufactured by, [282]; children named by, [181]; divination by, [281]; as exorcisers, [280]; raids on Aulimmiden forbidden by, [190]
• Holy tribes, [290]-91, [306], [355], [357], [437], [438], [439], [440]
• Hornemann, F. C., expedition of, [8], [19]-20, [336]; on date of arrival of Kel Owi in Air, [383], [386]; on the Tegama, [53]; on Tuareg ascendancy in Gober, [392]; work by, [19] n.[22], [336], [467]
• Horses, Air, [202]
• Hospitality, Tuareg laws of, [210], [237]
• House of the Christians, [312]-13
• House-flies, country infested by, during rains, [120], [121], [125]
• Household duties, Tuareg, [174]
• Household slaves, [134], [136]
• Houses: Central African, [87], [89]; Northern Nigerian, [87]-8, [89]; Sudanese, [87], [88], [90]; Tuareg, various types of, [89], [90], [92], [181], [184], [239], [240]-41, [244]-55, [256], [302], [309], [310]-11, [314], [315]-16; attributed to the Itesan, [239], [244]-6, [251], [252], [253], [254], [377]-8, [381], [389], [393]; fortified type, [389]
• Huart, C.: Arabic Literature, [292] n.[256]
• Human figure, rock drawings of, [265]
• Hume, King of Kanem, [372]; see Beni Hume.
• Huts, Tuareg, [184], [253], [254]; stone circles round, [262]-3; on raised plinths, [262]-3
• “I names,” tribal, [128], [130], [139], [303]-4, [306], [352], [400], [430]; lost, [395]
• Iabrubat (Iburuban), the, [434]
• Ialla (God), [278]
• Ibandeghan, the, [52]
• Ibanderan, the, [437]
• Iberdianen, the, [428]
• Iberkom, [316]
• Iberkom, Kel, [437]
• Iberkoran (Aulimmiden), the, [379]
• Ibn Abd el Hakim, [325] n.[289]
• Ibn Assafarani, [369]
• Ibn Batutah, [18], [19], [452], [468]; account of Air by, [18], [19], [452]-3, [456]; Agades not mentioned by, [116]; his journey, [114], [406], [452]-6; on female descent, [103], [151]; on the Mesufa, [175]-6, [364], [405]
• Ibn Ghania, [343], [407]
• Ibn Khaldun, Abu Zeid Abd el Rahman, [151] n.[141], [293], [294] n.[258], [295], [325] n.[289], [330], [337]-43, [371], [377], [468]; classification of the Libyans by, [338]-43; on the divisions of the Muleththemin, [349], [379]; on the origin of the Tuareg, [343]-4, [345], [346], [347], [348], [353], [379]
• Ibogelan, the, [351]
• Ibrahim, Sultan, [464]
• Ibrahim Dan Sugi, [99]
• Ibram, Chief of the Tegama, [53]
• Iburuban, the, [434]
• Ibuzahil, [102], [104]
• Ice in the Sahara, [4]
• Idakka, Kel, [438]
• Ideleyen, the, [428]
• Idemkiun, the, [441]
• Idenan, the, founders of Timbuctoo, [407]
• Idikel, position of, [424]
• I’dinet n’sheggarnén, Barth’s term for Tuareg, [460]
• Ido well, [450]
• Idris, King of Bornu, [410]
• Idris Alawoma (Ansami), King of Bornu, [412], [413], [414]
• Idrisi, El, [337], [369], [374] n.[389]
• “Iet,” Tuareg letter, [276]
• Ifadalen, the, [397], [400], [438]; Damergu, [440]
• Ifadeyen, the, [60], [65], [74], [80], [82], [191], [209], [395], [428], [431], [436]; of Damergu, [440]; literacy of, [268], [400]; nomadism of, [400]; origin of, [399]-400; wells attributed to, [74]
• Ifagarwal, the, [437]
• “Ifarghan, village of,” [156] n.[150]
• Iferuan, [26], [114], [115], [122], [129], [189], [218], [246], [290], [302], [308], [311], [315], [317], [418]; French fort at, [316]; houses at, [248]; Kel Ferwan move from, [389]; Kel Ferwan named after, [395], [427]; position of, [424] n.[435], [425]; rains in, [123], [124]; roads meeting at, [318], [319]; valley, [258]
• Iferuan, Kel (not Kel Ferwan), [437]
• Iferuan-Ghat track, [185]
• Ifli, Wadi, [452] n.[449]
• Ifoghas, the, [52]-3, [54], [254], [327], [394], [428], [441]; of the Azger, [18] n.[18]; of Damergu, [18] n.[18], [80], [439]; a holy tribe, [355], [357], [439]; probably Lemta, [355]-6, [357], [358]
• Ifoghas n’Adghar, [18], [52], [398]-9
• Ifoghas of the Mountain (Ifoghas n’Adghar), [18], [52], [398]-9
• Ifrikiya, [325], [341]; defended by Queen Kahena against Arabs, [170], [265]; the Hawara in, [345]
• Ifrikos, [341], [371]
• Ifuraces, the, [327], [356], [357], [358], [439]
• “Ifurfurzan,” colour of camels, [196]
• Igademawen, the, [243], [306], [436]
• Igdalen, the, [162], [355], [380], [394], [395], [400], [441]; of Damergu, [440]; a holy tribe, [290]; Imghad among, [394]; their migration into Air, [373], [378], [380], [394], [395]
• Igedeyenan, the, [428]
• Igermaden, the, [146], [243], [303], [306], [436]; chief of, see Belkho; massacre of, [191]; tribes and sub-tribes of, [436]
• Igerzawen, the, [437]
• Ighaghar basin, [9], [10], [28]
• Ighaghrar valley, [156] n.[152], [214]
• Ighazar basin, the, [23], [26], [34], [241] n.[217], [264], [308], [315], [316], [395], [437]; evacuated during revolt, [122]; Kel Owi occupy, [308], [389], [427]; measures used in, [221]; palm trees of, [316], [317]; villages of, [316], [318]; wheat cultivation in, [133]
• Ighazar, Kel, [122], [436]-7, [441]
• Ighazar n’Agades, [78]
• Ighelablaban, [239]
• Ighelaf wells, [451]
• Ighelaf, Kel, [60], [433]
• “Ighillan” (measure of length), [222]
• Ighlab (Ighelaf), Kel, [433]
• Ighzan, [33]
• Igidi, desert of, [332], [333]-4
• Igidi, the, [358]
• Iguendianna, the, [428]
• Igululof, [309]-11; houses in, [248]
• Igululof, Kel, [304], [435]
• Igururan, the, [304], [435]
• Ihadanaren, the, [128], [354]
• Ihagarnen, the, [162] n.[156]
• “Ihaggar” (Ahaggar), [128]
• Ihaggaren, the, [162] n.[156]
• Ihehawen, the, a holy tribe, [355]
• Ihrayen spring, [62], [70], [71]
• Ihrsan, the spirits of, [279]
• Ijanarnen, the, [395], [433]
• Ijaranen, the, [378], [394], [395], [400], [403], [433]
• Ikadeen, the, [351]
• Ikademawen (Igademawen), the, [436]
• Ikaradan, the, [117], [430], [441]
• Ikawkan, the, [428]
• Ikazkazan, the, [128], [145], [169], [290], [303], [307]-8, [318], [437]-8; in Damergu, [52], [303], [436], [440]; in Elakkos, [303], [307], [308], [443]-4; Imghad of, called heathen, [273]; tribes and sub-tribes of, [52], [129], [307]-8, [437]-8, [441]
• Ikelan, the, [134], [135], [136], [155]
• Ikerremoïn, the, [351]
• Ilaguantan, the, [357], [358]
• Ilagwas (Elakkos), [445]
• Ilagwas, the, [370]
• Ilasgwas, the, Elakkos Tuareg identified with, [445]
• Ilemtin, the, [355]-6, [358]
• Ilettan, [404]
• “Illeli,” [459]
• Imajegh: the MZGh root of the word, [457]-62; a caste appellation, [458], [459], [460]
• Imajeghan (nobles, q.v.), [15], [170], [171], [354]-5; Ahaggaren, [350]-51, [352]; Azger, [348], [354]-5; dark colouring of, [162]; diminishing numbers of, [150]; marriage tribute payable to, [141]; among Kel Owi, [144] n.[134]; relations of Imghad and, [137], [138], [139], [140]-43
• Imajeghan n’Arab, the, [459]
• Imam, the, Agades, [96], [97]
• Imanen, the, [354], [355], [400], [432]; affinity with the Itesan, [384]-5
• Imanen Kings of Azger, [348], [352], [353]
• Imanen women, legendary mothers of Kel Owi tribes, [384], [392]
• Imanghassaten, the, [354]
• Imaqoaran, the, [52], [395], [396], [397], [398], [400], [431]
• Imarsutan, the, [52], [304], [435]; Kel Tagei of, [398], [435]
• Imaslagha, the, [134], [303], [304], [314]; tribes and sub-tribes of, [134], [303]-4, [435]-6
• Imasrodang, the, [129], [303], [306], [436]; tribes and sub-tribes of, [129], [306], [436]-7, [440], [441]
• “Imawal” (part of the Veil), [287], [288]
• Imazir (form of Imajegh), [457]
• Imettrilalen, the, [354]
• Imezegzil, the, [303], [384], [395], [400]; tribes and sub-tribes of, [429], [430]
• Imghad (serfs), [15], [105], [128], [137]-8, [142], [351]; Barth’s error regarding, [461] n.[475]; categories of, [138]-9; concubinage and, [138]-9; dark colouring of, [162], [366]; Imajeghan and, relations between, [137], [138], [139], [140]-43; among Kel Owi, [144] n.[134]; lists showing tribes of, [427]-31, [435]-40; negroid inhabitants of Air as, [138], [365]-6; nobles, conquered, as, [138], [394], [460]; origins of, [137]-8, [139], [365]-6, [394], [460]; prosperity of, [137], [142]; racial types in, [137], [138]; slaves rise to be, [135]; status of, [105], [140]-43, [150]; veils, distinguishing, worn by some, [139]-40
• Imi n’Aghil, [247]
• Imi n’Ataram, [247]
• Imi n’Innek, [247]
• Imi n’Tasalgi, [247]
• Immakkorhan (Imaqoaran), the, [431]
• Immedideran, the, [307], [437]; founders of Timbuctoo, [407]
• Immidir, Wadi, [31]
• Immikitan, the, [243], [303], [304], [371], [429], [443]; of Assatartar, [436]; of Elakkos, [370], [440], [443]; name used for Tuareg, [396]; one of original five tribes, [370], [378], [394], [395]-6, [397], [400], [429], [443]; tribes and sub-tribes of, [429]-30
• Imohagh (form of Imajegh), [457]
• Imohaq (form of Imajegh), [457]
• Imóshag (form of Imajegh), [457], [459]
• Imuzurak, the (Ikazkazan), [438]
• Imuzurak, the (Kel Ferwan), [50], [52], [428]; hostilities with French, [51], [52]
• Imuzuran, the, [428]
• In Abbagarit, position of, [425]
• In Allaram, position of, [425]
• In Asamed, [26], [30], [31], [33], [54], [59], [61], [62], [123]; filled in, [60]
• In Azawa, [260], [317], [318], [354], [455], [456]
• In Bodinam, [240]
• In Gall, [114], [189], [317], [318], [402], [441], [456]; position of, [424]
• In Gall, Kel, [441]
• In Gezzam, position of, [425]
• In Kakkan, position of, [425]
• In Salah, [30], [111]
• In Wadjud, [430]
• Inafagak valley, [61]
• Inardaf, the, [433]
• Independent tribes, Kel Owi, [438]-9
• Indigo cloth, Tuareg dress made of, [163], [164], [177]; the Veil made of, [140], [287]
• Indigo plant, [132]
• Indigo-stained skin as protection from sun, [163]
• Industries, Tuareg, [131], [164]-6, [174], [227]-30, [231], [277], [310]; in women’s hands, [174], [227]
• Inemba Kel Emoghi, the, [350]
• Inemba Kel Tahat, the, [351]
• Infant mortality high among Tuareg, [178]
• Infanticide, [175]
• Inheritance and succession, matriarchal tradition in, [151]-3; of women’s property, [168]
• Inisilman (Holy Men), [54], [154], [290], [291]; Azger tribes of, [355]; see Holy Men and Holy tribes.
• Innek, Kel, [129], [369]; first Tuareg to enter Air, [254], [369], [370], [375], [397], [398], [400]; sub-tribe of the Itesan, [370], [398], [432]
• Innek, Kel (unlocated), [441]
• Inscriptions: on arm rings, [286]; on graves, [260]; on rocks, [213], [260], [264], [268]-9, [271], [315], [360]
• Insect pests during rains in Air, [120]-21, [125]-6
• Installation of Amenokal, [99]-100, [103], [108], [109], [379], [383], [391], [393], [397], [432]
• Intadeini, [434]
• Intadeini, Kel, [434]
• Intayet, [430]
• Inter-breeding in camels, result of, [196]-7
• Intirza, Kel, [307]
• Intirzawen, Kel (Tetmokarak), [433]; (Kel Owi), [435], [436]
• Inwatza, [418]
• Inzerak, [214], [215]
• Ir n’Allem, [122], [365]
• Iralghawen (Eghalgawen), [347]
• Irawattan, the, [427]
• Irawellan (outdoor slaves), [134], [135], [155]; numbers of, [402]
• Iraz, Sultan, [406] n.[422]
• Irejanaten, the, [151]
• Ireshshumen, the, [351]
• Irkairawan, the, [434]
• Irmakaraza, the, [434]
• “Irolangh,” [134]
• Iron in well, alleged effect of, [453]
• Iron-working, Tuareg, [229]
• Irratemat (sandals), [165] n.[159]
• Irrigation, Air, [131], [132], [133], [239]
• Isabel (Izubahil), wife of first Sultan of Agades, [102], [104]
• Isagelmas valley, [80], [82]
• Isakarkaran, the, [428]
• Ischia, lava flows on, [242]
• Ishaban, Kel, [355]
• Isherifan, the (of Gamram), [50], [52], [60], [439]; a holy tribe, [290], [438]; Belkho’s defeat of, [50], [75], [440]
• Isherifan, the (Tetmokarak), [433]
• Ishnegga, the guide, [72], [81]
• Islam: introduction of, into Air, [256]-8; Maliki sect of, [291]-2; matriarchate modified by, [152]; new spirit in, [12], [13]; Tuareg conversion to, and lax practice of, [273], [274], [290], [291], [293], [324]-5; women’s position under, [152], [168], [170], [174]
• Issala, wells of, [9]
• Istambul (Constantinople), [101], [266]
• Italian occupation of Tripolitania, and Tuareg movements, [8]
• Itesan, the, [109], [214], [253], [394], [406]; original invaders of Air, [244], [253], [254], [370], [373]-4, [378], [379], [380], [381], [395], [400], [432]; leave Air for Southland, [366], [373]-4, [377], [392], [393], [398], [432]; and the election of the Amenokal, [100], [103], [109], [379], [391], [393], [397], [432]; the Goberawa and, [379]; houses attributed to, [239], [244]-6, [251], [252], [253], [254], [377]-8, [381], [389], [393]; “Kel” names among, origin of, [378], [380], [381], [398]; connection between the Kel Geres and, [370], [373], [378], [380], [392], [393], [397], [398]; migration westward of, [251], [252], [377], [389], [398], [413]; among the Sanhaja, [377]; tribes and sub-tribes of, [380]-81, [398], [432]-3; wells attributed to, [300], [377], [378]
• Ittegen, the (Kel Tadek), [429]; (independent), [438]
• Itziarrame, the, [432]
• Iuraghen, the, [347]
• Iwarwaren, the, [162]
• Izagaran (Izagharan), the, [52], [397], [400], [440]
• Izagarnen (“the red ones”), name for Tuareg, [162] n.[156]
• Izagheran, the, [52]
• Izar, Sultan, [406]
• Izarza, the, [430]-31
• Izarzaran, the, Damergu, [440]
• Izenan, the, [434]
• Izeyyakan, the, [303], [431], [435]
• “Izghan,” [117]
• Izirza, Kel, [429]
• Izubahil (Isabel), wife of first Sultan of Agades, [102], [104]
• Izumzumaten, the, [429]
• Jackals, [125]
• Jado oasis, [320], [321], [326], [334]
• Jaghbub, [3]
• Jajiduna, [47], [48]; French fort at, [51]
• Jalo, [3]
• Janet, [12], [53], [185]
• Jauf, [347] n.[333]
• Jawan, [325]
• Jean, Lieut. C., [27], [238], [387]; Les Touareg du Sud-Est by, [14], [28], [50] n.[50], [94] n.[82], [101] n.[88], [102] n.[89]^,[91], [107] n.[98], [120] n.[110], [174] n.[169], [274] n.[245], [281] n.[251], [390] n.[407], [468]; Agades occupied by, [52]; on Assode, [301]; astronomical observations made by, [422], [424], [425]; on Bornu wars with Air, [413]; on Egyptian influence in Air, [363] n.[360]; on French colonial policy, [416]; on the houses of Bagezan, [240]-41; live-stock census by, [204]; on Kel Geres invasion and evacuation of Air, [380], [391]; on date of arrival of Kel Owi in Air, [257] n.[225], [382], [386]; on date of mosques of Air, [256], [257]; on polygamy in Air, [170]-71; on population of Air, [402]; on tribal origins and organisation, [383]-4, [387], [393], [395], [426], [427], [428]-31, [435]-6, [439]-41, [443]-41; tribes sending delegation to Constantinople, list given by, [397]; on Tuareg invasion of Air, and its date, [256], [362], [371], [382], [386], [404]; on Tuareg of Damergu and Elakkos, [415] n.[432], [443], [444]
• Jedala (Jadala), the, [331], [343], [348], [349]
• Jekarkaren, the, [428]
• Jenne, [409], [411]
• “Jenun” (Jinn), [278] n.[249], [280]
• Jerboa considered unclean, [294]
• Jerma, [112], [306], [321], [323], [325], [436]
• Jewellers, Agades, [229]
• Jews, “Berber” tribes as, [294]; massacre of, in Tuat, [291], [292]
• Jinns: amulets against, [282]; Tuareg tales of, [278]-81
• Joalland, Lieut., [50]
• Jodar, Basha, [411]
• John, Byzantine general, [327]
• John (Yunis), first Sultan of Agades, [102], [103], [104], [463]
• Jokto, the, [412]-13
• Juba, [206]
• Judaism in North Africa, [294]
• Justice, system of, Agades, [107], [110]
• Kadhi, the, Agades, [96], [107]; house of, [92]
• Kaffardá valley, [63]
• Kahena, Queen, [170], [265], [294]
• Kahir (Air), [406], [454]
• Kahor (Air), [453], [454], [455]
• Kaimakam, [25]
• Kalama, [226]
• Kalenuzuk, the, [428]
• Kallilua, [46], [48]
• Kanem, [369]; chronicle of, [372]-3, [374]; Bornu dynasty expelled from, [374], [375]; Fezzan overrun from, [112], [374], [406]; Kanuri seize power in, [369], [370], [371]-2, [374], [407]; Tuareg as rulers of, [371], [372]-3, [374], [375]; Tuareg expelled by Kanuri from, [371]-2, [374], [375]; Tuareg invade Air from, [369]-70, [372], [375]
• Kanem, Empire of, [374], [410]
• Kano, [38], [44], [106], [110], [291], [335], [413], [418], [419]; Agades deserted for, [411]; annexation of, [137]; Bornu conquers, [412]; cloth of, [164], [166]; country round, [41]; Fulani in, [57]; houses of, [87], [90]; industries of, [164], [166]; Kel Owi attack on, [415]; modern prosperity of, [418], [419]; railway from Lagos to, [38]; Senussi “zawia” at, [48]; slave market in, [38]; Songhai attack on, [410]; Tuareg migrate to, [38], [39], [361], [411]
• Kano, Emirate of, [37]
• Kanuri, the, [16], [49], [117], [218], [441]; Agades Cross among, [284]; as “Barbars” or “Beriberi,” [371]; Bornu Tuareg overthrown by, [335], [371]-2, [374], [375], [403], [404]; in Damergu, [42], [43], [47], [55], [56]; Daura conquered by, [363]; in Elakkos, [443], [446]; Goberawa conquer, [363]; hair dress of, [44]; settlement and rise to power in Kanem, [369], [370], [371]-2, [374], [407]; Kawar conquered by, [335]; language of, [16], [118], [373] n.[386]; Tuareg migrations caused by, [335], [358], [369]-70, [372], [375], [404], [414], [415], [444]; their name for Tuareg, [412] n.[426]
• Kaossen, [69], [84], [86], [92]-3, [99], [185], [385], [420]; the House of, Agades, [92]
• Karawa, [46]
• “Karengia” grass, [58]-9, [62]; see Burr grass.
• Karnuka, [155]
• Karruwe (weight), [222]
• Kashwar n’Tawa, [68]
• Kaswa n’Rakumi, [91]
• Katanga, [91]
• Katchena, Kel, [40], [117]
• Katsina, [38], [110], [291], [413]; Agades deserted for, [411]; annexation of, [37]; El Baghdadi preaches in, [291], [292]; Fulani in, [57]; Itesan attack, [391]; slave market in, [38]; Songhai occupation of, [409], [410]; Tuareg migrate to, [39], [361], [411], [427]
• Katsina, Emir of, [39]
• Kaukau, [345]
• Kawa, [414]-15
• Kawar, [31], [32], [98], [218], [334], [335], [369]; caravan road by, [7], [8], [37], [318], [320], [325], [358], [369], [403], [443], [446], [450]; Kanuri conquer, [335], [406]; Okba’s campaign in, [325], [326] n.[292]; pastureless, [219]; raids on, [182], [188], [191], [350]
• Kawar road, [318], [320], [325], [358], [369], [403], [443], [446], [450]
• Kawkaw (Gao), [452]
• Kawkaw (Kuka), [445]
• Keane: on the Berdeoa and the Garamantes, [335]-6
• Kebbi, [413]
• “Kel” names, tribal, [128]-30, [139], [303]-4, [370]; among the Itesan, derivation of, [378], [380], [381]
• Kel Aberkan, etc., see under Aberkan, Kel, etc.
• Kel Owi road, [61], [74]-5, [308], [319], [320], [383], [390]. See also “Tarei tan Kel Owi.”
• Kelama, [187]
• Kelghimmat, the, [429]
• Kerfeitei, the, [433]
• Kerker, Sultan of, Ibn Batutah’s, [406], [453], [454]-5, [456]
• Keta valley, [61], [64]
• Ketama, the, [340], [341], [343], [349], [351]
• Khalif (Commander of the Faithful), deputation from Air to, [101], [102], [104], [105]
• “Khans,” [255]
• Kharejite schism, the, [346]
• Khodi, [142]-3, [185], [438]
• Khoms, [21]
• Kidal, [52]
• Kidigi, [60]
• Kindin, Kanuri name for Tuareg, [412] n.[426]
• King, see Amenokal.
• Kings of Agades, list of, [463]-5
• “Kipti” (Copts) in Air, [294], [363]
• “Knights-Errant of the Desert Roads,” the, [168]
• Knives, Tuareg, [234], [236]
• “Kohl” (antimony), use of, [173]
• Kokoi Geregeri (chief minister), [106], [406]
• “Kolouvey” (Kel Owi), the, [20]
• Korunka, [180] n.[172]
• Kosegarten, J. G. L., version of Ibn Batutah by, [452], [453], [468]
• Kufara (heathen), [273]
• Kufra, [3], [6], [98], [335], [336]; a Senussi centre, [336]
• Kugha, [404] n.[417]
• Kuka, [21], [332] n.[303], [345], [415], [445]
• Kukia, Libyan dynasty of, [404]
• Kunta, the, [355]
• “Kus-kus,” [133], [157]-8
• Kuttus, [42]
• Laghuat, [111]
• Lagos, [38], [419]; railway to Kano from, [38]
• Laguatan, the, [357]
• Lake, Gamram, [49]; rumoured, in Bagezan, [238]
• Lake Chad, see Chad, Lake, and Chad area.
• Lamini, Sultan, [413]
• Lamy, Commandant, [26], [36]; see Foureau-Lamy Expedition.
• Land settled on chief women, [169]
• Language, Tuareg (see Temajegh), [15], [339]; words associated with Christianity in, [277]
• Laperrine, [11], [12]
• Laperrine, Fort, [12]
• Laterite rock, disintegrating, [449], [450]
• Latif, Sheikh el, [192]
• Latitudes and longitudes of points in Air, [422]-5
• Lava flows, Air, [216], [241]-2
• Lazaret, Kel, [437]
• Leather and metal decoration, [277], [310]
• Leather pouches, amulets in, [282], [284]
• Leather-working industry, [174], [277]-8; in women’s hands, [174]; decorated luggage rests, [277]; riding saddles, [230]-31, [377]
• Lebetae, [337]
• Lebu, the, [337]
• Lee, S., translation of Ibn Batutah, [452]-3, [468]
• Legends, Tuareg, [279], [280], [281]
• Lemta, the, [254], [331]; Ahaggaren and, [345]; Aulimmiden as part of, [341], [345], [355], [356], [357]-8, [379], [445]; Azger Tuareg as, [331], [335], [341], [348], [350], [351], [352], [355], [357], [358], [432]; area occupied by, [331], [334], [335], [341], [344], [345], [355], [356], [357], [358], [370], [445]; Barth’s error regarding, [344]-5, [358]; Bornu Tuareg as, [376]; Hawarid origin of, [345], [346], [353]; Ibn Khaldun on, [340], [343], [345], [346], [353]; Ifoghas as, [355], [356], [357], [358]; Ilemtin represent, [355], [358]; Lemtuna and, confusion between, [344]-5, [358]; Leo Africanus on, [331], [334], [335], [344], [345], [349], [355], [356], [357], [358], [359], [370], [445]; as a Libyan people, [331], [334], [335], [340], [341], [343]; migration of, south and west, [341], [345], [356], [357], [358]-9, [376]-7, [378], [379], [445]; original stock of first and last migrants into Air, [254], [345], [349], [356], [359], [370], [403]; Tuareg invasion of Air involved by migration of, [358]-9, [377], [379], [403], [445]
• Lemtuna, the, [331], [343], [344], [349], [358], [404]; confused with Lemta, [344]-5, [358]
• Length, measure of Air, [222]
• Lenz, O.: on the two families of the “Berbers,” [458]
• Leo Africanus, [6] n.[5], [110] n.[101], [330], [347] n.[333], [363] n.[361], [468]; account of Agades by, [19], [410]; account of Air by, [18], [19], [359]; on the Amenokal, [97] n.[83], [99], [108], [110] n.[101]; Kel Owi not mentioned by, [383], [386]; on the Lemta, [331], [334], [335], [344], [345], [349], [355], [356], [357], [358], [359], [370], [445]; on the divisions of the Muleththemin, [330]-31, [332], [334]-5, [337]-8, [343], [344], [345], [348], [349]; on areas and tribes of the Sahara, [330]-35, [336]-7, [343], [344], [345], [355], [356], [357], [358], [359], [364]
• Leptis Magna, [207], [208]
• “Leuata,” the, [337]
• Leucæthiopians, the, [173] n.[168], [307]
• Levata, the, [337], [340], [357]
• Library, Assode, remains of, [302]
• Libya, areas and peoples of, Leo Africanus on, [330]-35, [336]-7; see Libyans.
• Libyan, origin of word, [337]
• Libyan desert, the, [3], [334], [335], [336], [337]; story of compulsory migration from, [366]; Tuareg possibly originally inhabitants of, [366], [376]
• Libyan dynasty, Kukia, [404]
• Libyan influence in Air and the Southland, [403], [405], [406]
• Libyan names, the MZGh root in, and its significance, [339], [356], [457]-62
• Libyans, the, [16], [164] n.[158], [262]; areas and peoples of, [330]-35, [336]-7, [338]-43, [356]; belts worn by, [194], [265]; term used for Berbers, [7], [371], [372] n.[382]; classification of, by Ibn Khaldun, [338]-43; descent from Prophet claimed by, [339]-40, [342]; dogs ceremonially eaten by, [295]; Eastern origin of, legendary, [340]; facial characteristics of, [187]; Leo Africanus on, [330]-35, [336]-7; marriage customs of, [176]; migration of, legendary, [366]-7; nationalism among, [12]-13; origin of, mixed, [340], [458], [462]; sun worship among, [12]-13; Tuareg relationship with, [7], [262], [341], [342], [356], [366], [462]; women, status of, among, [151], [152]
• Libyans, Eastern, work on, see Bates.
• Libyans, Meshwesh, [151], [337], [356], [457], [461], [462]
• Lime trees, [160], [239]
• Lion claws as amulets, [282]
• Lions still seen in Air, [119]-20
• Literature, Tuareg, [173], [263]; historical works, [360], [361]-2
• Litham (the Veil), [329], [330]
• Live-stock industry, Air, [133]-4, [190], [202]-5; evacuation policy and, [361]; herding carried on by slaves, [135]-6
• Lizards, taboo on, [294]
• Load ropes, [224]
• Loading and unloading camels, [198], [223], [224]-5
• Lollius, L., [207]
• Louata, the, [340], [357]
• Love affairs, Tuareg, [174]-5, [176]
• Lugard, Sir F., [37], [42]
• Luggage rests, decorated, [230], [310]
• Lyon, G. F., work by, [21], [467]
• Lyon expedition, the, [8]
• Ma el Fares, [325]-6
• Macae, the, [457], [461], [462]
• MacGuire, Corporal, [21]
• Macii, the, [460]
• Madghis, Libyan family of, [338], [339], [340], [341]
• Mafaras, [326]
• Mafinet hills, [156]; valley, [131] n.[120]
• Mafinet, Kel, [381], [432]; Agoalla of, [397]
• “Magadeza,” the, [106]-7
• Magazawa Hausa women, [44]
• Maghili, El, [291], [292], [293]
• Maghrabi camels, [196]
• Maghreb, the, [339]
• Maghzen (Bagezan), Kel, [381], [432]
• Magic square, rock drawing of, [321]
• Magnesia, battle of, [206]
• Maisumo valley, [69]; well, [74], [76]
• “Makam el Sheikh ben Abd el Kerim,” [292]
• Maket n’Ikelan, [138]; tradition of, [367]-8, [373], [381], [383], [392], [414] n.[429]
• Malabar Indians, laws of inheritance among, [151]
• Malam Chidam, [46]
• Malaria, [178], [179], [181], [186]
• Maliki sect, people of Air belong to, [291], [292]
• Mallamei, the, [439]
• Manding origin of leather industry, [227]
• Manen, Kel, [400], [432]
• Manga, [21]
• Mange in camels, [201]
• Manna, Leo Africanus on, [19]
• Mansa Magha, [408]
• Mansa (Kunkur) Musa, [407], [408]
• Mansur, El, [337]
• Manumission of slaves, [135], [137], [138], [140], [141]
• Manuscripts found at Assode, [302]
• Maouen (Mawen), Kel, [430]
• Maps, Tuareg comprehension of, [266]
• Maps of Air, [466]-7; see Cortier.
• Maqrizi, El, [372] n.[383], [374] n.[389]
• Maradi, [42], [411]
• Marandet, [77], [119], [121]; position of, [424]; urn cemetery at, [121], [161], [263]
• Marcellinus, Ammianus, [207] n.[191]
• Mari, Mount, [242], [308], [390]
• Mari well, [242]
• Mari Jatah I, [407]
• Mari Jatah, Vizier, [408]
• Maria Teresa dollars, [221], [222]
• Marinus of Tyre, [323] n.[283]
• Markets, development of, along caravan roads, [110]
• Marmol, [116]
• Marriage, Tuareg system, [170]-71, [174], [175], [196]-7; festivals, [181]; late in life, [173], [289]; not arranged, [174]; by purchase, [181]; wife’s intimate male friends, [175]-6
• Marriage portions, [177]; Imghad, part payable to Imajeghan, [141]
• Masalet, [69], [81], [114]
• Masa’udi, El, [337], [345], [371], [468]
• Maspero, G., [286], [468]
• Masquerey, E., dictionary and grammar of Temajegh by, [222] n.[211], [266], [271], [459], [467]
• “Masri” blades, [233]
• Masson, Captain, [10]
• “Master of the Interior of the Palace,” [106]
• Matali, chief of the Ifadeyen, [399]
• Maternus, Julius, in the Fezzan, [323], [326]
• Matriarchate, the, [151]-3
• Matriarchy among Tuareg, [103], [148]-53, [170], [171]; and monogamy, [171]
• Mats, [158], [174], [212], [227]
• Mauretania, [332], [377], [379], [404] n.[419]
• Mawen, Kel, [430], [436]
• Maxitani, the, [457], [460]
• Maxyes, the, [356], [457]
• Mazaces, the, [457], [461]
• Mazi, the, [460]
• Mazia, [46], [48]
• Mazices, the, [356], [358], [457], [461]
• Mazigh, common ancestor of Libyans, [339], [341], [458]
• Mazigh, the, [458]
• Mazil, the, Arab tribe, [354]
• Measures and weights, Air, [220]-22
• Meat, little eaten by Tuareg, [158]-9
• “Mecca of the Slaves, The,” [367]; see Maket n’Ikelan
• Medicine, native, [82], [180], [201]
• Medina date palms, [317]
• Medinet el ’Amira, [452] n.[449]
• Mediterranean, the: civilisation brought southwards from, [37], [393], [401]; known to Tuareg, [266]
• Mela, [282]
• Melle, Empire of, [37], [47], [48], [407]-8, [409]; administration of foreign races by, [407]-8; revolts in, [411]; Songhai overthrow, [409]
• Melle, Vizier of, [408]
• Melons, [132]
• “Men with Eyes in their Stomachs,” possibly Tuareg, [376]
• Menzaffer valley, [59]
• “Merabtin,” the, [405]
• “Meratha” (Imghad), [140]
• Mermeru, [91]
• Mesche mountain, [327]
• Meshagra, the, Arab tribe, [354]-5
• Meshwesh, the, [337], [457], [461]; probable ancestors of Tuareg, [356], [462]; succession in female line among, [151]
• Mesi (God), [278]
• Mesufa, the, [151], [153], [344], [364], [405], [408]; status of women of, [175]-6
• Meteorological record kept by author, [423]
• Migration from Red Sea, reference to, [342]
• Migrations, tribal, see under names of tribes.
• Migrations, Tuareg: into Air, [52], [53], [113], [254], [256], [359], [364], [365]-6, [366]-93, [403], [404]; date of, [256], [364], [371], [373], [375], [381], [403], [404]; caused by Kanuri, [335], [358], [369]-70, [372], [375], [404], [414], [415], [444]; Lemta movement and, [358]-9, [377], [379], [403], [445]; stages of, [52], [53], [254], [359], [366]-93, [394], [403]; into the Southland, [17], [38], [39], [51], [65], [143], [361], [366], [373]-4, [377], [390]-91, [392], [393], [398], [411], [415], [432]
• Mikitan, Osman, [52], [99], [108], [465]
• Milen, [60], [62], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [418]; well of, [72]-4, [75], [76]
• Milk, camel’s, [211]; offering of, Bororoji custom, [58]
• Millet cultivation, [47], [64], [131], [133], [444], [445]; dishes made from, [157]; flour, preparation of, [159]-60; stores for, in villages, [42]
• Millet mortar used as drum, [272]
• Mimosa, [226]
• Minaret, Agades, [86], [87], [93]-4, [302]; Assode, [301], [302]
• Mineral springs, [127], [241]
• Minéru, [239], [438]
• Minir, El, [239], [438]
• Minister for Foreign Affairs, Agades, [106], [116]
• Mintaka, El, [154], [155], [181], [280], [302]
• Minutilli, [336] n.[316]
• Mirages, Northern Air, [300]
• Misgiddan (Tamisgidda), the, [439]
• Misurata, [21]
• “Mithkal,” [221]-2
• Mithridates, [206]
• Mixed caste, Azger tribes of, [355]-6
• Mizda-Murzuk road, [322], [323] n.[285]
• Mokhammed, [96]
• Monarchy, democratic Tuareg system of, [107]-8
• Mongolian traits in Southland women, [44]
• Monkeys, [213], [239]
• Monogamy, [293]; more frequent in Air than polygamy, [170], [171]
• Moorish tribes, raids by, [188]
• Moors conquer Western Sudan, [411]
• Moroccan road, the, [7]
• Morocco, [358]; “Berbers” of, [458]; Ibn Batutah in, [411]; Negroland conquered by, [411]; Okba’s expedition in, [326] n.[292]; Sanhaja trade with, [405]; Tuareg invasion of, [411]
• Morocco, Southern, [332], [334]
• Mosgu (Kel Tamisgidda), the, [439]
• Mosi added to Songhai empire, [409]
• Mosi, King of, [408]
• Moslem attitude to women, [152], [168], [170], [174]
• Moslem faith: introduction of, into Air, [256]-8; Maliki sect of, [291]-2; new spirit in, [12], [13]; polygamy permitted by, [170]; a form of snobbishness induced by, [339]-40, [342]; Tuareg adoption of, [256], [257]-8, [273], [274], [290], [291], [293], [324]-5. See also Islam.
• Moslem graves, [259]
• Mosque, People of the, [439]
• Mosques, Tuareg, [93], [94], [255]-8, [301]-2; Agades, [86], [87], [93]-4; Assode, [301]-2; records kept in, [360], [361]; T’intaghoda, [257], [258], [316]
• Mosquitoes, Air, prevalent during rains, [120], [121]
• Motor road between Lake Chad and Niger, [42]
• Motylinski, Temajegh dictionary by, [12], [454] n.[456], [459]
• Motylinski, Fort, [12], [13]
• Mounds of stones as memorials, [292]-3
• Mountain groups of the Sahara, [2], [5]
• Mountain sheep of Air, [450]
• Mountains in the desert, beauty of, [448]
• “Msid Sidi el Baghdadi,” [292]
• Mubaraki, Muhammad, [102] n.[91], [391], [413], [464]
• Mud construction, [41], [43], [48], [249]-50, [252]; Sudan and Northern Nigeria, [88], [89], [90]
• “Muda,” grain measure, [221]
• Muhammad (of Towar), [185]
• Muhammad, King of Bornu, [410]
• Muhammad, the Prophet, Moslem desire to claim descent from, [339]-40, [342]
• Mulai Ahmed, Sultan of Morocco, [411]
• Mulai Hamed el Mansur, Sultan of Morocco, [411]
• Muleththemin, the (Arab name for Tuareg), [14]-15, [274], [287], [294], [364]; Ibn Khaldun on origin of, [340]-49, [353], [379]; Leo Africanus on the divisions of, [330]-31, [332], [334]-5, [337]-8, [343], [344], [345], [348], [349]
• Munio, [412]
• Murmur, [21]
• Murzuk, [7], [8], [9], [20], [21], [191], [325], [353]; capital of Fezzan, [323]; the “Garamantian way” from, [318], [319] n.[278], [324]; population of, [113]; rains in, [124]; road to Lake Chad by, [7], [8], [32], [320]; Roman remains on road to, [322]; as trade centre, [112], [113]
• Musa, camel-man, [169], [170]
• Musa, chief of the Imuzuraq, [51]
• Musa, Haj, [290]
• Musa, Mansa Kunkur, [407], [408]
• Musa ag Mastan, Amenokal of Ahaggar, [169], [352]-3
• Muscles of Tuareg not conspicuous, [163], [187]
• Music, Tuareg, [272]
• Musical instruments, Tuareg, [272]
• Mzab, [332], [334]
• MZGh root of North African names, [339], [356]; its significance, [457]-62
• Nabaro, [436]
• Nabaro, Kel, [436]
• Nabarro, [218] n.[208]
• Nachtigal: population of Murzuk, [113]
• Nakda, [452]; copper mines of, [452]-3; Sultan of, [453]
• Names, tribal: North African, MZGh root of, [339], [356], [457]-62; Tuareg, [128]-31
• Naresht, son of Tifaut, [405]
• Nasamones, the, [282], [365], [369]
• Nationalism in North Africa, [12]-13
• “Natron” encrustations seen by Barth, [127] n.[115]
• Natrun, Wadi, [3]
• Nature, animistic view of, among Tuareg, [295]
• Neck ornaments, [283]
• Necklaces, women’s, [283]
• Needlework, skill of Tuareg men in, [174]
• Negro music, influence of, [272]
• Negroes: eunuchs purchased, [179]; matriarchate among, [152]-3; as slaves, [135]; Tuareg contempt for, [173]
• Negroid inhabitants of Air, pre-Tuareg, [363]-4, [365]-6, [403], [405]; type of Air Imghad, [138]
• Negroland, [101], [371]; historians of, [365]; Ibn Batutah’s journey through, [406], [452]; Roman expedition to, [326]
• Negroland, Western, [404]; occupied by Songhai, [409]
• “Neutral vowel” in Tuareg tribal names, [128]
• New Year, feast of the, [275]
• News, communication of, in Africa, [266]
• N’Gurutawa, [21]
• Niches in Tuareg houses, [246], [247]-8, [252], [254], [255], [256], [309]
• Niger, the, [3]-4, [30], [332]; diversion of Upper into Lower, theory of, [30]; drainage basin of, [3]-4; Romans said to have reached, [322]; Tuareg communities on, [377], [384] n.[402]
• “Niger,” Pliny’s, [28]-9
• Niger Empires, the, [37], [47], [407]-12; see Melle and Songhai.
• Niger, Territoires du, [41]-2, [43], [416]; raids in, [189]
• Niger-Tchad, Colonie du, [41] n.[46]
• Nigeria, [17], [18], [24], [219], [335]; author returns through, [418]-19; Anglo-French boundary, [41]; British penetration of, [20], [21], [36]-7; French indirectly defend, [85]; horses of, [202]; Mediterranean civilisation brought to, [393], [401]; railway development in, [38]; rains in, [123]; totemism in, [294]
• Tuareg in, [38]-41, [361]; civilisation brought to, by, [393], [401]; transport work in, by, [38], [298]
• Nigeria, Northern, [37]; author’s journey begins and ends in, [417]-18; British annexation of, [37]; houses of, [87]-8
• Nigerian Emirates, the, [26], [37]; British annexation of, [37]; see Kano, Katsina, and Sokoto.
• Nile, the, [266]
• Nile valley, Libyan invasions of, [340]
• Nilotic Sudan, the, [1] n.[1]; Fulani settlement in, [58]; Semitic influence in, [342]
• No, Quarter of, Ghat, [258]
• Nobility of origin, Tuareg adherence to, [137]; records kept to establish, [360], [362]
• Noble and servile tribes (see Imghad and Imajeghan), [15]; lists showing, [427]-31, [435]-40
• Noble women, high standing of, [150], [151], [168], [169], [171], [172], [174]
• Nobles: British described as, [459]; conquered, as Imghad, [138], [394], [460]
• Tuareg (Imajeghan), [137], [217]; appearance of, [217]; female descent of, [150]-51; Holy Men treated as, [355]; Imghad and, relationship between, [136], [137], [138], [140]-43; northern, black veil worn by, [139]; original pure race represented by, [137]
• Nomadic Tuareg, described by Ibn Batutah, [406]
• Nomadism and sedentarism, difficulties of co-ordinating, [131]
• Nomads, [16], [209], [212], [406]; ability to dispense with water, [208], [209]-10; Ifadeyen famous as, [400]
• North and west, confusion of terms, [244], [247]
• North Africa: the term, [1]
• Arab conquest of, [346], [375]-6, [404], [462]; Arab countries, traditional connection with, [340]; Bishoprics of, [293]; British part in exploration of, [20]-21; camels, problem of introduction into, [206]-8, [267]; caravan roads (q.v.) of, [5], [6]-7; caravan roads and sites of cities of, [110], [111], [112], [114]; Central Empires, intrigues of, in, [12]-13, [93]; fossil camel skeletons found in, [267]; French expansion in, [20], [22]; funerary monuments in, [260]-62; history of, its sources, [330]; Islam, spread of, in, [256], [257]-8, [325]; migration from, compulsory, legend of, [366], [375], [380]; migrations into, [39], [340], [341]; negroid peoples once farther north in, [342]; partition of, [20], [22]; Persian invasion of, [375]; population of, its superficial unity, [338]; rock drawing in, [264]; tribal names of, and MZGh root, [339], [356], [457]-62; Tuareg in, in early times, [403]
• North-eastern Air; houses of, [252], [254]; unnamed valley of, [304]
• Northern Air, [298]-329; ancient monuments in, [263]; evacuation of, 1918, [309]; houses of, [252], [309]-11, [316]; Kel Owi tribes of, [303]-8, [394]; palm groves of, [317]; roads traversing, [318]-22; salt caravan route from, [315]
• Nose-piece, camel’s, [231]
• Nose-ring, camel’s, [231]
• N’Ouajour, [430]
• Noweiri, El, [326] n.[292], [468]
• N’Sattafan, Kel, [434] n.
• Nubian cemeteries, [260]
• Nugguru, Kel, [127], [139], [142], [185], [215], [435], [438], [440], [441]
• Oases, [2], [3]; accidental discoveries of, [336]; of Air, [32]; Egyptian, [334], [337]; origin of the word, [6]; Saharan, [3], [5]-6
• Oborassan, [313], [314]
• Oborassan, Kel, [435]
• Ochre, Tuareg women’s faces daubed with, [173]
• Oghum, Rocks of, [68]
• Ogive niches in Tuareg houses, [246], [247]-8, [252], [254], [255], [256], [309]
• Okba ibn Nafé, campaigns of, [325], [326] n.[292], [376]
• Okluf, [126], [127]
• “Old Well,” the, [418]
• Ollelua, [46]
• Omar, Sultan, [84], [96], [97]-8, [100], [104], [109], [117], [195], [465]; horses of, [202]; refuses to attack French, [290]
• Optatus, [328]
• Oraghen, the, [347]
• Orfella, [110]
• Orientation: of Moslem graves, [259], [260]; of Tuareg houses, [244], [246]-7, [248], [251], [252], [253], [254]
• Ornament of the Nobles, the, [284]
• Ornamental work, Tuareg, [230]-31, [277], [310]
• Ornaments, Tuareg, [282]-6
• Orosius, [356]
• Oryx, white, [444], [446]
• Oryx hide shields, [235], [444]
• Osman Mikitan, Sultan, [52], [99], [108], [465]
• Ostrich feathers, on camel’s nose-piece, [231]
• Ostriches, [43], [121], [264], [446]
• Othman dan Fodio, [363], [415]
• Oudney, Dr. W. (with Denham and Clapperton), [8], [20]; death of, [21]
• Oung Oua (Ungwa), Kel, [433]
• Outdoor slaves, [134], [135]-6, [155], [402]
• Outhouses, Tuareg, [250]
• Over-population of Mediterranean lands, and compulsory migration, story of, [366], [375], [380]
• Overweg (with Barth and Richardson), [18], [20], [21], [23]-4; death of, [21]
• Owari, [239]
• Owi, Kel, [20], [23], [53], [54], [107], [134]-5, [143], [144], [184], [217], [239]; their arrival in Air, [382]-93, [414], [415]; cause of migration of, [386]-7; date of arrival of, [135], [149], [257], [258], [366], [367], [382]-3, [386], [387], [388], [391]; and the Amenokal, [100], [108], [383], [396]-7; the Añastafidet of, [92], [96], [100], [107], [139], [144]-6, [148]; arrogance of, [383]; Assode the capital of, [301], [303]; Auraghen and, [387]; caravan road controlled by, [61], [74]-5, [308], [319], [320], [383], [390]; claims and pretensions of, unjustified, [384]-5, [386], [392]-3, [414] n.[429]; commercial ability of, [390]; country of, [243], [244], [299], [394]; in Damergu, [415]; dialect of, [270], [387]; disease among, [180]; disparaged by other tribes, [135], [149], [295]; attitude towards French of, [51], [52], [414] n.[429]; in Gober, tradition of arrival of, [367]-8; houses of, [252], [253], [254]; Ifadeyen and, [399]; Immikitan and, [429]; Itesan driven out by, [366], [373]-4, [391], [392], [393], [398], [432]; Kel Geres displaced by, [373]-4, [383], [388], [389], [390], [391], [392], [415]; measures of, [221]; and mosque of T’intaghoda, [257]; mothers of, legend of, [384]-5, [386]; origin of, [148], [380], [385]-7; sun as mother of, [295]; tribal organisation of, [303]-8, [430], [435]-9; women of, noble, [150]
• Ox, rock drawing of, [265]
• Ox and cart, drawing of, [265], [319], [321]-2, [418]
• Ox-drawn chariots of the Garamantes, [318], [320], [321]-2, [324]; rock drawing suggestive of, [265], [319], [321]-2, [418]
• Oxen: as pack animals, [203], [208]; harnessed to carts, [203], [208], [215]; see Ox-drawn chariots.
• Pack-saddles, camel, [223]-4
• Paint, Tuareg women’s faces daubed with, [173]
• Paleolithic camel skeletons discovered, [207]
• Palicanus, L. Lollius, [207]
• Palm frond mats, [227]; rope, [224]; sandals, [165]
• Palm groves, [316], [317]
• Palm trees not destroyed in warfare, [236]
• Palmer, H. R., [362], [373] n.[386], [463], [468]
• Paper currency disliked by Tuareg, [221]
• Partition of Africa, [20], [22], [25]
• Pasture wells, Azawagh, [74], [75], [80]; rights over, [75]
• Patience, Tuareg, philosophic, [296], [420]
• Patination of rocks of Air, [35]; of rock drawings, [321]
• Patriarchal government: Arab, [339]; of Tuareg tribal units, [147]
• “Penistasche,” the, [164] n.[156]
• People of the Acacia (Kel Tamat), [307], [437]
• People of the Añastafidet, [374], [394]; in Damergu, [440]; estimated numbers of, [402]; tribes and sub-tribes of, [435]-9
• People of the Asclepias (Kel Intirzawen), [307], [433]
• People of the Deep Well (Kel Gharus), [308]
• People of the Dûm Palm (Kel Tagei), [307], [398] n.[413], [432], [435]
• People of the East (Kel Innek), [129], [369], [441]
• People of the Goats (Kel Ulli), [52], [129], [307]-8, [438]
• People of the King, [143], [144], [146], [148], [149], [304], [306], [366], [392], [393]; represent earliest arrivals in Air, [373], [374], [377], [378]-9; geographical area of, [394]; Immikitan possibly original stock of, [396]; interest attaching to, [393]; Kel Owi and, [146], [148], [149], [303], [366], [380], [392]; numbers of, estimated, [402]; origin of, legendary, [384], [386]; tribes, sub-tribes, and organisation of, [395], [398], [400], [427]-31; in Damergu, [437]-40
• People of the Mosque (Kel Tamisgidda), [439]
• People of the Rock (Tebu), [335]
• People of the Salt (Kel T’Isemt), [441]
• People of the Sand (suggested meaning of Tuareg), [274]
• People of the South (Kel Aghil), [441]
• People of the Spears (Kel Allaghan), [432]
• People of the Veil, see Tuareg.
• People of the West (Kel Ataram), [129], [441]
• Peroz, Colonel, [50]
• Perry: Children of the Sun, [152] n.[146]
• Persian invasion of North Africa, [375]
• Petroglyphs, see Rock drawings and Rock inscriptions.
• Philistines, Libyans related to, [339]
• Phœnician script and Libyan, [267]
• Photographs of unveiled Tuareg not permitted, [288]
• Physical characteristics of Tuareg, [161]-3, [172], [177], [187], [217]; deformation not practised, [179]
• “Pi” dogs, [205]
• Piebald camels, [196]
• Pigeons, [125]
• Pigs, taboo on eating of, [294], [295]
• Pilgrim road, Timbuctoo-Cairo, [20], [114], [318]
• Pilgrimage, Muhammad Askia’s, [409], [411]
• Pitchers, [160]-61
• Plaque, men’s ornament, [285]
• Pleiades, Tuareg name for, [226] n.[212]
• Pleistocene period, discovery of camel-skeletons of, [207]
• Pliny, [207], [324], [468]; quoted, [322]-3
• Plough seen by Barth, [133]
• Plutarch, [206]
• Poetry, Tuareg appreciation of, [263], [265], [271], [272]; women authors of, [169], [173], [271], [272]
• Poison, use of, by Tuareg, [10]
• Poisoned arrows used by bush folk, [45]
• Poisonous plants, deaths of camels due to, [200]
• Police, Agades, [106]
• Polygamy infrequent in Air, [170]-71
• Polytheism, traces of, among Ahaggaren, [275]
• Pomel, [264] n.[232]
• Pommel of Tuareg saddle, ornamental cross on, [230], [276]-7, [289]
• Pompey, [207]
• Pools, [213], [215], [442], [445], [449]
• Population: of Air, [402]; variation of, in desert cities, [113]
• Portfolios, leather, [228]
• “Ports,” trans-desert traffic, [110], [111]
• Portuguese and Songhai rulers, [409], [410]
• Possession, case of, Auderas, [279]-80
• Pottery, Tuareg, [160]-61, [317]
• Pouches, leather, [228]
• Pradie, Fort, [51], [92]
• Prayer enclosures, [292]-3
• Pre-Moslem, funerary remains, [260]-63; place of worship, [258]-9, [263]
• Precipitation of rain, North Africa, [123], [124]
• Prime Minister, Tuareg, also Minister for Foreign Affairs, [106]; title of, [106], [406]
• Property, women’s ownership of, [168]-9, [177], [293]
• Prophet, the, Moslem desire to claim descent from, [339]-40, [342]
• Prophet’s Birthday, the, feast of, [275]
• Prosody, Tuareg, [271]
• Prostitution among Tuareg, [177]
• Proverbs, Tuareg, [176], [182], [237], [420], [421]
• Pseudo-Ashraf, the, [339]-40
• Ptolemy, [323] n.[283]^,[287], [336] n.[314], [356], [468]; on the Kel Tegama, [53], [65]
• Pumpkins, [132]; spirits in form of, [280]
• Punch and Judy show, Tuareg ascendancy symbolised in, [55]-6
• “Pura” water, [19], [157]
• Qadria sect, [302]
• Qibla, the, [95], [97], [255], [258], [259], [292]
• Querns, Tuareg, [159]-60, [309]
• Quinine, value of, in fever cases, [178], [186], [187]
• Quran, the, [265], [280], [281], [296]; in Tuareg language, [269]; verse of, as amulet, [282]
• R and Gh sounds, confusion between, [271]
• Rabah, [26]
• Rabidin, [427]
• Racks in houses, [309]
• Rahazawa Fulani, [57]
• “Rahla” (riding saddle), [230]-31
• Raiding, [11], [12], [13]-14, [113], [187]-93, [350], [407], [444]; Ahodu’s reminiscences of, [191]-3; the Amenokal and, [109]-10; Camel Corps organised to suppress, [11], [51], [188], [189], [218], [219]; cessation of, [187], [193]; in Damergu, [50], [51], [59]; fear of, still prevalent, [311], [315]; legend of raiders swallowed up, [281]; regarded as a sport, [187], [193], [328], [443]; technique of, [11], [187]-93, [236], [237]; weather conditions supposed to foretell, [295]-6; wells filled in to prevent, [59], [60], [451]; by women, [169]-70
• Railway development, its effect on camel-borne trade, [38]
• Rainbow, superstition regarding, [296]
• Rainfall in the Sahara, [4], [28]; ancient, [28]; geological effects of, [79]; during storms, [83]
• Rain-water pools, Azawagh, [62], [67]-8
• Rains, the: in Air, [121], [123]-4, [220]; in Elakkos, [445]; discomforts of travel during, [120]-21, [123], [124], [125]; raids begun after, [188]
• Ramadhan, Tuareg observance of, [274]
• Rapsa (Ghat), [322], [323], [326]
• Rats eaten by Tuareg, [294]
• Rattray: Ashanti, [152] n.[146]
• Rebu, the, [337]
• “Red,” Tuareg spoken of as, [162], [173], [367], [460]
• Red agate “talhakim,” [282]
• Red mud, cities and houses constructed of, [41], [43], [48], [88], [90], [452] n.[452]
• Red ochre, Tuareg women’s faces daubed with, [173]
• Red Rock Desert, pass over, [323]
• Red rocks, Air, [35]
• Red Sea, migrations of tribes from, into North Africa, [340], [341], [342]
• “Reg,” [274] n.[243]
• Reindeer Age, cave paintings of, [264]
• Rela, Kel, [351] n.[339]
• Religion of Tuareg, [273]-8, [290], [291]-4; earlier, possibly Christianity, [275]-8, [293]-4; traces of Christian influence, [275]-6, [277], [278], [284]-5, [289], [293]-4; their conversion to Islam, and their lax practice, [273], [274], [290], [291], [293], [324]-5
• Rennell, Major, [383], [386]; commentary on Hornemann by, [336], [383], [386], [467]; map by, [336]; works by, [336], [383], [386], [467]
• Revenue, the Amenokal’s, [110]
• Revolt against French in Air, 1917, [39], [69], [70], [84]-5, [98], [309], [394], [420], [421]; Agades besieged during, [70], [85], [86], [98]; camel requisitions a cause of, [205]; evacuation of Air during, [113], [121]-2, [302], [309], [360]-61, [426]; Kaossen’s leadership of, [69], [84], [86], [92]-3, [185], [385], [420]; Nigeria indirectly defended during, [85]; opening tragedy of, [84]; social effects of, [127]-8, [338]-9; Tegama’s part in, 98-9; T’ekhmedin’s part in, [98]-9; wells filled in during, [59], [60], [451]
• Rhymes, Tuareg, [271]
• Rhyndacus, [206]
• Riaina, the, [434] n.
• Richardson, J.: Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara by, [151]-2, [467]; death of, [21]; expeditions of, [8], [18], [20], [21], [23]-4, [248], [461]; on houses of Ghat, [248]
• Ridge of Abadarjan, [70], [71], [78]
• “Rigm” (funerary monument), [260] n.[227], [261]-2, [263]
• Ring of stones marking graves, [259]
• Rings, agate, as neck ornaments, [283]
• Rings, arm, Tuareg, [91], [285]-6, [289]
• Rio de Oro, raiding in, [187], [188]
• Ritchie, death of, [21]
• River of Agades, [33], [34], [69], [70], [71], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [83], [115], [119], [121], [123], [127], [183], [189], [258], [456]; plain of, [79], [82]-3, [85]-6
• River beds of Central Sahara, [28]-31
• Rivoli, [91]
• Roads, caravan, see Caravan roads; the “Garamantian way,” [318]-20, [321], [324]
• Robe, T’ekhmedin’s, the fate of, [195]
• Robes, Tuareg, [163]-4, [166]-7, [195]
• Rock, People of the, [335]
• Rock drawings, [213], [216], [260], [263], [264], [318]; of animals and birds, [264]-5; of camels, [207], [265]; of human figures, [265], [319]; of men with animal heads, [319]; modern, [264], [265]; of ox and cart, [265], [319], [321]-2, [418]; of shield with cruciform design, [276]
• Rock inscriptions, [213], [260], [264], [268]-9, [271], [315], [360]; funerary, [260], [263]; profusion of, [263], [268]
• Rohlfs, F. G., expeditions of, [3], [19]; Kufra by, [6] n.[4], [336]
• Roman remains discovered by Barth, [322]
• Romans, the: caravan roads garrisoned by, [208]; penetration of the Sahara by, [322]-3, [324], [325], [326]-7; Tuareg swords probably derived from, [234]
• Romanus, [207]
• Roncière, Charles de la, [19] n.[20]^,[21]
• Roofs of Tuareg houses, [249], [250], [256]
• Rope-making, native, [224]; in leather, [228]
• Rothschild, Lord, his museum at Tring, [27]-8
• Rottl (Arab weight), [222]
• Royal Geographical Society, author’s computations in charge of, [423]
• Rufai el Ghati, [192]
• Sabha Jail, [332] n.[301]
• Sacrifices of sheep, [95], [97], [274], [275]
• Sadaouet (Sidawet), Kel, [431]
• Saddle-sores on camels, [199], [201]
• Saddle-stone querns, [159]-60, [309]
• Saddles, camel; Tebu, [277]; Tuareg, [193], [223]-4, [227], [230]-31, [276]-7, [289]; with cross on pommel, [230], [276]-7, [289]
• Sahara, the, [1]-6; not once a sea-bed, [78] author’s companions cross, [418]; British influence in, [21]-2; climate of, [4]; European affairs well known in, [266]; French occupation of, [25], [350]; funerary monuments of, [260]-62; Leo Africanus’ description of, [331]-5; mountain groups of, [2]; name of, [1]; oases of, [2], [3], [5]-6; population of, [113]; races of, [2], [8]; railway across, advocated, [38]; rainfall in, [4], [124]; rivers of, [3], [4]; Roman penetration of, [322]-3, [324], [325], [326]-7; surface of, [2]-6; “talhakim” prized in, [282]; temperatures in, [4]; transport methods in, early, [207]-8; warfare in, small numbers involved, [11]
• Sahara, Central, [2], [4], [8]; British geographical work in, [20]-21, [22]-4
• Sahara, Eastern, [2]-3
• Sahara, Western, [3]-4
• Saharan Alps, the, [35]
• Saharan and Equatorial zones, transitional area between, [41]
• Sahel Zone, the, [41]
• Sakafat, [437]
• Sale, [274] n.[245]
• Saleh, El Haj, [96], [290], [430]
• Salla Laja (Laya), the Feast of the Sheep, [95]-7, [274]
• Salla Shawal, [274]
• Sallust, [206], [468]
• Salt: impregnation of soil with, [125]; price of, [218]
• Salt caravans, [69], [84], [85], [114], [115], [133], [145], [195], [210], [217], [218]-20, [335], [443], [452] n.[450]; Amenokal’s revenue from, [110]; French escort for, [84], [218], [219]; Minister accompanying, [106]; raids on, [188], [218], [219], [450]; route of, [32], [114], [145], [219], [264], [315], [320], [450]
• Salt mines: Bilma, q.v.; captured by Moors, [411]; Taodenit, [30], [411], [452] n.[450]; Tegaza, [411], [452] n.[450]
• Salt, People of the, [441]
• Salt-pits, [125]
• Salt trade, [133], [218], [219]-20, [414]; struggles between Air and Bornu for, [415]
• Saltpetre, uses of, [211]
• Sampfotchi hill, [418]
• Sand: effect on feet, [165]; wind-borne, polishing of rocks by, [35], [79]; wells silted up by, [66], [72], [74]
• Sand, People of the, [274]
• Sand-dune formations, [4], [58]; characteristic form in Azawagh, [63]-4, [70]; crescentic type, [66]-7; in Elakkos, [442], [446], [447]; mobile, [66], [67]; valleys formed between, [62]
• Sand-grouse, [81]
• Sandstone formations: Elakkos, [442]; effects of erosion, [77], [79], [81]
• Sand viper, [227]
• Sandals, Tuareg, [164]-6
• Sanhaja, the, [274], [331], [332], [340], [343]-4, [346], [348], [349], [401]; in Air at arrival of Tuareg, [364], [365], [368], [375], [405]; Empire of, [343]-4, [403], [404]-5, [407]; Itesan among, [377]; Mesufa and Lemtuna
• sections of, [151] n.[141], [344], [349], [358], [364], [405]; of North-west Morocco, [364]
• Santambul (Constantinople), [101]
• Sariki n’Kaswa, [106]
• Sariki n’Turawa, the, [96], [106]
• Sattaf, [187]
• Say, [50]
• Schirmer, H.: Le Sahara by, [5] n.[2], [142] n.[132], [327] n.[293], [467]; on the Ifoghas, [355] n.[346]
• Scorpion, [227]
• Script, Tuareg, see T’ifinagh.
• Seats, wooden, for women, [309]
• Sedentaries: factions among, [338]; numbers of, [402]
• Sedentarism, encouraged by French, [131]; nomadism and, difficulties of co-ordinating, [131], [143]
• Seeds, very valuable in Air, [132], [133]; used for food, [158], [160]
• Sef, King of Kanem, [372]
• Seliufet village, [23], [122], [248], [316]
• Seliufet, Kel, [129], [437]
• Selma I, King of Kanem, [372]
• Selma II, first black king of Bornu, [373], [374]
• Semitic influence in Africa, [342]
• Semitic languages, relationship of Temajegh to, [270]
• Sendal, the, [394], [396], [400]; one of original five tribes in Air, [368], [378]; their modern representatives, [395], [396], [400]
• Senegal, caravan route to, [7]
• Senegal River, [343]
• Senegalese troops, French, [84], [98], [118], [316]; Camel Corps of, [189]
• Senhaji, Muhammad Nasr el, [408]
• Senussiya, the: their part in the revolt in Air, [12], [13], [51], [84], [93], [98]; caravan route opened by, [7]; in Equatorial Africa, operations against French, [92]; Kufra the centre of, [336]; Tuareg relations with, [48]-9, [290]
• Septimius Flaccus, [323], [326]
• Serfs, see Imghad.
• Sergi, G., [458], [460], [467]
• Sert, [325]
• Servile tribes, see Imghad.
• Sfax, [337]
• Sheath knives, Tuareg, [234]
• Sheep, Air, [202], [204], [205], [450]; sacrifices of, [95], [97], [274], [275]
• “Sheikh el Arab,” [106]
• Shellagh, the, [458]
• “Sherrifa,” title of royal family of Air, [105]
• Shields, Tuareg, [234]-5, [276], [444]
• Shillugh language, [270]
• Shingit, [408]
• Shott country, the, [9]
• Sidawet, [299], [431], [440]; houses in, [254]; position of, [425]
• Sidawet, Kel, [431], [440]
• Sidi, the guide, [68], [234] n.[214], [266], [270], [298], [307], [309], [315], [418]; description of Belkho by, [305], [306]; on the House of the Christians, [311]-12; leaves the author in Kano, [419]-20
• Sidi Hamada, shrine of, [94]-5; Feast of the Sheep at, [95]-7
• Sierra Leone, British penetration of, [36], [37]
• Siggedim, [334] n.[308]
• Sijilmasa, [110], [405], [452], [453]
• Silius Italicus, [152] n.[144], [468]
• Silk not in great demand among Tuareg, [164]
• Silurian rocks, Air, [33], [34], [35]
• Silver, saddles ornamented with, [230]-31
• Silver bracelets, [283]-4
• Silver coins melted down, [229]
• Silver currency, [221]
• “Sinko” (five-franc piece), [221]
• Siwa, [3], [318], [337]
• Siwi dialect, [270]
• Skin, colour of, in Tuareg, [161]-2, [173]
• Slave King of the Tuareg of Air, the, [96], [97], [100], [103], [104]-5, [108], [367], [369]
• Slave markets, Kano, Katsina, Sokoto, [38]
• Slave trade, African, [38]; British attempts to abolish, [20], [21], [22]; former Tuareg, [135]
• Slavery legally abolished in Air, [134] n.[122]
• Slaves, [103]-4, [178]; position of, [15] n.[13], [103]-4, [105], [134], [178]; raised to status of Imghad, [135]; slave mothers and status of children, [150]; stolen in raids, [190]; veil not worn by, [15] n.[13], [140]
• “Slaves, the Mecca of the,” [367]
• Sliding doors in Tuareg houses, [245]-6
• Smiths, Tuareg, [155], [228]-9, [230]; jewellery made by, [283]-4
• Smoking, not a Tuareg practice, [211]
• Snobbishness, Moslem form of, [339]-40, [342]
• Snuff, taken by Tuareg, [211]; used as remedy for camel disease, [200]
• “Sô people,” the, [407]
• Soap-stone, ornaments of, [282], [283]
• Social distinctions, Tuareg, present breakdown in, [142]
• Social effects of revolt of, 1917, [127]-8, [338]-9
• “Sofo” tower, Agades, [94]
• Sokakna, the, Arab tribe, [354]
• Sokna, [9], [347]
• Sokoto, [21], [33], [38], [47], [48], [101], [106], [110], [415]; British annexation of, [37]; Fulani Empire of, [37], [57], [363], [415]; Itesan settle near, [109] n.[100], [366], [373]-4, [392], [393], [398], [432]; Kel Geres settle near, [17], [39], [65], [143], [366], [373], [390]-91, [392], [415]: route to, alternative, [114]; slave market in, [38]; stone buildings in, [89] n.[78]; Tegama expedition against, [53]
• Sokoto, Emir of, influence of, [109] n.[100] See also Bello.
• Sokoto-Agades track, [85]
• Soleim Arabs invade Central Africa, [376]
• Solom Solom, [122], [365]
• Songhai Empire, the, [37], [47], [48], [117], [227], [291], [408], [409], [410], [411]; Agades colonised by, [117], [410], [440]; gold trade of, [411], [414]; Moors overthrow, [411], [412]; Portuguese and, [409], [410]
• Songhai language, [117], [118]
• Sorbo Hausa, [50]
• Sores, camels’, [199], [201]
• Sottofé, Muhammad, Sultan, [369], [464]
• South, People of the, [441]
• Southern Air: Goberawa in, [379]; graves in, [263]; servile tribes in, [394]
• Southern Algeria, native Camel Corps in, [189]
• Southland, the, [17], [36]-79; Air and, political relations of, [105], [116]; Barth’s expeditions in, [23]-4, [36], [49], [59], [60]-61; bush of, [42], [43], [44], [45], [58], [444], [446]; houses and huts of, [184], [249], [250]; Itesan migration to, [109] n.[100], [366], [373]-4, [377], [392], [393], [398], [432]; Kel Geres migration to, [17], [39], [65], [143], [366], [373], [390]-91, [392], [415]; music of, [17]; Morocco and, trade between, [405]; Tuareg of, [17]-18; Tuareg ascendancy in, [54]-6; Tuareg migrations to, [17], [38]-9, [51], [65], [143], [361], [366], [373]-4, [377], [390]-91, [392], [393], [398], [411], [415], [432]
• Southward trend of migration in N. Africa, [39]
• Soyuti, El, [291], [292]
• Spain, Arab conquest of, [346], [376], [405]
• Spear grass, [226]
• Spears, People of the, [432]
• Spears, Tuareg, [233]-4, [236]
• Spirits, Tuareg belief in, and tales of, [278]-81, [300], [306]; amulets against, [282]
• Spoons, Tuareg, [229], [276]
• Spouts on roofs of Sudanese houses, [89], [90]
• Stambul, delegation from Air to, [101], [102], [104], [396]-7
• Stambul, Sultan of, story of migration ordered by, [366]-7, [380]
• Stars, Tuareg names for, [226] n.[212]
• Steppe, the Great, [334], [335]
• Steppe desert, [114], [115], [332], [333], [334], [447]; and true desert, [2], [332], [333], [334]
• Sticks for holding bridles and ropes, [277]
• Stone, not used in building in Sudan and Northern Nigeria, [89]; used by Tuareg, [89]
• Stone arm rings, Tuareg, [91], [285]-6
• Stone flags, “Garamantian way” said to be paved with, [319]
• Stone houses, [155], [184], [213], [239], [250], [418]
• Stone ornaments, small, [283]
• Stone “talhakim,” mystery of origin of, [282]-3
• Stones: circles of, round huts, [262]-3; coloured, to indicate tracks, [293]; graves marked by, [259]-60; hammered, not chiselled, [260], [264]; mounds of, as memorials, [292]-3
• Strabo, [207] n.[193], [468]
• Stuhlmann, F., [468]; on MZGh root in “Berber” names, [458], [460]
• Sub-tribes: “Kel names” of, [128]-9; lists of, [427]-41
• Succession and inheritance, matriarchal tradition in, [151]-3, [168]
• Suckling of children, protracted, [178]-9
• Sudan, the, [1] n.[1], [37]; Air and, political relations with, [105], [116]; Barth’s expedition in, [23], [37]; British share in opening up, [20]; European penetration of, [20], [36]-9; Fulani rise to power in, [415]; funerary monuments in, [261]; horse saddles of, [231]; houses of, [87], [88], [90]; Ibn Batutah in, [452], [456]; Islam in, [291]; Lemta area extends to, [345], [357], [358], [370], [445]; Mediterranean civilisation in, [37]; salt trade with, [414]; Sanhaja power in, [405]; syphilis thought to originate in, [179]; taboos originating in, [294]; “talhakim” prized in, [282]; Tuareg driven from, [358]; Tuareg evacuated to, [360]-61; wheeled vehicles in, [322]
• Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian, [1] n.[1]
• Sudan, Nilotic, [1] n.[1]; Fulani settlement in, [58]; Semitic influence in, [342]
• Sudan, Western: French expedition from, [25]; added to empire of Melle, [407]; Moorish conquest of, [411]
• Sudan Empires, the, [37]; history of, [405], [406], [407]-15; see Melle and Songhai.
• Sudanese buildings, [249]
• Sudanese historian on migrations from Red Sea, [342]
• Sudanese pottery, [161], [317]; clay amphoræ, [317]
• Suk, El, country, Tuareg migration to, [394]
• Suk, Kel el, [355], [377], [394]
• Suleiman, Mansa, [408]
• Suliman, El Haj, library of, [302]
• Sultan of Agades, see Amenokal.
• Sun, halo round, an evil omen, [296]
• Sun worship, Libyan, [276], [278], [295]; trace of, among Tuareg, [295]
• Sunni Ali, [291], [409]
• Sunni Muhammad Dau, [409]
• Sunsets, magnificent, Air, [123], [181]; superstition regarding, [296]
• Superstitions of Tuareg, [275], [293]; concerning weather, [295]-6
• Susubaki, [412]
• “Switzerland of the Sahara,” the, [317]
• Sword dance, Tuareg, [272]
• Swords, Tuareg, cross-hilted, [96], [233], [234], [236], [276], [289]
• Symbolism in Tuareg rock drawings, [264], [265]
• Synesius, [356]
• Syphilis, [179]-80
• Syria, Ibn Khaldun on inhabitants of, [339]
• Syrtis, Great, [325], [337], [365]; people of, [457]
• Syrtis, Little, [337]
• Tabello, [86], [209], [210], [243], [244], [298], [320]; houses at, [241], [244]-8, [249], [250], [251], [252]; Itesan settlements at, abandoned, [244], [389]; salt caravan assembles at, [85], [218], [219], [243]
• Taberghit valley, [58], [61], [62], [66], [67], [68], [70], [74]
• Tablet ornaments, [283]
• Tabonie, [323]
• Taboos, food, totemic, [294]-5
• Tabudium, [323]
• Taburgula, [362]
• Tabzagur, position of, [424]
• Tadadawa, Kel, [381], [434]
• Tadek valley, [395], [396], [428]
• Tadek, Kel, [26], [80], [143], [149], [150], [170], [185], [239], [298], [318], [428]-9; antiquity of, [149], [366], [428]; represent original invaders of Air, [395], [396], [400]; expelled by Kel Owi, [389]; mother of, legend of, [384]; tribes and sub-tribes of, [428]-9, [430], [440]
• Tadele, Kel, [427]
• Tademari, [47], [48], [51]
• Tademekka, [169], [254], [441]; Aulimmiden occupy, [345], [348], [358], [387], [414]
• Tademekka, city of, [405], [408]; foundation of, [399]
• Tademekkat, the, [355], [356], [357], [377]; driven out by Aulimmiden, [345], [348], [358], [387], [414]
• Tadenak, Kel, [430]
• Tadent, [101]
• Tadesa, [239]
• Tadsa, Tuareg defeat near, [412]
• Tafadek, [428]; position of, [424]
• Tafarzas, the, [434]
• Tafasas, Kel, [439]
• Tafassasset, the, [30], [31]
• Tafassasset-T’immersoi basin, [71]
• Taferaut, Kel, [438]
• Tafidet, Child of, [144]; see Añastafidet.
• Tafidet range, [157], [306], [308], [313], [436]; valley, [32] n.[37]
• Tafidet, Kel, [134], [148], [307], [370], [436], [437], [443]-4; “agoalla” of, [147]; and appointment of Añastafidet, [145], [306]; place in Kel Owi Confederation, [134], [306], [443]-4; mother of, legend of, [384]; origin of, [148], [303], [306]
• Tafilelt area, Morocco, capital of, [452] n.[449]
• Tagay (Tagei), Kel, [432]
• Tagedufat, [80], [120]; valley, [32]-3, [63]-4, [66], [67]-8, [71], [74], [76]; well, [74]
• Tagei, Kel (Ikazkazan), [210], [307], [438]; (Imaslagha), [435]; (Itesan), [397], [398], [432]
• Tagermat, Kel, [436]
• “Taghalam,” the, [219], [220]
• Tagharit valley, [131] n.[120]; lions in, [119], [120], [214] n.[206]
• Taghazit, [23], [33]
• Taghist plateau, [156], [292]
• Taghmeurt range, [157], [308], [435], [436]
• Taghmeurt, Kel, [435], [436]
• Taghmeurt n’Afara, [313], [315], [318], [319]
• Tagidda n’Adrar, [454], [455], [456]; position of, [424]
• Tagidda n’Tagei, [454], [455], [456]
• Tagidda n’T’isemt, [454], [455], [456]; position of, [424]
• Tagiddas, the: and Ibn Batutah’s “Tekadda,” [454]-6; people of, [441]
• “Tagilmus” (the Veil), [15] n.[15], [140], [287]-90
• Tagilmus, Kel, [15], [460]
• Taginna, the, [434] n.
• Tagirit, [397]
• Tagmart (Taghmeurt), Kel, [435]
• Tagunar, Kel, [430], [431]
• Tagunet, [431]
• Tagurast, [91]
• Tahanazeta, [102]
• Tahua, [42], [188], [394]
• Taiagaia, Kel, [433]
• Taitoq, the, [17], [350], [351], [354]; dialect of, [266]-7
• Takadda (Nakda), [452]
• Takarkari, the, [406]
• “Takatkat,” [164]
• Takazanzat (Takazuzat), rock of, [240]
• Takermus, Kel, [429]
• “Takirbai,” [164]
• Takrizat, [437]
• Takrizat, Kel, [209], [290], [437]; a holy tribe, [290], [291]
• “Takuba” (sword), [233]
• Talak plain, [31], [114], [131], [209], [214], [308], [351], [394], [438], [441]; tomb of Awa in, [281]
• Talak, Kel, [441]
• Talat Mellen, [308]
• “Talha” acacia, [226]
• “Talhakim,” the (ornament), [282]-3, [284]
• “Talimt,” [226] n.[212]
• Talras, [68], [450]
• Tamadalt Tan Ataram, position of, [425]
• Tamanet, [242], [243]
• Tamanghasset, [12]
• “Tamat” acacia, [226], [227]
• Tamat, Kel, [52], [60], [307], [428], [437], [438]
• Tamatut well, [60]; destroyed, [60], [451]
• Tamel, Kel, [434]
• Tamenzaret, wells of, [215], [418]
• Tamet Tedderet, position of, [425]
• Tamgak, [311], [389], [428], [437]; mother of Kel Owi settles in, [386]; “Wild Men” of, [306]-7, [437]
• Tamgak mountains, [157], [311], [314] n.[275], [315], [316], [317], [321], [396]
• Tamgak, Kel, [306], [394], [400], [437]; one of the original five tribes, [368], [378], [379]; modern representatives of, [395], [396], [400], [437]
• Tamizgidda, Kel, [53], [439]
• Tamkak, the, [368]; see Tamgak, Kel.
• Tanamari, [51]
• “Tanghot” (spirit), [281]
• Tanut (in Damergu), [47], [48], [52], [69], [81], [119] n.[107], [418], [451]; position of, [424]
• Tanut (near Marandet), [119], [121]
• Tanut Unghaidan, [122]
• Tanutmolet, [316], [430]; houses in, [248]
• Tanutmolet, Kel, [430]-31
• Tanzar, the, [434]
• Taodenit, [219]; salt deposits of, [30], [411], [452] n.[450]
• “Tara,” camel disease, [201]
• Tara Bere, [91]
• Taranet, Kel, [439]
• Tarantulas, [227]
• Tarat Mellet, the, [394]
• “Tarei tan Kel Owi,” [61], [308], [314]
• Tarenkat, [433]
• Targa, the, [19], [445]; Ibn Khaldun on, [343]; Leo Africanus describes Air and Ahaggar as inhabited by, [19], [331], [332], [333], [334], [337]-8, [359]; and the name “Tuareg,” [273], [338], [348]-9, [461]
• Tariq, [376]
• “Tariqa,” Senussi, [290]
• “Tarki” (Tarqi) and the word “Tuareg,” [257], [274], [460], [461]
• Tarrajerat, [80]
• Taruaji, [418]
• Taruaji mountains, [78], [84], [86], [126], [127], [156], [183]
• “Tasalgi” (north), [244], [247]
• Tasawa, [305], [411]
• Tasawat, [244]; mosque of, [255]-6
• Tasessat, [239]
• Tashel (Taschell, Tashil), the, [433]
• Tashkeur (Teshkar) well, [446] n.[446]
• Tasr, wells of, [446]-7
• Tassili, Azger, [260], [261]
• Tatenei, Kel, [381]
• Tateus well, [66], [74]
• Tattus, Kel, [438]
• Tautek, [405]
• Tawarek, the, [118], [257], [273], [460]; Arab etymology of, [257]; see Tuareg.
• Tazizilet, [69], [71], [219]
• Tebehic, [80], [82]; position of, [424]; spirits of, [279]
• Tebernit valley, [243]; water holes, [242]
• Tebu, the, [16], [109], [218], [318], [358], [403], [413], [443], [446]; Berdeoa, people of, identified with, [335]-6; Bornu dynasty of, [372], [374]; boundary between Tuareg and, [358], [443]; camel saddles of, [277]; camels of, [196]; Dunama II’s war with, [374]; Ikaradan, Temajegh name for, [117], [335], [430], [441]; Itesan driven out by, [389], [413]; language of, [118], [155]; origin of, [335]-6; raids by, [59], [69], [188], [190], [296], [320], [327], [350], [389], [444], [450]; throwing irons used by, [235]; treachery of, [98], [236]; Tuareg driven from south by, [358]; Tuareg feud with, [98], [190], [442], [443]; women of, wives of kings of Kanem, [373], [374]
• Technique of raids, [11], [189]-93, [236], [237]
• Tecoum, the, [441]
• Teda, the, [335], [373] n.[387]
• Teda Inisilman, [155]
• Tedamansii, the, [336]
• Tedekel, Kel, [437]
• “Tedi” or “teddi” (measure of length), [222]
• Tedmukkeren (Tetmokarak), the, [433]
• “Tefakint,” [221]
• Tefgun, mosque of, [27], [149], [317], [428]
• Tefgun, Kel, [428]
• T’efira, [127] n.[115]
• Tefis, [248], [431]; mosque of, [256], [258], [418]
• Tefis, Kel, [431]
• Tegama (Southern Air), [23], [32], [53], [64], [65], [188], [209], [303]; Barth in, [23], [53], [118]; camels of, [196], [197], [210]; servile tribes of, [127], [128], [394]; villages of, [127]-8
• Tegama valley, [58]
• Tegama, Kel, [53]-4, [64]-5, [118], [127], [128], [394], [433], [443]; defeated by Kel Geres, [391]; women of, [118]
• Tegama, Sultan, [98]-9, [109], [465]
• Tegaza, [404] n.[419], [452]; Moors capture, [411]; salt mines of, [332], [411], [452] n.[450]
• Tegbeshi, [184]
• “Tegehe” (descendants), [350] n.[336]
• Tegehe Mellen, the, [350]
• Tegehe n’Aggali, the, [350], [352]
• Tegehe n’Efis, [351]
• Tegehe n’es Sidi, the, [350], [351]
• Tegehe n’Essakal, [351], [352]
• Tegemi (Tégémui), [68]
• Teget (Tagei), Kel, [435]
• Teghazar valley, [84], [86], [241]
• Teghzeren, Kel, [433]
• Tegibbut, the, [434]
• Tegidda valley, [215], [299]
• Teginjir, [33]; plain, [241], [242]; position of, [425]; spring, [241]
• Tegir, [430]
• Tegir, Kel, [430]
• Teguer, Kel, [430]
• Tehammam, the, [427]
• Tehenu, the, [337], [462] n.[481]
• Tehert, [337]
• Tekadda, [406], [408]
• Ibn Batutah’s, [452]-3, [454], [455], [456]; copper mines of, [452]-3, [454]; identification of, attempted, [454], [455]; Sultan of, [151], [152], [406], [454], [455]
• “Tekerkeri, the,” [406]
• T’ekhmedin, the guide, [185]-7, [195], [225], [239]
• Tekursat valley, the, [60], [61]
• Telamse, Kel, [432]
• Telezu valley, [239], [240], [243]
• Telia, position of, [425]
• Telizzarhen, [265]; rock drawings of, [319]
• Tellia valley, [243]
• Teloas-Tabello, position of, [424]
• Telwa river, [122]-3, [127]; valley, [84], [115], [122]-3, [125], [414], [441]
• Temagheri, the, [372], [373]
• Temahu, the, [376], [462]
• Temajegh, [12], [15], [118], [154], [266], [269], [270]-71, [462]; camel names in, [197]; Christianity, words associated with, in, [277]-8; dictionaries of, [12], [467]; etymology of, [15] n.[14], [373], [462]; “Kel” names in, [129]; Latin, traces of, in, [75] n.[70], [278]; origin of, [267]-8, [270]; Quran translated into, [269]; written, see T’ifinagh.
• Tembellaga, [58]
• Temed, [321], [428]
• “Temeder” (part of the Veil), [287]
• Temperatures in the Sahara, [4], [298]
• Tents, Tuareg, [89], [212]
• “Terga,” [273], [461]; see Targa.
• Tergulawen, [50], [61], [62], [67], [69], [114], [242], [390]; road, [70]; well, [59], [60], [74], [80]
• Terjeman, quarter of Agades, [91], [118]
• Terminal points of trans-desert traffic, [110], [111]
• Termit, [32], [46], [58], [67], [68], [81], [218], [320], [448]-50; author’s march to, [46], [81], [444], [446]-51; drainage of, [450]; mountains of, [448], [449]-50; position of, [424]; rocks of, oddly shaped, [450]; wells of, [443], [447], [448]-9, [451]
• Territories du Niger, [41]-2, [43], [189], [416]
• Tesabba valley, [210]
• Teshkar, [446], [447], [451]; position of, [424]
• Teskokrit, [69], [72]
• Tessawa, [42], [43], [46], [47]; position of, [424]
• Tessuma valley, [243]
• Tetmokarak, the, [65], [381], [433]
• Teworshekaken valleys, [61]
• Tezirzak, [428]
• Tezogiri valley, [78]
• Tgibbu (Tegibbut), the, [434]
• Thorns in vegetation of Air, [199], [226]
• Throwing-iron, used by Tebu, [235]
• Thuben, [323]
• Thugga inscription, [267]
• Thukdha (Nakda), [452]
• Thunderbolt, an evil omen, [296]
• Thunderstorms, violent, [82]-3, [451]
• Tiakkar, the, [434]
• T’iaman, [143]
• Tibawi (Tebu), [335]
• Tibesti, [7], [92], [98], [218], [334], [335], [403], [444]; identified with Agisymba Regio, [325], [326], [327]; camels of, [195]; camels commandeered for expeditions to, [205]; drainage system of, [3]; mountains of, [2], [4], [32]; raiding in, [187], [193], [276], [444]; rainfall of, [4]; rock drawing in, [276]; unknown area of, [32]; Turkish penetration of, [327]
• Tidikelt, [111]
• Tidrak hills, [156], [181]
• Tifaut, [405]
• T’ifinagh (Tuareg script), [15]-16, [263], [264], [266]-9, [271], [276], [289]; name of Air in, [454]; alphabet of, [266]-7; Arabic letters in, [271]; Ifadeyen familiarity with, [268], [400]; inscriptions in, [81], [264], [268], [269], [286]; origin of, [267]-8; Quran in, [269]; taught by women, [173]-4, [268]
• T’igefen, [450]
• Tiggedi cliff, [65], [70], [71], [76]-7, [454] n.[456]; defeat of Kel Tegama at, [391]
• “Tiggeur” acacia, [226]
• T’ighummar valley, [215]
• Tikammar cheese, [157], [158]
• Tildhin, the, [412]
• Tilemsan, [291]
• Tilho, Colonel, [30]; Anglo-French frontier delimitation by, [41]; maps of, [33] n.[38], [41], [466]; observations made by, [422], [424]
• T’ilimsawin hills, [156]
• T’ilimsawin, Kel, [432]
• T’ilisdak valley, [127], [435]
• Tilkatine, the, [434] n.
• Tilutan, [404]
• Timbuctoo, [7], [23], [30], [110], [344], [354], [405]; earliest accounts of, [19]; camels of, [196]; foundation of, [407]; Melle conquest and loss of, [407], [408]; mithkal of, [222]; Moorish garrison in, [411]; “People of the West” in, [441]; salt caravan from, [188], [219], [452] n.[451]; Songhai conquest of, [409]; Tuareg of, [18]; Tuareg conquest and loss of, [408], [409]
• Timbuctoo-Cairo pilgrim road, [114], [318]
• Timbulaga, [70]
• T’imia, [33], [186], [204], [216]-17, [241], [290], [299], [308], [311], [385], [439]; houses in, [248], [250]; hut circles at, [262]; Kel Owi invasion of, [389]; massif of, [33], [216], [242]; measures used in, [221]; mosque of, [385]; rock drawing at, [194] n.[178]; women of, [173]
• T’imia, Kel, [298], [439]; mixed, [440]
• T’imilen mountains, [299]
• T’imilen valley, [243], [299]
• T’immersoi, [31], [32], [33], [78]
• “Timmi” (oath of friendship), [237]
• T’imuru peak, [300]
• T’in Awak mountain, [300]
• T’in Dawin, [78]; position of, [424]
• T’in Shaman, [116], [364]-5, [367]; French post at, [86], [99], [365]; position of, [424]
• T’in Taboraq, [82], [84], [85]; position of, [424]
• T’in Tarabin valley, [9], [30]
• T’in Wafara, [437]
• T’in Wana, [71], [73], [76], [77], [78], [80], [213]; fossil trees at, [81]-2, [259] n.[226]; pool of, [81]; position of, [424]; rock inscriptions at, [81]
• T’in Wansa, [309]; houses in, [248]
• T’in Yerutan, [404]
• T’inalkum, Kel, [355], [383] n.[400]
• T’inien, [214]; position of, [424]
• T’inien mountains, [125], [156]
• T’intabisgi, [427], [428]
• Tintagete, Kel, [435]
• T’intaghoda, [26], [122], [308], [316], [390], [436], [437]; Barth’s expedition attacked at, [23], [290], [312]; capital of Northern Air, [316]; houses of, [248], [316]; mosque of, [257], [258], [316]
• T’intaghoda, Kel, [129], [312], [437]; a holy tribe, [291], [306], [437]
• T’intellust, [308], [309], [311], [319], [320], [321], [436]; Barth’s headquarters at, [23], [122], [308], [312]-13
• T’intellust, Kel, [435]
• Tinteyyat, [435]
• Tinylcum, the, [383]
• Tinylkum, Barth’s, [355]
• Tirekka, [405]
• “Tirik” (riding saddle), [230]-31
• T’iriken peak, [299]-300
• Tirza, [180] n.[172]
• Tisak n’Talle, [91]
• T’Isemt, Kel, [441]
• Tishorén (Tuareg), [460]
• Tiski, the Children of, [342]-3, [349]
• Tissot, C. J.: Géographie comparée, [207] n.[190]
• Tit, Ahaggar Tuareg defeated at, [10], [11], [328]
• T’iugas and her six daughters, story of, [384]
• T’iwilmas, [314], [316]
• T’iyut valley, [23], [31] n.[36], [367]
• Tizraet, the pool of, [418]
• Tobacco chewed by Tuareg, [211]
• Tobacco snuff as remedy for camel disease, [200]
• Todra, Mount, [84], [123], [127], [131], [156], [181], [183], [184], [213], [214], [215], [216], [239]
• Toga, North African robes said to be descended from, [285]
• Toiyamama, the, [434]
• Tokede valley, [239], [240], [243]
• Toledo swords owned by Tuareg, [233]
• Tomb of Awa, [281]
• Tombs (see Graves), Air, [259]-63; possibly made in floor of hut, [263]
• Tools, Tuareg, [229]
• Toreha, [180] n.[172]
• Toshit N’Yussuf, [438]
• Totemism, survival of, among Tuareg, [294]-5, [394] n.[408]
• Tournées d’apprivoisement, [11]
• Towar, [183], [184]-5, [186], [195], [238], [239], [240], [243], [283], [440]; houses in, [248], [252]
• Towar river, [183]
• Towar, Kel, [184], [439]; mixed, [184], [440]
• Tower of Agades, [94]; see Minaret.
• Tracks, marked by coloured stones, [293]
• Trade roads, [5], [23], [37], [38]; map of, [5]; railway’s effect on, [38]; see Caravan roads.
• Traghen, [112]
• Transliteration, difficulties of, [271], [350] n.[338]
• Transport enterprises, Kel Owi monopoly of, [390]
• Trans-Saharan caravan roads, [308]-9, [318]
• Trans-Saharan railway, suggestion of, [38]
• Travelling bags, leather, Tuareg, [228]
• Treachery, Tuareg averse to, [236], [237]
• Treaty between Tuareg and original inhabitants of Air, tradition of, [367]-8
• Trees, fossil, [81]-2, [259] n.[226]
• Triangular ornaments (“talhakim”), [282]-3
• Tribal allegiance derived through mother, [149]-51
• Tribal alliances, [147]-8
• Tribal chiefs: and the Amenokal, [108], [144]; authority of, passing to village headmen, [127]-8, [131]; functions of, [110], [147]; measures kept by, [220]; selection of, [108]
• Tribal classification, importance attached by Tuareg to, [143]-5
• Tribal councils, women in, [168], [169]
• Tribal feuds set aside in trade centres, [111]
• Tribal groupings, [147]-8
• Tribal histories, [360], [361]-2
• Tribal marks on camels, [201]-2
• Tribal names, Tuareg, [128]-31
• Tribal organisation of Tuareg of Air, [393], [400], [426]-41
• Tribal warfare, [390], [391], [392], [402]-3; before appointment of common ruler, [101]
• Tribes, colour differences in, [161], [162]; holy, [290]-91, [306], [355], [357], [437], [438], [439], [440]; of mixed caste, [355]; noble and servile, see Imajeghan, Imghad, and Noble and servile tribes.
• Tripoli, [110]; caravan road, [23], [48], [61], [242]; Col. Hamer Warrington Consul at, [21]; embassy from Bornu to, [410]
• Tripolitania, [41], [187], [208], [358], [457]; former British paramountcy in, [20], [21], [22]; anti-French and -British activities in, [84]; Hawara in, [345]; Islam, spread of, in, [257]; Italian occupation of, Tuareg and, [8]; rock drawings in, [318]; Southern, Roman occupation of, [323]
• Trotting on camels thought unwise, [193]
• Trousers, Tuareg, [164], [289]
• Tsabba valley, [210]
• T’Sidderak hills, [214]
• T’Sidderak, Agoalla of, [397]
• T’Sidderak, Kel, [381], [432]
• Tuaghet pool, [427]
• Tuareg of Ahaggar, see Ahaggaren.
• Tuareg of Air: not a tribe but a people, [14], [461]; racial purity of, [16], [137], [161], [162], [163]
• their arrival in Air, [359], [366]-93, [394], [395], [396], [397], [403], [404], [405]-6; its date, [364], [371], [373], [375], [381], [403], [404]; their vicissitudes, [401]-16; future of, [420], [421]
• accounts of, [8]-9, [10], [14], [18]-20, [24], [25], [28]
• adultery not common among, [177]
• agriculture despised by, [127], [134], [174], [360]
• amulets worn by, [282], [284]
• ancestry of, [7]-8, [254], [345]-6, [353], [359], [366], [367], [368], [369], [385]-7, [403], [462]; Bello on, [368], [369], [371]; Ibn Khaldun on, [343]-4, [345], [346], [347], [348], [353], [379]; Leo Africanus on, [330]-31, [332], [334]-5, [337]-8, [343], [344], [345], [348], [349]
• animism of, [295]
• architecture of, [184], [241], [244]-59, [377], [378]
• art of, [246], [263]-5
• belts worn by, [180], [194], [236], [237]
• Berbers and, [7], [16], [338], [371], [372], [458], [461]
• “Black” and “White,” [139]-40
• blue-eyed, [16]
• calm manner of, [420]
• caravan trade of, [7], [38], [48], [50], [142], [145], [146]; see Salt caravans.
• caste system of, [103]-4, [108], [136], [137]-8; see Imajeghan and Imghad.
• cattle trade of, [133]-4, [190], [202]-5
• characteristics lost by, [40]-41
• children of, [148]-9, [174], [177]-9, [181], [268], [400]
• chivalry of, [168], [236]-7
• Christianity, former, of, [275]-8, [284]-5, [289], [293]-4
• circumcision practised by, [179]
• civilisation of, present, decline from earlier, [7], [255], [265], [268], [378]
• civilising rôle of, [37], [393], [401]
• cleanliness of, [163], [273], [274]
• colouring of, [161]-2, [173], [367], [460]
• courage of, [11], [169]-70, [236], [237], [354]
• dancing of, [44], [272]
• disease among, [178], [179]-80
• divorce among, [176]-7
• dress of, [14], [15], [95]-6, [163]-7, [177], [265], [289]
• education among, [174], [177]-8, [268], [400]
• Europeans and, [8], [23], [24], [154], [290]
• evacuation of, by French, [113], [121]-2, [302], [309], [360]-61, [426]
• family system of, [103]-4, [147], [148]-53, [373], [398]
• female descent among, [103]-4, [148]-53, [373], [398]
• festivals of, [181], [274]-5
• food of, [157]-60, [174], [211], [212]
• French and: hostilities between, [9]-11, [13], [26], [51], [52], [114] n.[104], [236], [328]; migration of some tribes from, [51], [350], [352]; pacific attitude of others, [26]-7, [51], [52], [414] n.[429]; revolt against, in 1917, [39], [59], [60], [69], [70], [84]-5, [86], [93], [98], [121]-2, [127]-8, [169], [185], [205], [302], [309], [420]
• furniture of, [229]-30
• geographical knowledge of, [265]-6
• government of, [144]-8
• graves and tombs of, [181], [229], [259]-63
• greetings used between, [419]
• historical knowledge of, [265], [360], [361]-2
• honour, sense of, among, [296]
• hospitality of, [210], [237]
• houses of, various types, [89], [90], [92], [181], [184], [239], [240]-41, [244]-55, [256], [302], [309], [310]-11, [314], [315]-16, [377]-8, [381], [389], [393]
• huts of, [184], [253], [254], [262]-3
• industries of, [131], [164]-6, [174], [227]-30, [231], [277], [310]
• judicial system of, [107], [110]
• Kings of, see Amenokal; list of, [463]-5
• language of, [15]; see Temajegh.
• Libyans and, [7], [262], [341], [342], [356], [366], [462]
• literature of, [173], [263], [269], [360], [361]-2
• live stock of, [133]-4, [190], [202], [203], [204]-5
• love affairs among, [174]-5, [176]
• marriage system of, [170]-71, [173], [174], [175]-7, [181], [289]
• matriarchal system among, [103]-4, [148]-53, [170], [171]
• medicine among, [82], [180]-81, [201]
• migrations of, see Migrations.
• ministers and officials of, [106]-7
• monarchy, democratic, of, [107]-8, [145]
• monogamy usual among, [170], [171]
• mosques of, [86], [87], [93], [94], [255]-8, [301]-2, [360], [361]
• music of, [272]
• name of, [14], [15], [118], [257], [273]-4, [412] n.[426], [454], [459]-60, [461]; derivation of, [348]-9
• noble and servile, [15], [103]-4, [110], [128], [137], [140]-43, [217]; see Imajeghan and Imghad.
• nomadism of, [16], [208], [209], [212], [400], [406]
• numbers of, [402]
• origin of, see above under ancestry of.
• ornaments of, [282]-6
• patience of, [296], [420]
• physical type of, [161]-3, [172], [177], [187], [217]
• poetry of, [169], [173], [263], [265], [271], [272]
• population of, [402]
• pottery of, [160]-61, [317]
• prostitution among, [177]
• proverbs of, [176], [182], [237], [420], [421]
• raiding by, [51], [59], [187], [188], [189], [190]-94
• “red” colouring of, [162], [173], [367], [460]
• religion of, [273]-8, [290], [291]-4; earlier, possibly Christianity, [275]-8, [293]-4; traces of Christian influence, [275]-6, [277], [278], [284]-5, [289], [293]-4; their conversion to Islam, and their lax practice, [273], [274], [290], [291], [293], [324]-5
• revolt of, 1917, see above under French.
• script of, [15]-16; see T’ifinagh.
• shields of, [234]-5, [276], [444]
• slave trading, former, by, [135]
• slaves of, [15] n.[13], [103]-4, [105], [134], [135], [140], [150], [178]
• snuff taken by, [211], [220]
• Sultan of, see Amenokal.
• superstitions of, [275], [278]-81, [293], [295]-6
• taboos among, [294]-5
• tobacco chewed by, [211]
• tools of, [229]
• totemism among, [294]-5, [394] n.[408]
• trade of, [38], [48], [50], [133], [414]
• tribal names of, [128]-31
• tribes and sub-tribes of, [143]-5, [393], [400], [426]-41
• unselfishness of, [95], [177], [178]
• vanity of, [95]
• Veil worn by, [14]-15, [139]-40, [163], [284]-90, [328]-9
• warfare, methods of, [236]-7; tribal, [101], [390], [391], [392], [402]-3
• weapons of, [233]-6, [276]; allegiance to armes blanches, [55], [235]-6, [328]; arm daggers, [234]; knives, [234], [236]; spears, [233]-4, [236]; swords, [96], [233], [234], [236], [276], [289]
• weights and measures of, [220]-22
• women of, see Women, Tuareg.
• Tuareg, Azger, Damergu, Elakkos, Fezzan, etc., see under those heads.
• Tuat, [9], [260], [291], [292], [332], [334]; earliest account of, [19]; Ibn Batutah’s journey to, [453], [455], [456]; Jews massacred in, [291]
• Tuat road, [318], [353], [453]
• Tuat-Tidikelt area, [111]
• Tuberculosis case at Auderas, [180]
• Tubuzzat, Kel, [437]
• “Tufakoret” (solar halo), [296]
• Tuggurt, [9], [111]
• Tukda (Nakda), [452]
• Tumayu, [372]
• Tummo, [320]
• Tumuli, funerary, [260]-61
• Tunfafia, [180] n.[172]
• Tunisia, [325], [341], [457]; Christianity in, [294]; the Circumcelliones in, [328]; spread of Islam in, [257]
• Tunsi, El, [192]
• Turayet, [51], [418]; graves in, [263]; valley, [84], [183]
• Turdja, [180] n.[172]
• Turha, [180] n.[172]
• Turks: their part in the 1917 revolt, [93], [98]; penetration of Tibesti by, [327]
• Ufa Atikin, position of, [425]
• Ufugum, Kel, [434]
• Ula, [191]
• Ulcer, nasal, caused by sand, [180]
• Ulli, Kel, [52], [129], [307], [437], [438], [441]; Damergu, [440]
• ’Umbellu, the ’alim, [217], [270], [290], [385], [389]
• Umuzut, Kel, [428]; Damergu, [440]
• Unankara valley, [308], [390]
• Uncle, maternal, descent traced through, [151]
• Ungwa, Kel, [433]
• Unnar, Kel, [381], [432], [433]
• Uraren, position of, [425]
• Urn burial, [161], [263]; pre-Tuareg example of, [121]
• Urufan, [44]; position of, [424]
• Ushr, [180] n.[172]
• Utzila, the, [343]
• Uye, Kel, [432]
• Valleys, of Air, [34]-5, [83]-4; of Azawagh, [61]-2, [63], [66]-7, [71], [76]
• Vassalage and Imghadage compared, [38], [140], [141]
• Vegetables, cultivation of, [131]-2, [133]
• Vegetation, desert, [64], [70], [226]; hardiness of, [67]; rain and, [124]; Elakkos and Termit, [445], [446], [449]
• Veil, People of the, see Tuareg.
• Veil, the, [14]-15, [41], [284], [286]-90, [328]; appearance of Tuareg without, [187]; colour of, [117], [139]-40; how put on, [287]-8; Southerners adopt practice of wearing, [41]; theories concerning, [288]-90; not worn by women and slaves, [15], [140], [288]
• Venereal disease, [179]-80
• Vespasian, [322]
• Vesuvius, [242]
• Vicissitudes of Tuareg in Air, [401]-16
• Village organisations, effect of 1917 revolt on, [127]-8, [338]-9
• Villagers, nomads’ lot envied by, [212]
• Villages, Central and North African type, [42], [43], [48], [87]-90, [91]; Damergu, [48]; Elakkos, [442], [443], [446]; Tuareg, no factions in, [338]
• Viper, Sand, [227]
• Vizir, the, Agades, [106], [116]
• Vogel, Dr., [21]
• Volcanic origin of Saharan mountains, [2]; phenomena in geology of Air, [33], [79], [81], [183], [215], [216]
• Volcano, Gheshwa, [241]-2
• Von Bary, Erwin, see Bary.
• Voulet, Captain, French expedition under, [25]-6, [51]
• Wad Righ, [9]
• Wadai, [7], [334]
• Wadan, [325], [332] n.[301]
• Wadi el Shati, [354]
• Wadigi valley, [431]
• Wadigi, Kel, [431], [432], [437]
• Wahat, El, [6]
• “Wakili,” the Sultan’s, [106]
• Walad Delim, the, [344], [345] n.[328], [358]
• Walata, [153], [175], [332], [404] n.[419], [405]
• War of Famine, the, [414]
• Warfare, desert: raids distinct from, [190]; small numbers involved in, [11]; Tuareg methods of, [236]-7
• Wargla, [9], [110], [335]
• Warrington, Colonel Hamer, [21]
• Warrington, Henry, [21]
• Water, native powers of abstinence from, [189], [208], [209], [210]
• “Water of the Horse,” [325]-6
• Water-skins, [232]
• Watering points: for salt caravans, [219]; technique of raids and, [11], [188], [189]; see Wells.
• Wati, Kel, [412]-13
• Wau el Harir, [336]
• Wau el Kebir, [6]
• Wau el Namus, [6]
• Wau el Seghir, [6]
• Wawat People of the West, [6]
• Weather superstitions, Tuareg, [295]-6
• Weathering, uneven in action, [321]
• Webster, G. W., [362] n.[356]
• Weights and measures, Air, [220]-22
• Welimmid (Aulimmiden), the, [357]
• Well, iron in, Ibn Batutah on, [453]
• Well, People of the Deep, [308]
• Wells, [7], [74]-6, [80], [300]; filled in during revolt, [59], [60], [451]; not poisoned in warfare, [236]; silted up, [66], [72], [74]
• of Azawagh, [74]-6, [80]; of Elakkos, [445]-6, [447]; irrigation, [132]-3; attributed to the Itesan, [377], [378], [393]; of Northern Air, [300]; origin and guardianship of, [74]-5, [377], [378], [393]
• West, People of the, [129], [441]
• West and north, confusion of terms for, [244], [247]
• Western Negroland: Sanhaja dominant in, [404]-5; occupied by Songhai, [409]
• Western Sahara, [3]-4; caravan route to, [7]; Sanhaja rulers of, [404], [405]
• Western Sudan, French expedition from, [25]
• Wheat: cultivation of, [131], [133]; “kus-kus” made of, [157]-8; considered a luxury, [160]
• Wheeled transport, ancient use of, in Air, discussed, [318]-19, [320], [321]-2, [324]
• “White” and “Black” Tuareg, [139]-40
• White camels, [196]
• “White Nobles,” Tuareg term for British, [459]
• “White People,” the (Arab traders), [106], [404]
• “White People,” the (Kel Ahamellan), [352]
• Wild donkeys, [204]
• “Wild Men of Air,” the, [306]-7
• Wireless stations: Agades, [86]; raiders handicapped by, [188]
• “Witnesses, The,” [260]
• Wives of Tuareg: male friends allowed to, [175]-6; monogamy usual in Air, [170], [171]; purchase of, [177]
• Wolof language, [118]
• Women: Bardamah, [406], [452]; Bororoji, [57]; Hausa and Kanuri, [44]; Kel Owi, [180]; Tegama, [54]
• Tuareg: general status of, [167]-71, [272], [293]; claimed as tribal ancestresses or leaders, [398]; in childbirth, [179]; courage of, [169]-70; descent traced through, [103]-4, [148]-53, [373], [398]; divination by, [281]-2; dress of, [167], [172]; eat with men, [174]; education given by, [173]-4, [268], [400]; faces of, painted, [173]; fatness of, [118], [172], [406]; forwardness of, [54], [118]; household duties of, [174]; industries in hands of, [174], [227]; male friends of, [175]-6; marriage system, [170]-71, [174], [175]-6, [181], [196]-7; noble, high standing of, [150], [151], [168], [169], [171], [172], [174]; old, handsomeness of, [173]; ornaments of, [283]; as poets, [169], [173], [271], [272]; property owned by, [168]-9, [177], [293]; in public life, [168], [169]; salons held by, [272]; spirits supposed to attack, [279]-81; veil not worn by, [15], [288]; young, [172], [173], [174]-5
• World, roundness of, known to Tuareg, [266]
• Wounds, Tuareg treatment of, [201]
• Yellow ochre used as cosmetic, [173]
• Yemen, the, [341]; early invasion from, [371]
• Yes, Quarter of, Ghat, [258]
• Yiti, Kel, [412]
• Youngest member of party made cook, [159]
• Youths, Tuareg, dress of, [289]
• Yunis, Sultan, [102], [103], [104], [463]
• Yusif (ben el Haj Ahmed ibn el Haj Abeshan), Sultan, [102] n.[91], [103], [413], [464]
• Za Alayamin (el Yemani), Libyan dynasty of, [404]
• Za Yasebi, [408]
• Zakarkaran, the, [428]
• Zamfarawa, the, [391]
• Zanhaga, desert of, [332]
• Zanziga, the, [332], [333], [334], [343], [348]
• Zaria, type of houses of, [87]
• Zawzawa, [46], [145]
• Zegawa, the [343]
• Zegedan, Kel, [435]
• Zelim massif. [33]; pool of, [317], [427]
• Zella, [374] n.[389]
• Zenega, the, [331]
• Zerumini, the, [433]
• Zibduwa, [412]
• Zilalet, [299], [431], [440]; position of, [425]
• Zilalet, Kel, [384], [431], [440]
• Zinder, [42], [43]-4, [49], [50], [51], [85], [189], [418]; French garrison at, [85]; Senussi “zawia” at, [49]
• Zinder-Chad, territory of, [50]
• Zinder-Fashi-Kawar road, [32]
• Zipta mountain, [327]
• Zuila (Cillala), [112], [323], [347]
• Zu’lhajja, [274]
• Zungu, [46]
• Zurbatan, the, [434]
• Zurika, position of, [425]

Map showing M^R. FRANCIS RODD’S ROUTES in AÏR AND ADJACENT PARTS of FRENCH WEST AFRICA

Published by permission of the Royal Geographical Society.

Transcriber's note: