The simplest way for bridging a narrow, deep stream is to fell a tree, or two trees side by side, on the bank, so that they fall across the stream. With an adze you then flatten the topside; put up a hand-rail, and there you have a very good bridge.
Rafts, too, can be used. You build your raft alongside the bank, in the water if the river is shallow; on the bank if deep. When it is finished you hold on to the down stream end, push the other out from the bank and let the stream carry it down into position.
Rope Bridge.
SELF MEASURES.
Every pioneer should know his exact personal measurement in the following details (of which I give the average man's measure):
| Nail joint of forefinger, or breath of thumb | 1 inch. |
| Span of thumb and forefinger | 8 inches. |
| Span of thumb and little finger or other finger | 9 inches. |
| (This also gives you the length of your foot). | |
| Wrist to elbow | 10 inches. |
| Elbow to tip of forefinger (called "cubit") | 17 inches. |
| Middle of kneecap to ground | 18 inches. |
Extended arms, from finger-tip to finger-tip, is called a fathom and nearly equals your height.
Pulse beats about 75 times a minute: each beat is a little quicker than a second.
Pace: A pace is about 2-1/2 feet: about 120 paces equal 100 yards. Fast walking paces are shorter than when going slow.