The Tragedy of St. Helena

by Baron Walter Runciman Runciman

Correspondence of Napoleon.
Last Letters of Napoleon.
Letters and Despatches of the First Napoleon, by Bingham.
Napoleon's Miscellanies.
Napoleon's Own Memoirs.
Napoleon Anecdotes, Ireland.
Talks of Napoleon at St. Helena, by Count Gourgaud.
Napoleon's Correspondence with King Joseph.
Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, by H.F. Hall.
Letters from the Island of St. Helena.
History of Napoleon, by Lanfrey.
Life of Napoleon, by Sir Walter Scott.
Life of Napoleon, by J.H. Rose.
Napoleon, by Phyfe.
Private Life of Napoleon, by Levy.
Life of Napoleon, by Bourrienne.
Short Life of Napoleon, by J.R. Seeley.
Life of Napoleon the Third, by Blanchard.
Life of Napoleon, by W. Hazlitt.
History of Napoleon, edited by R.H. Horne.
Life of Napoleon, by MacFarlane.
History of Napoleon, by George Moir Bussey.
Life of Napoleon, by W.M. Sloane.
Napoleon, by J.T. Bailey.
Napoleon, by Dr. Max Lenz.
Baron de Meneval, Memoirs.
Memoirs of Count Miot de Melito.
Memoirs of General Count Rapp, written by himself.
Memoirs of the Duke of Rovigo.
Memoirs of Madame Junot, Duchess of Abrantès.
Secret Memoirs of Napoleon, by Charles Doris.
Mallet Du Pan, by B. Mallet.
Madame de Staël.
Recollections of Marshal MacDonald.
Memoirs of the Empress Josephine.
Memoirs of Queen Hortense.
Memoirs of the Court of St. Cloud.
Memoirs of the Empress Marie Louise, by De St. Amand.
Memoirs of Joseph.
Memoirs of Madame de Remusat.
Life of Nelson, by Southey.
Life of Wellington, by George Hooper.
Life of Sir Walter Scott, by Lockhart.
Dumourier Memoirs.
Life of Byron.
William Pitt, by Lord Rosebery.
William Pitt, by Charles Whibley.
Memoirs of the Court of the Empress Josephine, by Ducrest.
The Sailor King, by Fitzgerald Molloy.
Marmont Memoirs.
General Marbot Memoirs.
Marshal Berthier, by General Derrecagaix.
Constant, Memoirs of the Life of Napoleon.
Napoleon and Marie Louise, by Madame Durand.
The Women Napoleon Loved, by Tighe Hopkins.
The Marriages of the Bonapartes, by Bingham.
Napoleon at Home, by F. Masson.
Napoleon et les Femmes, by F. Masson.
Josephine, Imperatrice et Reine, by F. Masson.
Love of an Uncrowned Queen, by Wilkins.
The Love Affairs of Napoleon, by Joseph Turquan.
The Women Bonapartes, by Noel Williams.
Las Cases' Journal.
Napoleon at St. Helena and Sir Hudson Lowe, by Forsyth.
Napoleon's Captivity in Relation to Sir Hudson Lowe, by R.C. Seaton.
The Exile of St. Helena, by Philippe Gonnard.
Napoleon, Last Voyages, by J.H. Rose.
The Last Days of Napoleon, by Dr. F. Antommarchi.
Duke of Reichstadt, by De Wertheimer.
Napoleon, the First Phase, by Oscar Browning.
Napoleon, The Last Phase, by Lord Rosebery.
Talks of Napoleon at St. Helena, by Latimer.
The Surrender of Napoleon, by Rear-Admiral Sir Frederick Maitland.
Napoleon in Exile, by Barry O'Meara.
The Drama of St. Helena, by Paul Frembeaux.
History of a Crime, by Victor Hugo.
History of the Captivity of Napoleon, by Count Montholon.
Warden's Letters from St. Helena.
With Napoleon at St. Helena, by Dr. John Stokoe.
Napoleon's Last Voyages, by Sir Thomas Usher.
Napoleon and His Fellow Travellers, by Clement Shorter.
An Exposition of Some of the Transactions that have taken
place at St. Helena since the Appointment of Sir Hudson
Lowe as Governor of that Island, by B.E. O'Meara.
Facts Illustrative of the Treatment of Napoleon Bonaparte
in St. Helena, by Theodore Hook (?).
History of the Consulate and the Empire, by Thiers.
Napoleon's Expedition to Russia, by Count Philippe de Segur.
Napoleon in Russia, by Verestchagen.
Napoleon, King of Elba, by Paul Gruyer.
Cambridge Modern History, Volume IX., Sections by—
Georges Pariset.
T.A. Walker.
H.W. Wilson.
Anton Guilland.
H.A.L. Fisher.
L.G. Wickham-Legg.
E.M. Lloyd.
J. Holland Rose.
August Keim.
C.W. Oman.
Eugen Stschepkin.
Julius von Pflugk-Harttung.
A.W. Ward.
G.P. Gooch.
Napoleon and His Detractors, by Prince Napoleon.
Heinrich Heine's Essays.
France, by J.E.C. Bodley.
Talleyrand, by Lady Blennerhassett.
Napoleon's Marshals, by R.P. Dunn Pattison.
French Revolution, by Thomas Carlyle.
French Revolution, by Lord Acton.
Bonaparte and the Consulate, by Thibeaudeau.
Napoleonic Studies, by J. Holland Rose.
Biographical Sketches, by Harriet Martineau.
From Howard to Nelson, by Mahan.
The Life of Nelson, by Mahan.
A Mariner of England, 1780-1817, edited by Colonel Spencer
Childers.
Bonapartism, by H.A.L. Fisher.
Bernadotte's Correspondence with Napoleon.

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LIST OF EVENTS AND DATES HAVING REFERENCE TO NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

1769. Aug. 15. Napoleon the First born.
1789. July 14. French Revolution breaks out with the
destruction of the Bastille.
1790. July 14. France declared a Limited Monarchy.
July 14. Louis XVI. swears to maintain the Constitution.
1791. June 21. The King, Queen, and Royal family arrested
at Varennes.
Sept. 15. Louis (a prisoner) signs the National Constitution.
1792. July 17. First coalition against France.
Nov. 19. French people declare their fraternity
with all nations who desire to be free
and offer help.
1796. Mar. 9. Bonaparte's marriage with Josephine.
Bonaparte's successful campaign in Italy.
1798. Expedition to Syria and Egypt.
1799. April. European coalition against France.
Nov. 10. Council of 500 deposed by Bonaparte; he
is declared First Consul.
1800. June 14. Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at Marengo.
Dec. 24. Bonaparte's life attempted by an infernal
machine.
Bank of France founded by Napoleon.
1802. Mar. 28. Peace of Amiens (with England, Spain,
and Holland) signed.
1802. May 19. Legion of Honour instituted by Napoleon.

Aug. 2. Napoleon made First Consul for life.
1803. April 14. Bank of France established.
May 22. Declaration of war against England.
1804. Feb. 15. Conspiracy of Moreau and Pichegru against
Napoleon.
Mar. 21. Duc d'Enghien executed.
May 18. Napoleon proclaimed Emperor of France.
Dec. 2. Napoleon crowned by the Pope.
1805. May 26. Napoleon crowned King of Italy.
Aug. Third coalition against France.
Dec. 2. Napoleon defeats the Allies at Austerlitz.
1806. Oct. 14. Napoleon defeats the Prussians at Jena.
1807. Feb. 8. Napoleon defeats the Russians at Eylau.
July 7. Peace of Tilsit signed.
Dec. 17. Napoleon issues his Milan Decree against
British commerce.
1808. Mar. 1. New Nobility of France created.
May 5. Abdication of Charles IV. of Spain and his
son in favour of Napoleon.
July Commencement of the Peninsular War.
1809. April Alliance of England and Austria against
France.
May Napoleon defeats the Austrians and enters
Vienna.
Oct. 14. Peace of Vienna signed.
Dec. 16. Divorce of the Emperor and the Empress
Josephine decreed by the Senate.
1810. April 1. Marriage of Napoleon to Marie Louise of
Austria.
July 9. Holland united to France.
1811. Mar. 20. Birth of the King of Rome (Napoleon II.).
1812. June 22. War with Russia declared.
Oct. The retreat from Moscow.
1813. Mar. Alliance of Austria, Russia, and Prussia
against France.
Oct. 7. British enter France.
1814. Mar. 31. Surrender of Paris to the Allies.
1814. April 5. Abdication of Napoleon negotiated.
May 3. Restoration of the Bourbon dynasty.
Louis XVIII. arrives at Paris.
May 4. Napoleon arrives at Elba.
May 29. Death of Josephine.
1815. Mar. 1. Napoleon escapes from Elba and lands
at Cannes.
Mar. 20. Napoleon arrives at Fontainebleau.
Mar. 22. Napoleon is joined by all the Army.
Mar. The Allies sign a treaty against him.
Mar. 29. Napoleon abolishes the slave trade.
June 12. Napoleon leaves Paris for the Army.
June 18. Battle of Waterloo.
June 20. Napoleon returns to Paris.
June 22. Abdicates in favour of his son.
July 3. He arrives at Rochefort, intending to
embark for America.
July 3. Louis XVIII. re-enters Paris.
July 15. Napoleon surrenders to Captain Maitland,
of the Bellerophon, at Rochefort.
Aug. 8. Is transferred at Torbay to the Northumberland,
and, with Admiral Sir George Cockburn, sails for St. Helena.
Oct. 15. Arrives at St. Helena, to remain for life.
Dec. 7. Execution of Marshal Ney.
1816. Jan. 12. Family of Bonaparte excluded for ever
from France by the Law of Amnesty.
1821. May 5. Death of Napoleon.
1836. Oct. 29. Attempted insurrection by Louis Napoleon
(afterwards Emperor).
1837. May 8. Amnesty proclaimed for political offences.
1838. "Idees Napoleoniennes" published by
Prince Louis Napoleon.
1840. May 12. The Chambers decree the removal of
Napoleon's remains from St. Helena.
Oct. 15. Exhumation of Napoleon's remains.
Nov. 30. Arrival of Belle Poule frigate at Cherbourg
with remains on board.
1840. Dec. 15. Remains deposited in the Hôtel des Invalides.[33]
Aug. 6. Descent of Louis Napoleon, General Montholon,
and fifty followers at Vimeraux, near Boulogne.
Oct. 6. The Prince captured and sentenced to
imprisonment for life.
1841. Aug. 15. Bronze statue of Napoleon placed on the
column of the Grande Armée, Boulogne.
1846. May 25. Louis Napoleon escapes from Ham.
1847. Oct. 10. Jerome Bonaparte returns to France, after
an exile of thirty-two years.
1848. June 13. Election of Louis Napoleon to the National
Assembly.
Sept. 26. Louis Napoleon takes his seat in the
National Assembly.
1857. Longwood, the residence of Napoleon
Bonaparte at St. Helena, bought for
180,000 francs.
1860. June 24. Jerome Bonaparte (the Emperor's uncle)
dies, aged 76.
1861. Mar. 31. Napoleon's body finally placed in the crypt
of the Hôtel des Invalides.

FOOTNOTES:

[33] The ceremony was witnessed by about 1,000,000 persons and 150,000 soldiers assisted at the obsequies. No relatives of the Emperor were present, as at this time the various members of the Bonaparte family were either proscribed and in exile or in prison.

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INDEX

Abrantès, Duke and Duchess of, see Junot
Acton, Lord, [115]
Aglietti, Dr., [157]
Alexander, see Russia, Emperor of
Amherst, Lord, [48]
Anne of Russia, Princess, [268]
Antommarchi, Dr., [32], [75], [82], [85], [195], [293]
Archambaud, [171]
Arnott, Dr., [85]
Augereau, General, [156], [176]
Austria, Commissioner for, [45], [49]
Austria, Emperor of, [49], [55], [113], [124], [133], [267], [274]
Baranti, M., [217]
Barras, "Citizen," [240], [241], [251]
Bathurst, Lord, [34], [35], [45], [70], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [103], [181], [184]
Beauharnais, Alexandre, [231], [232], [234], [235]
Beauharnais, Eugene, [235], [240], [254], [283], [285]
Beauharnais, Hortense, [116], [232], [235], [254], [262], [279], [280], [283], [285]
Beauharnais, Marquis de, [231], [232]
Beauterne, M., [293]
Beauvais, Bishop of, [104]
Bernadotte, Marshal, [175], [273]
Berthier, General, [153], [176]
Bertrand, Count, [15], [34], [51], [57], [139], [171], [172], [195], [290]
Bertrand, Madame, [72]
Bessières, General, [153]
Bismarck, Prince von, [166]
Blücher, Marshal, [189]
Bombelles, M. de, [158]
Bonaparte, Caroline, [246]
Bonaparte, Joseph, [49], [115], [172], [244], [245], [262]
Bonaparte, Leon, [263], [264]
Bonaparte, Louis, [262]
Bonaparte, Lucien, [254], [262]
Bonaparte, Madame Mère, [146] et seq.
Bonaparte, Napoleon, [15], [19], [32], [35], [37], [40], [44], [48], [50], [58], [73], [75], [83], [84], [85], [105], [106], [108], [116], [117], [120], [121], [122], [124], [126], [127], [128], [139], [155], [160], [162], [172], [194], [201], [206], [207], [210], [213], [221], [240], [241], [243], [247], [250], [252], [253], [254], [257], [259], [261], [265], [267], [271], [277], [281], [284], [286], [288] et seq.;
on the Christian religion, [293] et seq.
Bonaparte, Pauline, [116], [249], [250]
Borghesi, Countess Pauline, [83]
Bourrienne, M., [113], [128], [129], [162], [177]
Browning, Oscar, [117]
Brutus, Marcus, [124]
Bülow, von, [189]
Burton, Dr., [85]
Byron, Lord, [191], [199] et seq., [216]
Cadoudal, [262]
Cæsar, Julius, [123]
Camerata, Countess Napoleone, [145]
Carlyle, Jane, [84]
Carlyle, Thomas, [163]
Carnot, [241], [244]
Cases, Count Las, [34], [64], [65], [68], [70], [75], [171], [195]
Castlereagh, Lord, [45], [80], [103], [181]
Catherine of Westphalia, [153], [154]
Charles, Hippolyte, [249] et seq.
Charles VII., [105]
Charles X., [168]
Cipriani, [54]
Cockburn, Captain, [27], [34]
Collot, [253]
Colonna, Count, see Walewska, Alexander
Colonna, Signor Simeon, [82]
Commissioners of the Powers, [45], [49]
Compoint, Louise, [246]
Conquereau, l'Abbé, [171]
Constant, Benjamin, [123], [207], [213], [215], [216]
Corvisat, Dr., [286]
Coulon Brothers, [128]
Cromwell, Oliver, [90]
Davoust, Marshal, [176]
Denuelle, Madame Eleanore, [263]
Desaix, General, [153]
Dietrichstein, Count, [137]
Documents, see Official Documents
Dottot, M., [258]
Duroc, Marshal, [126], [153]
Editor of Edinburgh Review, [50]
Eliot, George, [216]
d'Enghien, Due, [51], [262]
Fesch, Cardinal, [150]
Flachats, MM., [261]
Forsyth, William, [36], [76], [91], [99], [100], [101], [179], [192], [196]
Fouché, M., [128], [129], [176], [206], [261], [263], [277], [284]
Fox, Charles James, [92], [93]
France, Commissioner for, [45], [49], [72]
Francis, see Austria, Emperor of
Frederick of Prussia, [49], [162]
Frederick the Great, [163]
Freron, M., [250]
George I., [162], [287]
George IV., [33], [70], [94], [95], [117], [180], [201], [287]
Gohier, M., [256]
Gorrequer, Major, [99], [100]
Gourgaud, General, [29], [53], [65], [75], [77], [78], [80], [81], [112], [139], [171], [179], [193], [194], [195], [207], [288], [289]
Granville, Earl, [19]
Grouchy, Marshal, [189], [191]
Guizot, M., [17]
Hanover, Elector of, [162]
Henin, General, [190]
Henry, Mr., 99, [190]
Henry VIII., [287]
Hill, General Lord, [189]
Hoche, General, [240]
Holland, Lady, [49], [57]
Holland, Lord, [80], [89]
Hooper, [61]
Horeau, Dr., [286]
Jersey, Lady, [201]
Joan of Arc, [104], [106], [153]
Joinville, Prince, [26], [171], [173]
Josephine, [101], [118], [155], [210], [220], [231] et seq.
Jourdan, General, [176]
Junot, Marshal, [127], [245], [246]
Keith, Lord, [21], [65], [66], [120], [121], [122], [124]
Kellerman, General, [242], [243]
Kleber, General, [153]
La Fayette, [156]
Lallemand, [65]
Las Cases, see Cases, Las
Leclerc, General, [249], [250]
Lenz, Dr. Max, [193], [198], [209]
Liverpool, Lord, [80], [103], [181]
Livingstone, Dr., [85]
Louis Philippe, [16], [21] et seq., [120], 1[68], [169], [171], [172]
Louis XVI., [126], [270]
Louis XVIII., [94], [168]
Lowe, Sir Hudson, [27], [32], [34], [35], [38], [40], [41], [42], [44], [45], [47], [49], [50], [51], [57], [62], [63], [64], [65], [72], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85], [88], [99], [103], [178], [180], [182], [183], [184], [185], [188], [191], [194], [195], [196]
Macaulay, Lord, [162]
Macdonald, Marshal, [176]
Maceroni, Colonel, [75]
Manning, Mr., [57]
Mair, Dr. Alexander, [293]
Maitland, Captain, [63], [65], [66], [118]
Marchand, M., [75], [156], [171], [290]
Marie Antoinette, [270]
Marie Caroline, Queen, [158]
Marie Louise, [49], [85], [131], [137], [146], [151] et seq., [267], [270], [274], [276], [286]
Marmont, General, [132], [134], [135], [156], [176], [247]
Masséna, General, [153], [176]
Masson, F., [118], [234], [235], [264]
Mecklenburg, Prince of, [284]
Melito, Miot de, [128]
Meneval, [156,] [159], [189], [190], [267], [278]
Metternich, Count, [133], [136], [138], [143], [144], [276], [277]
Miguel, Dom, [132]
Montchenu, Marquis de, [45], [49], [72]
Montholon, Count, [15], [34], [39], [40], [43], [50], [51], [65], [75], [82], [83], [88], [139], [172], [195], [289], [290], [293]
Montholon, Countess, [58]
Moreau, M., [262]
Müller, [109], [110], [111]
Murat, Marshal, [153], [245], [246], [271]
Napoleon, Charles, Prince, [262]
Napoleon I., see Bonaparte, Napoleon
Napoleon II., see Rome, King of
Napoleon III., [118], [142], [275], [276]
Napoleon, Prince Louis, [132], [135], [146], [172], [265]
Neipperg, Count, [49], [133], [137], [152], [156] et seq., [274]
Ney, Marshal, [153]
Noverraz, [171]
Obenaus, Baron, [133], [137], [142]
Official Documents, [15], [17], [18], [20], [21] et seq., [81], [82], [83], [95], [197]
O'Meara, Dr. Barry E., [30], [43], [46], [49], [50], [64], [73], [77], [79], [81], [181], [188], [195], [241]
Orange, Prince of, [162]
Oudinot, Marshal, [176]
Pagerie, Joseph Tascher de la, [232]
Palmerston, Lord, [17], [20], [169]
Peel, Sir Robert, [186]
Permon, Madame, [127]
Philipon, Jeanne Marie, [236], [237]
Pichegru, [267]
Pieron, [171]
Pitt, William, [93]
Pius VII., [148], [150]
Plampin, Sir Robert, [195], [196]
Poppleton, Captain, [61]
Prokesch, Count, [136], [137], [142], [143]
Prussia, Commissioner for, [45], [49]
Prussia, King of, see Frederick
Radowich, Gunner, [57]
Reade, Sir Thomas, [41], [42], [43], [50], [62], [63]
Reggio, Duchess of, [279]
Remusat, Charles de, [219]
Remusat, Madame de, [129], [219] et seq., [284]
Remusat, M. de, [220], [221]
Remusat, Paul de, [219]
Robespierre, [213], [235], [237]
Rocca, M., [214] et seq.
Roderer, M., [114]
Rome, King of, [49], [57] et seq., [131] et seq., [278]
Rosebery, Lord, [193], [288], [289]
Rovigo, Duke of, [65], [139]
Ruskin, John, [196]
Russia, Commissioner for, [45], [49]
Russia, Emperor of, [49], [65], [124], [279], [280], [282]
Saint-Denis, [171]
Samson (M. de Paris), [237]
Santini, [54], [55], [56], [75]
Scott, Sir Walter, [28], [90], [91], [122], [182], [184]
Seguier, M., [115]
Serbelloni, Duke of, [247]
Short, Dr., [85]
Somerset, Lord Charles, [68], [69]
Soult, Marshal, [176], [190]
Staël, Madame de, [129], [204] et seq., [279]
Stokoe, Dr. John, [195], [196]
Strange, Sir Thomas, [42]
Taine, M., [144]
Talleyrand, M., [128], [129], [156], [161], [176], [206], [251], [261], [263]
Teynham, Lord, [187]
Thiers, M., [17]
Vandamme, General, [190]
Villemarest, [129]
Volney, Senator, [116]
Walewska, Alexander (Count Colonna), [269], [278]
Walewska, Madame, [118], [267], [269], [278]
Wellington, Duke of, [31], [103], [186], [187], [188], [189], [216]
Wieland, [108], [111]
Whitworth, Lord, [117]
Wilhelmina of Prussia, [163]
Williams, H. Noel, [148]
Wolseley, Lord, [191]
Wordsworth, William, [200]