§ 15. Begin now with any one of the twelve straight lines between corners which constitute the twelve edges of the parallelepiped, and alter it arbitrarily to any curved or crooked line between the same pair of corners, subject only to the conditions (1) that it does not penetrate the substance of any member of the assemblage, and (2) that it is not cut by equal and similar parallel curves[4] between other pairs of corners.
Fig. 7.
Considering now the three fours of parallel edges of the parallelepiped, let the straight lines of one set of four be altered to equal and similar parallel curves in the manner which I have described; and proceed by the same rule for the other two sets of four edges. We thus have three fours of parallel curved edges instead of the three fours of parallel straight edges of our primitive parallelepiped with corners (each a point of intersection of three edges) unchanged. Take now the quadrilateral of four curves substituted for the four straight edges of one face of the parallelepiped. We may call this quadrilateral a curvilineal parallelogram, because it is a circuit composed of two pairs of equal parallel curves. Draw now a curved surface (an infinitely thin sheet of perfectly extensible india-rubber if you please to think of it so) bordered by the four edges of our curvilineal parallelogram, and so shaped as not to cut any of the substance of any molecule of the assemblage. Do the same thing with an exactly similar and parallel sheet relatively to the opposite face of the parallelepiped; and again the same for each of the two other pairs of parallel faces. We thus have a curved-faced parallelepiped enclosing the whole of one molecule and no part of any other; and by similar procedure we find a similar boundary for every other molecule of the assemblage. Each wall of each of these cells is common to two neighbouring molecules, and there is no vacant space anywhere between them or at corners. [Fig. 7] illustrates this kind of partitioning by showing a plane section parallel to one pair of plane faces of the primitive parallelepiped, for an ideal case. The plane diagram is in fact a realization of the two-dimensional problem of partitioning the pine pattern of a Persian carpet by parallelograms about as nearly rectilinear as we can make them. In the diagram faint straight lines are drawn to show the primitive parallelogrammatic partitioning. It will be seen that of all the crossings (marked with dots in the diagram) every one is similarly situated to every other in respect to the homogeneously repeated pattern figures: A, B, C, D are four of them at the corners of one cell.
[§ 16.] Confining our attention for a short time to the homogeneous division of a plane, remark that the division into parallelograms by two sets of crossing parallels is singular in this respect—each cell is contiguous with three neighbours at every corner. Any shifting, large or small, of the parallelograms by relative sliding in one direction or another violates this condition, brings us to a configuration like that of the faces of regularly hewn stones in ordinary bonded masonry, and gives a partitioning which fulfils the condition that at each corner each cell has only two neighbours. Each cell is now virtually a hexagon, as will be seen by the letters A, B, C, D, E, F in the diagram Fig. 8. A and D are to be reckoned as corners, each with an interior angle of 180°. In this diagram the continuous heavy lines and the continuous faint lines crossing them show a primitive parallelogrammatic partition by two sets of continuous parallel intersecting lines. The interrupted crossing lines (heavy) show, for the same homogeneous distribution of single points or molecules, the virtually hexagonal partitioning which we get by shifting the boundary from each portion of one of the light lines to the heavy line next it between the same continuous parallels.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 8 bis.
Fig. 8 bis represents a further modification of the boundary by which the 180° angles A, D, become angles of less than 180°. The continuous parallel lines (light) and the short light portions of the crossing lines show the configuration according to Fig. 8, from which this diagram is derived.