[5] It may be objected that the Goths from about 250 A.D. were living close to the Greeks, and the Old Germans from about 50 B.C. had the Romans as their neighbours, and possibly learned the art of ploughing from these neighbours and borrowed a name for it. It seems enough, however, to answer that if the Goths had taken a word from ἀρόειν they would have chosen something more like the pattern word than erjan: in like manner if the Germans had borrowed from arare they would hardly have formed eren.
[6] I have thought it needless in most cases to give authorities for statements of historical facts made in this chapter, because the statements are generally such that it is very easy to settle whether they are true or false. In cases where verification might be in the least degree difficult I have given references.
[7] Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, Vol. I. pages 22-57, in the edition of 1873, comprising the section headed Italien vor der lex Julia. Mommsen, History of Rome, Vol. II., especially the Military Map of Italy at the beginning of the volume.
[8] For details see Chapter VII.
[9] Smith's Atlas of Ancient Geography, Map 13, contains a map of Germania Magna according to Ptolemy.
[10] Spruner-Menke, Historischer Hand-Atlas, Maps 14 and 15.
[11] Hallam, Middle Ages, Chapter IV.
[12] Stanhope, Reign of Queen Anne, Vol. I. p. 264.
[13] My statements about Frankish and early French history down to the reign of Philip II. are all based on original authorities: but see Kitchin, History of France, Vol. I., and some excellent maps (No. 57) in Droysen, Historischer Hand-Atlas.
[14] Oechsli, Quellenbuch zur Schweizergeschichte, pages 49, 199-202, 261-266. The second of these passages, especially page 200, proves that so late as 1481 no Swiss Federation had been made, but each canton was an independent state, managing its foreign relations for itself: the third shows that by 1512 a central body had been established which received ambassadors sent by foreign powers to the Swiss, and settled what answers the Swiss League should give them.