[58] Herodotus VII. 234.
[59] Herodotus IX. 10, IX. 28, and IX. 11.
[60] Grote, Greece, octavo edition vol. III. p. 494, cabinet edition vol. V. p. 11.
[61] If they had not possessed the management of their local affairs, their communities would scarcely have been called πόλεις by Herodotus in the conversation between Xerxes and Demaratus. Herodotus VII. 234; Smith's Dict. Antiq. article Periœci.
[62] Thucydides VIII. 22 ἦρχε τῶν νεῶ ν Δεινιάδας περίοικος (Deiniadas a Periœcus was in command of the ships).
[63] These statements about the condition of the Helots are not given by either Herodotus or Thucydides, but are found in Plutarch and Pausanias. Plutarch wrote about 60-70 A.D., and Pausanias about 170-180 A.D.: but both copied authors probably of the fourth century B.C. Pausanias (III. 20. 6) speaks of the Helots as slaves belonging to the state (δοῦλοι τοῦ κοινοῦ: the rest comes from Plutarch, Lycurgus, ch. 8.
[64] See Smith's Dict. Antiq., third edition, article Helotes.
[65] The dates of the Messenian wars cannot be determined with certainty. See the note at the end of this chapter.
[66] Pausanias (III. 20. 6) expressly says that those serfs who were acquired by the Spartans not in their original conquest of Laconia but subsequently (that is to say at the conquest of Messenia) were Messenian Dorians.
[67] The account of the revolt and its duration are taken from Thucydides I. 101-103. The date of its beginning is given by Pausanias IV. 24. 2 as being the seventy-ninth olympiad: i.e. seventy-eight times four years after 776 B.C.: i.e. 464 B.C.