Wars with the French Republic and Napoleon.
| 1789. | Beginning of the French Revolution. |
| 1790—1792. | Leopold II. |
| 1792. | France declares war against Austria and Prussia. |
| 1792. | Campaign in France; battles of Valmy and Jemappes. |
| 1792—1835. | Francis II. |
| 1793. | Second partition of Poland; the first Coalition; successes of the Allies. |
| 1794. | France victorious in Belgium; Prussia victorious on the Upper Rhine. |
| 1795. | Third and last partition of Poland; Prussia makes peace with France. |
| 1796. | Bonaparte in Italy; Jourdan defeated in Germany; Moreau's retreat. |
| 1797. | Peace of Campo Formio. |
| 1797—1840. | Frederick William III., King of Prussia. |
| 1798. | Congress of Rastatt; Bonaparte in Egypt. |
| 1799. | The second Coalition; Suwarrow in Italy; Bonaparte First Consul. |
| 1800. | Battles of Marengo and Hohenlinden. |
| 1801. | Peace of Lunéville; France extends to the Rhine. |
| 1803. | Reconstruction of Germany; French invasion of Hannover. |
| 1804. | Duke d'Enghien shot; Napoleon, Emperor. |
| 1805. | The third Coalition; battle of Austerlitz; defeat of Austria and Russia; Peace of Presburg. |
| 1806. | The "Rhine-Bund" established; Francis II. gives up the imperial crown: battle of Jena; all Prussia in the hands of Napoleon. |
| 1807. | Battles of Eylau and Friedland; Peace of Tilsit; Jerome Bonaparte made King of Westphalia. |
| 1808. | Napoleon and Alexander I. in Erfurt; Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain. |
| 1809. | Austria begins war with France; revolts of Hofer and Schill; Napoleon marches to Vienna; battles of Aspern and Wagram; Peace of Schönbrunn. |
| 1810. | Marriage of Napoleon and Maria Louisa; annexation of Holland and Northern Germany to France. |
| 1812. | Germany compelled to unite with Napoleon against Russia; battle of Borodino; burning of Moscow; the retreat; General York's alliance with Russia. |
| 1813. | The War of Liberation; Frederick William III. yields to the pressure; the army of volunteers; battles of Lützen and Bautzen; armistice; the fifth Coalition; Austria joins the Allies; victories of the Katzbach, Kulm, and Dennewitz; great battle of Leipzig; Napoleon's retreat; battle of Hanan; Germany liberated. |
| 1814. | The campaign in France; the Allies enter Paris; Napoleon's abdication; the Congress of Vienna. |
| 1815. | Napoleon's return from Elba; the new German Confederation; battles of Ligny and Waterloo; end of Napoleon's rule; second Peace of Paris; the "Holy Alliance." |
Germany in the Nineteenth Century.
| 1817. | The Students' Convention at the Wartburg. |
| 1819. | The conference at Carlsbad. |
| 1823. | A "provincial" representation in Prussia. |
| 1830. | The July Revolution in France; outbreaks in Germany. |
| 1834. | The Zollverein established. |
| 1835—1848. | Ferdinand I., Emperor of Austria. |
| 1840—1861. | Frederick William IV., King of Prussia. |
| 1848. | Revolution in Germany; conflicts in Austria, Prussia, and Baden; war in Schleswig-Holstein; the National Parliament at Frankfort; insurrection in Hungary and Italy; bombardment of Vienna; Francis Joseph, Emperor. |
| 1849. | Frederick William IV. rejects the imperial crown; civil war in Baden; Austria calls upon Russia for help; surrender of Görgey; subjection of Italy. |
| 1850. | Troubles in Hesse and Holstein; end of the National Parliament in Germany. |
| 1851. | Restoration of the Diet; Louis Napoleon, Emperor. |
| 1852. | Conference at London concerning Schleswig-Holstein. |
| 1853—1856. | War of England and France against Russia. |
| 1858. | William, Prince of Prussia, regent. |
| 1859. | War of France and Sardinia against Austria; battles of Magenta and Solferino. |
| 1861. | William I., King of Prussia. |
| 1862. | Bismarck, Prime-Minister; political troubles in Prussia; congress of princes at Frankfort. |
| 1863. | Continued rivalry of Austria and Prussia. |
| 1864. | War in Schleswig-Holstein; Denmark gives up the duchies; the Prince of Augustenburg in Holstein. |
| 1865. | Agreement of Gastein; Schleswig and Holstein divided between Austria and Prussia. |
| 1866. | Austria prepares for war; the German Diet dissolved. |
| 1866. | Battle of Langensalza; invasion of Saxony and Bohemia; battle of Königgrätz; the war on the Main; truce of Nikolsburg; annexation of Hannover, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, and Frankfort to Prussia; the Peace of Prague. |
| 1867. | Establishment of the North-German Union; the question of Luxemburg; hostility of France. |
| 1869. | Œcumenical Council in Rome. |
| 1870. | France declares war against Prussia; all the German states, except Austria, unite; battles of Weissenburg and Wörth; the German armies move on Metz; battles of Courcelles, Mars-la-Tour, and Gravelotte; the battle of Sedan, and surrender of Napoleon III.; the Republic declared in Paris; capitulation of Strasburg and Metz; siege of Paris; the war on the Loire and in the northern provinces. |
| 1871. | Victories of Prince Frederick Karl at Le Mans; Bourbaki's repulse by Werder; surrender of Paris; Bourbaki's retreat into Switzerland; William I. of Prussia proclaimed Emperor of Germany; the Peace of Frankfort; foundation of the new German Empire. |
| 1872. | Beginning of conflict between the German Government and the Roman Church; Falk made Minister of Culture; the Jesuits banished from Germany. |
| 1873. | The boundaries defined between State and Church; the May laws. |
| 1874. | Civil marriage made obligatory. |
| 1876. | The Kulturkampf beginning to lag. |
| 1878. | Two murderous attempts on the life of Emperor William I.; the exceptional law against the Social-Democrats put in force. |
| 1879. | Falk resigns; appointment of reactionary Minister of Culture; Alliance with Austria. |
| 1881. | Emperor William I. opens Parliament; legislation for bettering the condition of the working classes. |
| 1882. | Revision of the May laws; Triple Alliance. |
| 1886. | Warlike attitude of Russia and France; death of Ludwig II. of Bavaria. |
| 1887. | Parliamentary conflict in regard to the military budget; dissolution of Parliament; new elections result in favor of the Government. |
| 1888. | Death of Emperor William I.; Frederick III., Emperor; his reign of ninety-nine days; his death; succession of William II. |
| 1890. | Bismarck resigns the Chancellorship; General Caprivi succeeds him; German-English agreement. |
| 1891. | Renewal of Triple Alliance; new commercial treaties. |
| 1892. | Introduction of a new military bill. |
| 1893. | Defeat of army bill; dissolution of Parliament; the bill carried as a result of new elections. |
THE END.
Transcriber's Notes
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