Mussolini as revealed in his political speeches (November 1914-August 1923)

by Benito Mussolini

3. Honours to the Italian flag to be paid by the Hellenic Fleet in the bay of the Piraeus to one of our naval divisions, which will proceed there purposely, and this by means of a salute of twenty-one shots fired by the Hellenic ships, whilst the Greek Fleet flies the Italian flag from the masthead;

4. A strict inquiry will be held by the Greek authorities on the scene of the massacre, with the assistance of the Royal Military Italian Attaché, Colonel Perrone, for whose personal safety the Hellenic Government holds itself absolutely responsible. Such an inquiry will have to be conducted within five days of the acceptance of these demands;

5. Capital punishment of the guilty;

6. Indemnity of fifty million Italian lire (about £500,000)—to be paid within five days of the presentation of this Note;

7. Military honours to the remains of the victims upon their embarkation at Prevesa on Italian warships.

Mussolini.

Rome, Palazzo Chigi, 29th August 1923.

FINIS

INDEX

• Abba Garima, [164]
• Abbazia, Conference of, [269], [271], [278]–9, [281]
• Absolutism, [311]
• Acerbo, Signor, [310], [343];
  • on Electoral Law, [360]
• Adige, Upper, [109], [111];
  • effect of Austro-German union on question of, [125];
  • Germans in, [109], [131];
  • Fascismo and, [164];
  • Italophobia on, [184]–7
• Adler, Fritz, [98]
• Admiralty, Fascisti demand the, [174]
• Adrianople, [241]
• Adriatic, eastern shore of, [59];
  • Sauro and the, [74];
  • National Vindications and, [89];
  • Zara and the, [257];
  • Abbazia Conference, [269]
• Ægean, Bulgaria’s right to a port on the, [125]
• Albania, rebels in, [21];
  • as a centre of unrest, [125];
  • Commercial Agreement with, [283];
  • massacre of Italian delegation at Janina, [363]
• Albertini, Senator, [219]–20
• Alessio, Signor, [350]
• Alliance, Austro-German, [12];
  • Triple, [22];
  • Republican, [101];
  • Continental, against England, [231];
  • Cavour and Treaty of, with France and England, [351]
• Alps, the, [60];
  • National Vindications and, [89];
  • Brenner, [107], [192];
  • Julian Alps, [107];
  • Dinaric Alps, [120], [127]
• Alsace, [100]
• Amalfi, [113]
• Ambassadors, Conference of, [268]
• Ambris, Alcesto de, [9]
• Amendola, [352]
• America, cables to, [xviii];
  • intervention of, in the war, [53].
  • See also United States
• American students, facilities for, in Italy, [335]
• Ancona, [307]
• Andreas Hoferbund, [185]
• Angell, Norman, [11]
• Angora, National Assembly of, [241];
  • Turkish aspirations, [254];
  • Allied reply to Government of, [280]
• Arbatax, malaria in, [356]
• “Arditi,” [74];
  • the Association of, [92]
• Armenia, oil wells of, [96]
• Army, Italian, and Fascismo, [xii]
• Arosio, speech 30th March 1923 at, [277]
• Arpigati, Captain Arturo, [42]
• Association, of Fighters, [87], [92], [99];
  • of Arditi, [92];
  • of Volunteers, [92];
  • of Garibaldians, [92];
  • of Maimed and Disabled, [316]
• Athens, Fascismo and “eterie” of, [ix]
• Austria, [12];
  • Italy and the Austro-German Alliance, [12];
  • Austro-German militarism, [16];
  • preparations in, against Roumania, [20];
  • demand for repudiation of Triple Alliance, [22];
  • Republic of, [124];
  • dual monarchy, [187], [249];
  • Commercial Treaty between Italy and, [284];
  • reparations, [295];
  • loan to, [299]
• Austrian Institute, [281]
• Austro-Hungarian monarchy, [187], [249]
• Avanti, [xvi], [3], [4], [9], [87], [162]
• Bainsizza, [28]
• Balbo, Italo, [xiii], [310]
• Baldwin, Mr. Stanley, [296]
• Balillas, [159], [343]
• Balkans:
  • Balkan zones of Austria-Hungary, [9];
  • Roumania, [20];
  • Valona, [21], [118];
  • Bulgaria, [125];
  • seeds of war in, [125];
  • Treaty of Rapallo, [125] et seq.;
  • Montenegro’s independence, [189] et seq.;
  • Turkey’s success at Lausanne, [213]
• Bandiera brothers, [351]
• Baracca Cup, [329]
• Barbarossa, [27]
• Barcelona, [270]
• Barzilai, [224]
• Battisti, Cesare, [48], [89], [134]
• Bazzi, [69]
• Bebel, [26]
• Belgium, martyrdom of, [12], [14];
  • neutrality, [23];
  • undertaking not to sign separate peace, [19];
  • colonies, [90];
  • ex-President Wilson and, [189]
• Belgrade, Fiume and the agreement concluded at, [193]
• Bellini, Senator, [223]
• Benedict XV., Palestine and, [194];
  • on Ruhr crisis, [345]
• Bentini, [353]
• Berchtold, Count, [19], [20]
• Berne Convention, powers of, respecting international traffic, [270]
• Bernhardi, von, [26]
• Bernstein, Edward, and Versailles Treaty, [99]
• Bersagliere Regt., 11th, Mussolini joins, [xvi]
• Bessarabia, [20]
• Bezzi, Ergisto, [18], [88]
• Bianchi, Michele, [xiii]
• Bismarck, [9]
• Bissolati, Leonida, [158]
• Black Shirts, Nationalists and, [148];
  • revolution of, a force for progress, [208]
• Bologna:
  • speech of 24th May 1918 at, [37];
  • speech of 3rd April 1921 at, [134];
  • University of, and Montenegrin independence, [191];
  • Fascista occupation of, [308]
• Bolshevism:
  • Mussolini saves Italy from, [xiv];
  • textile workers’ strike, [68];
  • failure of, in Italy, [73], [167];
  • Mussolini’s fight against, [87], [101];
  • Florence under, [103];
  • Bolshevist element in Italian Socialism, [116];
  • in Trieste, [117], [121];
  • of Russia, [129], [147];
  • the Bolshevist State and the Liberal State, [139];
  • Fascismo and, [166], [179];
  • the Italian Bolshevist world, [178];
  • Germany’s resistance to influence of, [290];
  • Italian losses in crushing, [324];
  • freedom of the Press and, [355]
• Bolzano, [xiii], [163]–4; 173, [185], [187], [308]
• Bonacini, Lieut. Mario, murder of, [363]
• Bono, General Cesare de, [xii], [xiii], [309], [343]
• Bordiga, General, [105]
• Bourbons, [75], [351]
• Bourgeoisie, Fascismo and the, [165];
  • Risorgimento and, [50]
• Breitemburg, Count, [186]
• Brenner, the:
  • Battisti and, [74];
  • Bezzi and, [88];
  • Italy in possession of, [107];
  • as bulwark against Germany, [110];
  • Paduan valley and, [125];
  • as Italy’s northern boundary, [136];
  • defence of, [184];
  • Mussolini’s declaration to German deputies respecting, [188];
  • Versailles Treaty and, [293]
• Brest-Litowsk, Treaty of, [44]
• Brofferio, Angelo, [351]–2
• Brussels Conference, 1923, [214]
• Bucharest, Peace of, [44]
• Budapest, Danube Confederation and, [124];
  • peace of justice, and occupation of, [149], [172]
• Budget, Italian State, [215], [272]–3;
  • Communal, [358]
• Bulgaria, [10], [125], [213];
  • reparations, [295], [299];
  • coup d’état in, [345]
• Buozzi, [219]
• Burian, [20]
• Cables, conventions relative to, [xviii]
• Cagliari, speech of 12th June 1923 at, [323]
• Canada, Commercial Treaty with, [214]
• Cannæ, [288]
• Capitulations, the, [241], [266]
• Caporetto, speech after, [30];
  • causes of disaster of, [32];
  • anti-war demonstrations after, [34];
  • national crisis following, [43];
  • German calculations after, [45];
  • Rapallo and, [126];
  • Pact of Rome and, [126];
  • Fascismo and, [135];
  • discipline of war and, [350]
• Carabineers, [xvii], [359]
• Caradonna, [310]
• Carducci, [37]
• Carli, [99]
• Carso, [28];
  • Italian sentiment for the, [35];
  • Corridoni’s death, [48];
  • insurrection against Trieste on, [118];
  • commemoration ceremony, [120]
• Carthage, [177]
• Castelrosso, [280], [302]
• Castua, [278]
• Catholicism, Mussolini on, [xii]
• Cattaneo, [53]
• Cavallotti, [351]
• Cavazzoni, [252]
• Caviglia, General, [129]
• Cavour, Camille, [311];
  • Crimean expedition and, [351]
• Ceccherini, Maj.-General, [xii], [310]
• Central America, cable to, [xviii]
• Central Empires, [9];
  • war desired by, [27], [72]
• Cervantes, [114]
• Cettinge, [190]
• Chamber of Deputies, Fascista Government and the, [313]
• Chiesa, [255]
• Child, Mr. Richard Washburn, speech at Rome by, [335]
• Chiusa di Verona, [185]
• Cicerin, Commissioner of Foreign Affairs, Russia, [44]
• Ciccotti, Ettore, on Italian Fascismo, [ix]
• Cinque Giornate, [28];
  • speech before the
• monument of, [58];
  • Austrian threat to city of, [135]
• Cipriani, Amilcare, [5]
• Civil Law Codes, reformation of, [xvii]
• Class struggle, Mussolini on, [285]
• Clémenceau, [32], [40], [56];
  • on concessions in Asia Minor, [96]
• Clemente, Maj.-General Ozol, [310]
• Coalition Ministry, [221]
• Coliseum, [234]
• Colombino, [359]
• Colonna di Cesaro, [307]
• Columbus, Christopher, [50]
• Commerce, Chambers of, International Congress of, [274] et seq.
• Commercial Treaty:
  • with Switzerland, [212];
  • with Canada, [214];
  • with France, [265];
  • with Yugoslavia, [271], [282];
  • with Austria, [281]
• Committee of Understanding and Action, [93]
• Committee of Wounded and Disabled Soldiers, [51]
• Communes, Italian, [ix]
• Communism, [x], [116], [334]
• Comunale, Bologna, speech at the, [37]
• Constantine, King, [125]
• Constitution, the, and the Government, [361]
• Contadini, adherents of Fascismo, [316]
• Conti, Senator, [219]
• Continental alliance. See under Alliance
• Convention, of Washington, [243], [251];
  • for Italo-American cables, [245]
• Corriere della Sera, [163]–4
• Corridoni Club, [92]
• Corridoni, Filippo, [48], [59], [71], [88]
• Corsica, Italians of, [137]
• Corti, Major Luigi, murder of, [363]
• Cremona, speech at, 25th Sept. 1922, [158]
• Crespi, Senator, [161], [258]
• Crimea, expedition to the, [351]
• Crispi, Francesco, [108] n.
• Cucco, [28]
• Cuno-Rosenberg Memorandum, [295]
• Curtatone, [289]
• Cyrus, [38]
• Czechoslovakia, Italy’s relations with, [213]
• Dabormida, General, [351]
• Dalmatia:
  • Rismondo on, [74];
  • National Vindications and, [89];
  • Italian minorities of, [96];
  • and the victory of Vittorio Veneto, [107];
  • Croats of, [118];
  • Treaty of Rapallo, [125], [262];
  • education of Italians of, [131];
  • care of Italian
• residents, [132];
  • sufferings of Italians in, [136];
  • Italian unity and, [144];
  • betrayed, [171], [192];
  • Santa Margherita Agreements, [247], [256], [260]–1
• Dalmine, speech 20th March 1919 at, [63]
• Dante, [60], [77], [114], [133]
• D’Annunzio, [77], [114];
  • Mussolini at Fiume with, [103];
  • proclamation to the Croats, [104];
  • legionary occupation of Fiume, [119], [192];
  • the Fiume tragedy, [128]–9, [141]
• Danube Confederation, [124]
• Danubian States, economic settlement of, [300]
• D’Aragona, Ludovico, [359]
• Dardanelles, [214], [241]
• Death duties, [xvii]
• De Bono, Cesare. See Bono, de, General Cesare
• Debt, national, [xviii];
  • Italian war, [259]
• Debt funding agreement, Anglo-American, [259], [296]
• Debts, inter-allied, and reparations, [294]
• Deffenu, [88]
• Del Croix, Carlo, [129]
• Delegation, Italian massacre of, at Janina, [363]
• Delta, the, [193], [262], [278]
• Democracy, meaning of, [36];
  • syndicalism and, [148];
  • Fascismo and, [167]–8, [176];
  • and suffrage, [355]
• Democrats, [92]
• De Nicola, President of the Chamber, [362]
• Deutscher Verband, [185]–7
• Deutschland über Alles, [21]
• Diaz, General, [343]
• Dictatorship, proletariat and a, [349]
• Dinaric Alps, [120], [127]
• Diplomatic and consular services, [305]
• Dock-workers, Fascisti, [82]
• “Dolomites of Italian Thought,” the, [114]
• Dortmund, [235]
• Dumas, [353]
• Dunkirk, attack on, [19]
• Eastern Mediterranean. See under Mediterranean
• Economic policy, [274]
• Economy, Ministry of National, [xvii]
• Edvige, [xvi]
• Eight Hours Day Bill, [xvii], [198], [354]
• Electoral Reform, [xvii], [101], [165], [314], [347], [359]–60, [362]
• Elementary schools, religious instruction in, [xii]
• Emigration, [341]
• Employers and employed, co-operation between, [285]
• Eneo, [262]
• England, Russian expectation of financial aid from, [19];
  • Italian confidence in, [46];
  • D’Annunzio’s coup at Fiume and, [104];
  • mandate in Palestine, [194]–5;
  • continental alliance against, [231]
• Entente, the:
  • French and British soldiers at the Piave battle, [59];
  • Italy’s position and, [211]–12;
  • the Ruhr advance and, [230];
  • Greco-Turkish affairs and, [254];
  • continued existence of, [259]
• Entente, Little, [124], [238], [240], [300], [345]
• d’Esperey, Franchet, [189]
• Esthonia, [xviii], [283]
• Etna, eruption of, [331]
• Europe, economic system of, [275]
• Exchanges, European, [345]
• Ex-soldiers, blind, [277];
  • National Association of, [316]
• Facta, Signor, [165], [267]
• Fara, Gustavo, General, [xii], [310]
• Farinacci, Roberto, [158]
• Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, [103], [328]
• Fascio of Fighters, [92];
  • demands of, [132]
• Fascio Nazionale dei Combattenti, [x]
• Fascismo:
  • part of general historical development of nations, [ix];
  • rise of, [x];
  • and the Army, [xii];
  • “March to Rome,” [xii];
  • progress of, [xiii];
  • Mussolini summoned to form cabinet, [xiii];
  • official song of, [xiv];
  • symbol, [xv];
  • syndicalism of, [63], [177];
  • aims and programme of, [92], [150];
  • tasks of, [108] et seq.;
  • patriotism of, [112];
  • sincerity of, [114];
  • not conservative, [115];
  • Communism and, [116], [196];
  • attitude of, towards Socialism, [116], [196] et seq.;
  • demagogism and, [119];
  • problems of foreign policy, [121] et seq., [149] et seq.;
  • attitude towards the peace treaties, [124];
  • demands of Italian Fascio of Fighters in matters of foreign policy, [132];
  • birth of, [135];
  • imperialism of, [136];
  • not essentially violent, [138], [156];
  • in the Socialist crisis of 1921, [139];
  • attitude in the 1921 elections, [139];
  • Fascista Day, [141];
  • and the Monarchy, [xi], [152];
  • the Fascista revolution, [154];
  • attitude of, towards State economic attributes, [155];
  • and the bourgeoisie, [165];
  • and the proletariat, [165];
  • and democracy,
• 176–7;
  • and the New Provinces, [183];
  • demands regarding the Upper Adige, [187];
  • attitude towards the Popular Party, [201] et seq.;
  • and the Vatican, [201]–3;
  • and Social Democrats, [203];
  • military organisation of, [xv], [223];
  • domestic policy, [215];
  • emigration and, [215];
  • foreign policy, [251];
  • Yugoslavian policy, [253];
  • women of, [286];
  • attempt to sever Mussolini from, [287];
  • strength and adherents of, [316];
  • associations included in, [316];
  • Sardinia and, [324];
  • Parliament and, [357];
  • not a transitory phenomenon, [357];
  • an organ of administration, [358];
  • liberty, not licence, under, [358];
  • and the constitution, [361]
• Fascista Council, Great, [xv], [232]–3, [314]
• Fascista Government, work of, [xvii];
  • beginnings of, [163]–4, [173];
  • “Government of speed,” [234];
  • policy respecting Fiume and Zara, [256];
  • foreign policy, [265], [293] et seq.
• Fascista Party, National, [xiv];
  • military organisation, [xv];
  • numbers and adherents, [316]
• Fascista revolt, [76]
• Fascista State, [169], [173]
• Federation, of Labour, General, [106], [110];
  • of Seamen, [106]
• Federzoni, Signor, [190], [192]
• Fera, Signor, ex-Minister of Justice, [362]
• Ferrara, speech of 4th April 1921 at, [75]
• Ferrari, Giuseppe, [78]
• Ferrarin, [133], [285]
• Ferrario, General, [192]
• Fiat factory, [349]
• Fighters, National Association of, [87], [92], [99];
  • Fascio, [92]
• Finance, Ministry of, [272]–3
• Finland, [xviii], [283]
• Finzi, [310]
• Fiume, [53], [74];
  • National Vindications and, [89];
  • Tardieu and, [96];
  • Mussolini visits D’Annunzio at, [103];
  • international relations and D’Annunzio’s occupation of, [104];
  • Italian acquisition of, [111];
  • Hungary and, [125];
  • the tragedy of, [128];
  • the war between General Caviglia and, [129];
  • the Fascio of, [131];
  • economic annexation of, demanded by the Fascisti, [132];
  • sympathy of Fascista for, [136];
  • Italian unity and, [144];
  • General Ferrario, [192];
  • the Belgrade Agreement, [193];
  • Agreements of Santa Margherita and, [248];
  • Arbitration Commission, [262];
  • Abbazia Conference,
• 278–9;
  • difficulties of Yugoslav Government, [301];
  • representations to Belgrade, [346]
• Florence, speech 9th Oct. 1919 at, [103];
  • speeches 19th June 1923 at, [328]–9;
  • of the Middle Ages, [113]
• Foreign Affairs, Ministry of, Fascisti demand, [174]
• Foreign policy, [121], [132], [149], [251], [278], [293], [345]
• Forli, [xvi]
• Forum, the, [234]
• France:
  • Italy’s neutrality in 1914, [12];
  • undertaking not to conclude a separate peace, [19];
  • heroism of, [45];
  • attitude of, towards Fiume question, [104]
• Franche-Comté, [21]
• Frankfurt, Treaty of, [9]
• Frankfurter Zeitung, [21]
• Freedom of the Press, [353], [355]
• Freemasonry, [201], [314], [318]
• Galassi, Angelico, [201]
• Galicia, [20];
  • Eastern, [280]
• Galileo, [77], [114]
• Gandolfo, General, [309]
• Garibaldi, [14], [27], [77], [114], [134];
  • “red shirts” of, [145];
  • Piedmont and, [352];
  • and Dumas, [353]
• Gasparri, Cardinal, [345]
• Gay, Harry Nelson, [335]
• Geneva, Protocol of;
  • loan to Austria, [299];
  • territorial integrity of Austria, [300]
• Genoa, [113], [311]
• Gentile, Senator, [xii]
• George V., King of England, visit of, [304]
• Georgia, [133]
• Germany:
  • Italy’s neutrality between Triple Entente and Austro-German Alliance, [12];
  • dependence on Austria, [20];
  • and Belgium, [22];
  • Prussian militarism, [23], [60];
  • “Wilsonites” in, [54];
  • imperialist, doomed, [60];
  • war desired by, [72];
  • reparations problem, [124];
  • Upper Adige question and, [125];
  • resistance in the Ruhr, [240];
  • reparations, [294]
• Gioberti, [261]
• Giolitti, revelations of, [12];
  • adherents of, in upper bureaucracy, [106];
  • Italian intervention in the war and the followers of, [107];
  • attitude towards Upper Adige question, [188];
  • congratulates Mussolini, [362]
• Giordani, Giulio, [134]
• “Giovinezza” (Youth), [xiv]
• Giulietti, Captain, [104]
• Giuriati, [310]
• Giustizia, La, [315]
• Goethe, [114]
• Gorizia, [48];
  • Italophobia in, [184]
• Grappa, [120]
• Graziadei, Antonio, [196]–7
• Graziani, General, [xii]
• Greco-Albanian frontier, massacre of the Italian delegation for delimitation of the, [363]
• Greece, [10];
  • Italian relations with, under Fascista Government, [212];
  • Italian note to, respecting Janina massacre, [363]–4
• Grodno, [123]
• Gronchi, speech on Electoral Reform by, [348]
• Guardie Regie, abolition of, [xvii]
• Guesde on Socialist nations, [14]
• Guglielmotti, Maj.-General, [310]
• Hapsburg, House of, domination of, prevented by the war, [89];
  • war let loose by, [100];
  • attempt of, to present navy to Yugoslavs, [126];
  • Upper Adige and, [185], [187]
• Harden on Germany’s desire for war, [26]
• Harding, President, [279]
• Heraclea coal mines, [96]
• Hermada, [48]
• High Commissioners, [315]
• Hindenburg, [36]
• Hohenzollerns, the Germany of the, [26], [36];
  • passing of militarism with the, [60];
  • domination of, prevented by the war, [89];
  • Socialists and the, [99];
  • war let loose by the, [100]
• Holland, colonies of, [90]
• Hungary:
  • preparations against Roumania, [20];
  • Fiume and, [125];
  • Popular Party and, [201];
  • economic relations with, [213];
  • reparations, [295], [298].
  • See also Austro-Hungarian monarchy
• Iglesias, speech 13th June 1923 at, [326]
• Immigration Bill, [341]
• Imperial Italy, [292]
• Indipendente, [354]
• Inter-allied debts, [294], [346]
• Internal policy, [306] et seq.
• “Internationals,” German, [26]
• Internationalism, [11]
• Islam, situation in, [213]
• Isonzo, fording of the Upper, [31];
  • Caporetto and the, [32];
  • Italian sacrifices beyond the, [48];
  • destruction of the Hapsburg empire, [107];
  • obligation of Italy to pass the, [111];
  • Yugoslav
• boundaries and the, [127];
  • Italian army’s advance towards, [172]
• Ismet Pasha, [266]
• Istria, Slavs in, [131];
  • Fascisti from, [171]
• Italian-Croat brotherhood, [104]
• Italian Proletariat, Assizes of the, [105]
• Italo-American Association, [336]
• Italo-American Society, [342]
• Italo-Russian Agreement, [303]
• Italo-Ukraine Agreement, [303]
• Italo-Yugoslav Commission, [301]
• Italy:
  • Socialist Party, [3], [23], [93];
  • Triple Alliance, [22];
  • no ground for remaining neutral, [23];
  • Battisti, Sauro and Rismondo on destinies of, [74];
  • and the Brenner, [74];
  • and the Adriatic, [74];
  • and Dalmatia, [74];
  • Socialist Union, [92];
  • Liberal leaders out of touch with, [165];
  • Monarchy of, [176];
  • Convention with Montenegro, [190];
  • agreements with Yugoslavia, [251];
  • universities of, [291];
  • position of, respecting reparations, [294];
  • War Loan and credits to Austria, [299];
  • relations with Russia, [303];
  • relations with United States, [304];
  • Crimean expedition and the unity of, [351]
• Jaffa, Conference of, [195]
• Janina, [363]
• Japan, conflict between U.S. and, [121]–2
• Jerusalem, conquest of, [100];
  • Polish immigrants, [195]
• Jews:
  • English mandate in Palestine, [194] et seq.;
  • sacrifices by Italian Jews in the war, [195]
• Journalism, Parliamentarism and, [313]
• Judiciary Circuits, [314]
• Jugoslavia. See Yugoslavia
• Kaiser, the, [66]
• Kemal, Mustapha, [150], [189], [266]
• Kerensky, [33]
• Klopstock, [114]
• Labour, Asiatic Utopia and, [82]
• Labour, General Confederation of, [106], [110];
  • Fascisti demand Ministry of, [174]
• Labriola, [348]–9, [352]
• Lansing, Mr., on Dalmatian question, [96]
• Larussa, order of the day on Electoral Reform proposed by, [362]
• Lausanne Conference, recognition of Turkey’s successes by, [213];
  • safeguarding of European and Christian interests by, [213];
  • Russian representation at, [214];
  • Italian delegation, [232], [241], [254];
  • Ruhr and, [241];
  • Turkey’s legitimate rights, [241];
  • questions of the Straits and of capitulation, [241];
  • Angora Government and, [266];
  • Turks invited to new, [279];
  • cession of Castelrosso, [302];
  • Treaty of Lausanne, [345]
• Law, Mr. Bonar, proposals of, at Conference of Paris, [230], [295].
• Lazzari, Constantino, on Election Law, [360]
• League of Nations, the:
  • disabled Italian soldiers and, [52];
  • ex-Pres. Wilson and, [52]–4;
  • no substitute for victory, [54]–5;
  • Germany and, [55];
  • Renan’s prediction falsified, [55]–6;
  • Internationalism, [56];
  • difficulties in establishing, [56];
  • dream of, founded on ruins of the old world, [60];
  • Fascismo and, [132];
  • Palestine mandate and, [195];
  • Polish-Lithuanian boundaries, [268]
• League, National, [343]
• Legnano, [27], [45]
• Lenin, effect of gospel of, on Italy’s working classes, [ix];
  • results in Russia of gospel of, [44];
  • and Tuscany, [103];
  • Bolshevism of, preferable to other forms, [129];
  • Milan and, [136];
  • an ally of Kemal, [189];
  • production and the Communism of, [196];
  • reactionary policy of, [199]
• Lerici, Mayor of, [163]
• Lettonia, [133], [283]
• Levanto, Fascista programme described at, [150]
• Liberal State, the:
  • weakness of, [154];
  • superiority of Fascista State over, [163];
  • devoid of spirit, [165];
  • necessity for broadening, [175]
• Liberticidal Government, [354]–7
• Liberty, [358]
• Libyan subjects, [303]
• Lithuania, commercial treaty with, [xviii], [283];
  • Wilna question and, [123];
  • rights of, to Memel, [242], [268];
  • Polish-Lithuanian boundaries, [268]
• Little Entente. See Entente, Little
• Lombardy, iron foundries of, [79];
  • Fascismo in, [356]
• Lombroso’s classification of men, [54]
• London:
  • Treaty of (1915), [189];
  • Mussolini’s speech, [12] Dec. 1922 in, [227];
  • Ruhr advance and Italian memorandum of, [231], [238], [346];
  • Italian foreign policy at, [254];
  • Inter-allied meeting at, on draft Peace Treaty with Turkey, [279]
• Lorenzino dei Medici, [291]
• Lorraine, reconquest of, [100]
• Lotta di classe, La, [3]
• Lucci on Mussolini’s foreign policy, [253]
• Ludendorff, [36]
• Lupi, Dario, [xii]
• Macedonia, Bulgaria’s right to, [125]
• Machiavelli, [38]
• Maeterlinck, [38]–9
• Maltoni, Rosa, [xvi]
• Manzoni, Alexandro, [313]
• Marconi, [133]
• Margherita, Santa, Agreements of. See Santa Margherita
• Marx, Karl, [24], [27], [197], [359]
• Materialism, Mussolini on, [290]
• Mazzini, [53], [77];
  • Socialism of, [78];
  • the Risorgimento, [145];
  • advocate of Republicanism, [153];
  • on power, [288];
  • Democracy and, [351];
  • Crimea expedition and, [352]
• Medals, [309]
• Mediterranean, compensation in, for loss of Sebenico, [96];
  • Socialists and the, [115];
  • a centre of world civilisation, [122];
  • Italian policy in Eastern, [125];
  • Italy as leading power on the, [141]–2, [150];
  • Italian losses in, [211];
  • Greco-Turkish affairs in Eastern, [254];
  • Italian interests in Eastern, [302]
• Melloni, [161]
• Memel, [241]–2, [268]
• Memorandum of London. See London
• Menotti Serrati, Giacinto, [9]
• Merano, commissioner of, and Upper Adige, [186]
• Merrheim, [94]
• Messina, [356]
• Metallurgic Consortium, Italian, [359]
• Metz, [53]
• Michael, Grand Duke, [33]
• Michelangelo, [114]
• Milan, Mussolini’s speeches at:
  • 25th Nov. 1914, [3];
  • 25th Jan. 1915, [18];
  • 8th April 1918, [49];
  • 20th Oct. 1918, [52];
  • 11th Nov. 1918, [58];
  • 23rd March 1919, [87];
  • 22nd July 1919, [92];
  • 5th Feb. 1920, [67];
  • 24th May 1920, [71];
  • 6th Oct. 1922, [161];
  • 6th Dec. 1922, [79];
  • 29th March 1923, [276];
  • 30th March 1923, [277]
• Militarism, Austro-German, [16].
  • See also under Germany
• Militia, National, [xvii], [309]
• Miliukoff, [33]
• Mincio, the, [111]
• Ministerial departments, reduction of, [xvii]
• Minorities and the Electoral Law, [360]
• Mirabello, Villa, blind ex-soldiers at, [276]–7
• Misiano, [129]
• Mohammedans, [213]
• Moltke, [9]
• Mommsen, [202]
• Monarchy, the, Statute Law and, [312].
  • See also under Fascismo
• Montagna, Commendatore, Janina massacre and, [363]
• Montanara, [289]
• Montemaggiore as Italian boundary, [127]
• Montenegro, independence of, [125], [189], [191]
• Monte Nero, [110]
• Monte Santo, [28]
• “Mopsy,” [195]
• Moratorium for reparations, [235]–6, [238]
• Morgagni, [114]
• Moscow, Third International at, [195]
• “Most favoured nation” clause, [282]
• Mussolini, Arnaldo, [xvi], [69]
• Mussolini, Benito:
  • leader of the Fascio Nazionale dei Combattenti, [x];
  • summoned to form cabinet, [xiii];
  • saves Italy from Bolshevism, [xiv];
  • the “Duce,” [xv];
  • career, [xv], [xvi];
  • family, [xvi];
  • foreign policy, [xvii];
  • his legislative and administrative work, [xvii];
  • character, [xix];
  • expulsion from Socialist Party, [3];
  • editor of Avanti, [xvi], [3];
  • La lotta di classe, [3];
  • against reformism, [3];
  • agitator for intervention in the war, [9] et seq.;
  • editor of Il Popolo d’Italia, [37];
  • antipacifist, [58];
  • Fascista friend of the people, [63];
  • the “Fascista,” [87];
  • sane conception of problems of foreign policy, [108];
  • against revolutionary policy regarding Fiume, [128];
  • triumph, [134];
  • Fascista Member of Parliament, [183];
  • Prime Minister, [207];
  • Note to Greece on Janina massacre, [363]–4.
  • See also Fascismo.
• Naples, speech of 26th Oct. 1922 at, [171];
  • Risorgimento and the bourgeoisie of, [150]
• Napoleon, [114]
• National League. See League, National
• National Militia. See Militia, National
• National Vindications, the, [89]
• Naval disarmament, [243]
• Neues Deutschland, [21]
• Neue Zurcher Nachrichten, [22]
• Neuilly, Treaty of, [123], [299]
• Nevoso, the, [120], [136], [184], [192], [286], [329]
• Nicholas, King of Montenegro, [189], [190]
• Nitti, Signor, [106]
• Nofri, Gregorio, [252]
• Nola, the Risorgimento and, [351]
• North African colonies, [303]
• North America, Italian emigration to, [341]
• Oberdan, Guglielmo, [344]
• Oldofredi, Count, [351]
• Olympic Games, [340], [342]
• Order, measures to restore, [308]
• Orlando, Cantiere, of Leghorn, [xiii]
• Orlando, Signor, [362]
• Ortigara, [110]
• Ottoman Public Debt, [303]
• Padua, speeches:
  • 2nd June 1923 (Women’s Congress), [286];
  • 3rd June 1923 (at the University), [289]
• Palestine, [194]–5
• Pangermanism, [xiii], [21], [44]
• Pareto, [312]
• Paris Conference, Montenegrin independence and the, [189];
  • failure of, [295]
• Parliament, Government of Fascisti and, [208], [221], [313], [357];
  • speech in, on Treaty of Rapallo and Agreements of Sta. Margherita, [210];
  • Sub-Alpine, and Cavour, [351]
• Parma, speech 13th Dec. 1914 at, [9]
• Passive resistance, [346]
• Perathoner, Herr, [xiii], [164]
• Petrillo, [347]
• Petrograd, tyranny at, [33]
• Piave, the Germans on, [31], [32], [45];
  • Italian resistance on, [48], [59];
  • the “arditi” and, [74];
  • Austrian empire destroyed on, [111], [135], [332];
  • a starting point for the Fascisti in their march to Rome, [160];
  • deciding factor of the war, [332]
• Piedmont, Cavour and the constitutional movement of, [311], [351]–2
• Pisacane, Carlo, [78], [351]
• Po, Valley of (Valle Padana), [42], [125];
  • Socialist exploitation of the masses in, [134];
  • Upper Adige question and, [184]
• Poincaré, M., [346]
• Poland, [xviii], [100], [123], [195], [213];
  • boundaries, [268], [280], [304];
  • Italian relations with, [304]
• Pontifical Allocution, Zionism and the, [194]
• Popolo d’Italia, founded, [xvi];
  • German-Swiss and the, [21];
  • Mussolini and, [37];
  • Treaty of Rapallo criticised by, [125]–6
• Popular Party, strike of textile workers belonging to, [68];
  • annual day of, [141];
  • Fascismo and the, [183], [201]–3, [318];
  • Electoral Reform Bill and, [347], [361]
• Porta Pia, breach of, [108], [144]
• Porto Baros, [193], [256], [262]
• Portorose Conventions, [270], [281]
• Porto Sauro, [278]
• Portugal, colonies of, [90]
• Post and Telegraph Offices, [307]
• Potsdam, [59]
• Prefects, [315]
• Press, the, [313];
  • jury and, [352];
  • freedom of, [353]
• Principe, the, [38]
• Priza, Admiral, [269]
• Proletariat, Italian, intervention and the, [16];
  • Assizes of the, [105]
• Proudhon, [10]
• Prussia, [9], [36], [50]
• Public services, industrialisation of, [xvii]
• Public Works, Ministry of, Fascisti demand, [174]
• Quadrumvirate meeting, [xiii]
• Quaranta di San Severino, Barone Bernardo, [335]
• Radice, Signor Lombardo, [343]
• Raffaello, [114]
• Railways, [270]
• Ramanadovich, Commander, [190]
• Rapallo, Treaty of, [123]–4;
  • opinion of Central Committee of the Fascio on, [125];
  • why Italy signed, [126];
  • Dalmatia and, [127], [130];
  • mentioned in Parliament, [210];
  • Agreements of Sta. Margherita presented to Parliament, [247];
  • evacuation of territories claimed by Yugoslavia and, [248];
  • Italian foreign policy regarding, [249];
  • ratification, [251];
  • revision of, [256];
  • application of, [261];
  • enforcement of, [300]
• Red Cross, German, [21]
• Reggio Emilia, Congress of, [3]
• Regguzoni, [88]
• Religious instruction in elementary schools, [xii]
• Renan, [55]
• Reparations Commission, [236], [298]
• Reparations:
  • decision of Reparations Commission, 26th Dec. 1922, [236];
  • decision 12th Jan. 1923, [236];
  • failure of Germany to supply wood, [236];
  • Italian delegate’s mandate, [236]–7;
  • Turko-Grecian, [266];
  • Italy and, [294];
  • Italian project, [295];
  • owed by Austria, Bulgaria and Hungary, [295];
  • Italian quota of, [295]–6;
  • German
• project, [297];
  • German Note on, [297];
  • Treaty of Trianon, [298];
  • Allies’ agreement with Bulgaria, [299];
  • loan to Austria, [300].
  • See also Inter-allied debts
• Republican Alliance, electoral reform and the, [101]
• Republican Party, intervention and the, [24];
  • aims of Fascismo and the, [92]
• Revolution, French, [ix], [14], [349];
  • Fascista, [354]
• Rhine, German threat to Italy from, [45];
  • American withdrawal, [230];
  • Ruhr advance, [230];
  • exploitation of forests, [236]
• Rismondo on Dalmatia, [74]
• Risorgimento, Italian, [111], [144]–5, [150]–1
• Risorgimento, Il, [312]
• Roccatagliata, Ceccardi, [18]
• Rodzianko, [33]
• Romanoff, House of, [33]
• Rome, Pact of, [126]
• Rome, Government of, and Government at Fiume, [128];
  • Bolshevist Congress of, [167];
  • Fascista march on, [171]
• Rome, speeches of Mussolini at, 24th Feb. 1918, [30];
  • 21st June 1921, [183];
  • 16th Nov. 1922, [207];
  • 2nd Jan. 1923, [228];
  • 6th Jan. 1923, [82];
  • 15th Jan. 1923, [230];
  • 19th Jan. 1923, [234];
  • 23rd Jan. 1923, [235];
  • 1st Feb. 1923, [240];
  • 6th Feb. 1923, [245];
  • 8th Feb. 1923, [247];
  • 10th Feb. 1923, [251];
  • 16th Feb. 1923, [258];
  • 2nd March 1923, [264];
  • 6th March 1923, [271];
  • 7th March 1923, [272];
  • 18th March 1923, [274];
  • 7th April 1923, [278];
  • 8th June 1923, [293];
  • 8th June 1923, [306];
  • 25th June 1923, [331];
  • speech by American Ambassador, 28th June 1923, [335];
  • Mussolini’s reply to American Ambassador, [340];
  • 2nd July 1923, [347];
  • 3rd July 1923, [345];
  • 16th July 1923, [347];
  • Internal Congress of Chambers of Commerce at, [274]
• Romulus, [38]
• Ronchi, legions of, [128]
• Rossoni, Edmondo, [xi]
• Rothermere, Lord, on Mussolini’s work, [xiv]
• Roumania, intervention of, [19];
  • Italian relations with, [213];
  • Mohammedans in, [213]
• Rovigo, speech at, 2nd June 1923, [284]
• Ruffini, Senator, [335]
• Ruhr, Italian policy in the, [230]–1, [238]–9, [254];
  • Memorandum of London,
• 231;
  • German Government’s orders as to coal deliveries, [235];
  • Reparations Commission’s report on Germany’s failure, [336];
  • Moratorium, [236]–7;
  • control of mines, [236];
  • English representative on Rhine High Commission, [237];
  • Italian mediation, [237], [259];
  • America’s neutrality, [238];
  • Little Entente and, [238], [240];
  • Lausanne Conference, [238], [241];
  • Russia and, [240];
  • train services and, [241];
  • passive resistance, [264], [346];
  • French object, [264];
  • English attitude, [264];
  • reasons for occupation of, [295];
  • extension of occupation, [345];
  • European exchanges, [345]
• Ruskoie Slovo, admission of Russian vacillation in, [19]
• Russia, commercial treaty with, [xviii];
  • undermined by revolution, [12];
  • Entente and financial difficulties of, [19];
  • Leninist policy at Brest-Litowsk, [43];
  • Agrarian revolution, [123];
  • the Baltic States, [123];
  • Panslavism, [123];
  • disagreement over Wilna and Grodno, [123];
  • fate of Poland, [123];
  • Russian Jews and Palestine, [195];
  • relations between Italy and, [303];
  • liberty of association and, [355];
  • freedom of the Press in, [355]
• Rybar, Signor, [269]
• Sabotino, [28]
• St. Germain, Treaty of, unsatisfactory to the victors, [123];
  • Austrian Republic and, [124];
  • Austro-Italian economic relations and, [282]
• Salandra, Signor, his formula of “sacred egoism,” [16];
  • congratulates Mussolini, [362]
• Salorno, Pass of, [185]
• Salute, Fascista, [xv]
• San Terenzo, [163]
• Santa Margherita, Agreements of, [210];
  • purpose of, [247] et seq.;
  • approval of, [251];
  • Adriatic question and, [255]–6;
  • application of, by Italian Government, [256];
  • effect of, on Zara and Dalmatia, [260]–1;
  • Abbazia Conference, [278]; enforcement of, [300]
• Santi Quaranta, [363]
• Sardi, Baron, [335]
• Sardinia, soldiers of, [120];
  • Fascisti of, [171]; the post-war needs of, [321];
  • Fascismo and, [324];
  • Mussolini in, [320], [323], [326];
  • malaria, [356]
• Sassari, speech 10th June 1923 at, [320]
• Sasseno, occupation of, [20]
• Sauro Basin, [279]
• Sauro, Nazario, [269]
• Savoy, Upper, Switzerland, [21];
  • House of, and Italian unity, [176];
  • Military Order of, [309]
• Scala, the, [25], [59]
• Schappner, [21]
• Schools, reform of, [314]
• Sciesa, Antonio, [161]
• Sea, Federation of the, [104]
• Seamen, Federation of, [106]
• Sebenico, [96]
• Seipel, [281]
• Serbia, [10], [12];
  • against separate peace, [19];
  • integrity of, safeguarded, [189]
• Serbo-Croat-Slovak Delegation at Abbazia, [278]
• Serrani, [88]
• Serrati on Tuscany, [103]
• Sesto San Giovanni, speech at, 1st Dec. 1917, [25]
• Sèvres, Treaty of: not satisfactory, [123];
  • results of possible failure of, [150];
  • Palestine Mandate, [194]
• Sforza, Count, on Montenegrin independence, [189], [191]
• Siam, commercial treaty with, [xviii], [283]
• Silesia, Upper, [123], [189]
• Sionism. See Zionism
• Skrzynski, [280]
• Smyrna, [124];
  • Entente and, [254]
• Social-Bolshevism, [108]
• Social-Communists, [161]
• Social Democrats, [203]
• Social-Extremists and economic policy, [275]
• Socialism, [5];
  • Italian, [97];
  • co-operation with useless, [99];
  • State, [198]
• Socialist Party, Italian:
  • Mussolini’s expulsion from, [3];
  • irredentism and, [15]; intervention and, [27];
  • Dalmine strike and, [63];
  • condemnation of, [69];
  • working class and, [70];
  • anti-Italian nature of, [73];
  • Fascismo and, [92];
  • membership roll, [93], [105];
  • Leninist Socialists, [101];
  • in 1913, [97];
  • Turati, [105];
  • Bolshevist element in, [116]–7;
  • Fascisti and, [139], [154];
  • party Socialism and Socialism of Labour distinguished, [197]
• Socialist Union, Italian, [92]
• Socrates, [135], [162]
• Soldiers, Committee of Wounded and Disabled, [51]
• Soviet, in Italy, [97];
  • in Russia, [123];
  • Fascista policy towards, [133];
  • Italian Communists and the, [197];
  • attitude towards German proletariat, [232]
• Spa, conference at, [295]
• Spain, commercial treaty with, [xviii], [283];
  • conditions in, [306]
• Spalato, [255]
• Sparta, Fascismo and “krypteia” of, [ix]
• Stambuliski, [345]
• Stampa, the, [97]
• Statute Law, the, [311]–12, [356]
• Stefani, de, [xviii], and Budgets, [272]
• Stelvio, [276]
• Straits, the. See Dardanelles
• Strike, anti-Fascista, [307]
• Stringa, Major-General, [310]
• Sturck, [98]
• Südbahn Conference, [269]–270
• Sudekum, [99]
• Suffrage, universal, [355]
• Susak, [256], [262], [278]
• Switzerland, Mussolini expelled from, [xvi], [21], [22]
• Syndicalist organisation of Bologna, [37];
  • of the Fascista, [148], [178]
• Syndicalism, [9], [63], [148], [178], [313]–14
• Syndicalist corporations, [xi]
• Syndicalists, in Parma, [9];
  • of Bologna, [37];
  • in Dalmine, [63];
  • Syndicate of co-operation, [69];
  • Fascista syndicalism, [63], [148], [178];
  • Fascista syndicates, [81];
  • in Italy generally, [197]
• Syndicate, of Co-operation, [69];
  • Fascista, [81];
  • National Italian, [197];
  • Confederation of Italian Syndicates, [197]
• Tacitus, [44]
• Tamassia, Senator, [260]
• Tangorra, [215]
• Tardieu, [95]
• Taxation, [317]
• Theseus, [38]
• Tellini, General Enrico, murder of, [363]
• Ticino, Canton, [136], [184]
• Timavo, [48]
• Tirso, Lake, [324]
• Tittoni, Senator, [263]
• Titus, [37]
• Tivaroni, Senator, [260]
• Tokyo, circulation of Our Next War With the United States in, [122]
• Tolstoy, [114], [118]
• Tonoli, [161]
• Toscanini, [133]
• Transylvania, [20]
• Trento, Fascismo in, [xiii];
  • Italian aims and, [53];
  • statue of Dante at, [60];
  • reconquest of, [100];
  • acquisition of, [111];
  • Socialists and, [118];
  • Fascisti of, and Fiume, [131];
  • elections, [173];
  • Fascisti demands concerning, [187]
• Treves, [14]
• Trianon, Treaty of, [123];
  • Hungarian reparations, [298]
• Trieste, [25];
  • Giacomo Venezian and, [48];
  • Adriatic aspirations, [59];
  • reconquest of, [100];
  • speech of 20 Sept. 1920 at, [108];
  • Risorgimento, [111];
  • Socialists and, [118];
  • military sacrifices of 1915, [120];
  • speech of 6 Feb. 1921 at, [121];
  • Fascisti of, and Fiume, [131];
  • Fascisti of, and separation, [171];
  • frontier traffic, [282]
• Triple Alliance, [12], [22], [23]
• Triple Entente, [12], [15], [16]
• Tripoli, war in, [14]
• Turati, Filippo, [69], [105], [252]
• Turin, [43]
• Turkey, [10];
  • Treaty of Sèvres, [125];
  • Kemal Pasha, [150];
  • juridical protection of foreigners, [302]–3;
  • Libyan subjects resident in, [303];
  • Ottoman debt, [303].
  • See also Lausanne Conference
• Tuscany, [328]
• Udine, speech of 20 Sept. 1922 at, [143]
• Ukraine, [195], [303]
• United States, internationalism and the, [46];
  • democracy of, [49], [110];
  • intervention of, [49], [51];
  • relations with, [214];
  • representatives of, at Economic Congress, [275];
  • agreement with Britain on debt, [296];
  • Austrian loan and, [300];
  • Italian relations with, [304], [335] et seq.
• Unity, basis of, [93], moral, of the Italian people, [352]–3
• Universal suffrage, [355]
• Universities, Padua, [289];
  • of Italy, [291]
• Unknown Warrior, tomb of, [331], [343], [344]
• Utopia, the Asiatic, [82]
• Valona, [20], [117], [118]
• Vanzette, [79]
• Vatican, the, [202]
• Vecchi, Cesare Maria de, [xiii], [310]
• “Venezia Giulia,” [343]
• Venezia Tridentina, [171]
• Venezian, [134]
• Venice, [113], [286]
• Venizelos, [125]
• Verdi, [77]
• Versailles, [56]
• Versailles, Treaty of:
  • revision of, [99], [100];
  • indemnity under, [124];
  • Italy excluded from economic and colonial benefits, [293]
• Victor Emmanuel III., King, [xii]
• Vidali, [88]
• Vienna, [11];
  • Danube Confederation, [124];
  • occupation of, [149], [172]
• Vigevano, Colonel, [190]
• Vinci, Leonardo da, [114]
• Vittorio Veneto, [75], [77];
  • vindication of fruits of, [xvii], [107], [151], [154], [160], [164];
  • greatness of victory of, [110];
  • Austria crushed at, [135];
  • Fascista Government, the Government of, [333]
• Votes for Women, [286]
• War Office, Fascisti demand, [174]
• War, revolutionary, [23]
• Warsaw, Italian firms and, [280]
• Washington Conference on Disarmament, [xviii], [243];
  • social and pacifist Conventions of, [355]
• Waterloo, [5]
• Wells, H. G., [41]
• White Federation, [197]
• Wilna, [123]
• Wilson, Woodrow, [28], [52], [126], [189]
• Woman’s Fascista Congress, [286];
  • suffrage, [355]
• Workers, General Federation of, [198]
• Working classes, post-war rights of, [63];
  • intervention and the, [69];
  • Fascismo and the, [75];
  • Fascista Government’s policy towards, [80]
• Workmen, Italian Union of, [66], [69]
• Yellow immigration, [121]
• Yugoslavia, pact of Rome, [126];
  • Isonzo and, [127];
  • Porto Barro and the Delta, [193];
  • Mohammedanism in, [213];
  • the Adriatic question, [255];
  • Abbazia Conference, [269];
  • commercial treaty, [271], [282].
  • See also Fiume;
    • Rapallo, Treaty of
• Zagabria, [127]
• Zahn, [21]
• Zambon, Maj.-General, [310]
• Zankoff, [345]
• Zara, [53], [59];
  • Treaty of Rapallo, [125], [262];
  • Fascismo and, [136];
  • Adriatic question and, [192];
  • Agreements of Sta. Margherita, [247], [260]–1;
  • Fascista Government and, [256]–7;
  • “Special zone of Zara,” [301].
  • See also Yugoslavia
• Zocchi, Fulvio, [9]