Footnote 219: [(return)]
The Negro in the South, 115.
Footnote 220: [(return)]
Its fundamental assumptions were ably refuted by Edward Atkinson in the North American Review, August, 1905.
Footnote 221: [(return)]
It was reviewed in the Dial, April 16, 1901, by W.E.B. DuBois, who said in part: "Mr. Thomas's book is a sinister symptom—a growth and development under American conditions of life which illustrates peculiarly the anomalous position of black men, and the terrific stress under which they struggle. And the struggle and the fight of human beings against hard conditions of life always tends to develop the criminal or the hypocrite, the cynic or the radical. Wherever among a hard-pressed people these types begin to appear, it is a visible sign of a burden that is threatening to overtax their strength, and the foreshadowing of the age of revolt."
Footnote 222: [(return)]
For a general treatment of the matter of the Negro as dealt with in American Literature, especially fiction, note "The Negro in American Fiction," in the Dial, May 11, 1916, a paper included in The Negro in Literature and Art. The thesis there is that imaginative treatment of the Negro is still governed by outworn antebellum types, or that in the search for burlesque some types of young and uncultured Negroes of the present day are deliberately overdrawn, but that there is not an honest or a serious facing of the characters and the situations in the life of the Negro people in the United States to-day. Since the paper first appeared it has received much further point; witness the stories by E.K. Means and Octavius Roy Cohen.
Footnote 223: [(return)]
It is here quoted with the permission of the author and in the form in which it originally appeared in McClure's Magazine, September, 1899.
Footnote 224: [(return)]
In 1867 George Peabody, an American merchant and patriot, established the Peabody Educational Fund for the purpose of promoting "intellectual, moral, and industrial education in the most destitute portion of the Southern states." The John F. Slater Fund was established in 1882 especially for the encouragement of the industrial education of Negroes.
Footnote 225: [(return)]
See chapter "The Intellectuals," in My Larger Education.
Footnote 226: [(return)]
For detailed statement of origin see pamphlet, "How the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Began," by Mary White Ovington, published by the Association.