Latin for Beginners

by Benjamin L. D'Ooge

[506.] Give the English of the following words:

Nouns of the First Declension
agrī cultūra cōnstantia	cōpia dīligentia	fāma fēmina	galea inopia	lacrima lōrīca	patria praeda

Nouns of the Second Declension
ager amīcus arma (plural) auxilium bellum carrus castrum	cibus cōnsilium domicilium dominus equus fīlius fluvius	frūmentum gladius lēgātus līberī magister mūrus numerus	oppidānus oppidum pīlum populus praemium proelium puer	scūtum servus studium tēlum vīcus vir

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensons
aeger, aegra, aegrum alius, alia, aliud alter, altera, alterum armātus, -a, -um crēber, crēbra, crēbrum dūrus, -a, -um fīnitimus, -a, -um īnfīrmus, -a, -um legiōnārius, -a, -um līber, lībera, līberum mātūrus, -a, -um meus, -a, -um miser, misera, miserum multus, -a, -um	neuter, neutra, neutrum noster, nostra, nostrum alter, altera, alterum pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum sōlus, -a, -um suus, -a, -um fīnitimus, -a, -um tuus, -a, -um ūllus, -a, -um ūnus, -a, -um uter, utra, utrum validus, -a, -um vester, vestra, vestrum

Verbs	Demonstrative Pronoun	Adverbs
arat cūrat dēsīderat mātūrat properat	is, ea, id Conjunctions an -que sed	iam quō saepe Preposition apud

[507.] Give the Latin of the following words:

sword corselet man your (plural) hasten but among tear (noun) village strong long for and (enclitic) often want (noun) which (of two) care for or (in a question) whither wagon townsman wretched ripe

war number my free (adj.) children wall grain weapon one plow (verb) this or that already helmet river zeal any he son slave your (singular) she woman horse

shield (noun) whole it aid (noun) legionary weak arms master (of school) friend neighboring sick lieutenant field report, rumor abode boy his own alone prize (noun) master (owner) carefulness plenty troops

plan (noun) people beautiful no (adj.) our battle spear food steadiness fatherland town fort camp neither (of two) much agriculture other the other (of two) hard booty frequent armed

[508.] Review Questions. How many declensions are there? What three things must be known about a noun before it can be declined? What three cases of neuter nouns are always alike, and in what do they end in the plural? What two plural cases are always alike? When is the vocative singular not like the nominative? What is a predicate noun? With what does it agree? What is an appositive? Give the rule for the agreement of an appositive. How can we tell whether a noun in -er is declined like puer or like ager? Decline bonus, līber, pulcher. How can we tell whether an adjective in -er is declined like līber or like pulcher? Why must we say nauta bonus and not nauta bona? Name the Latin possessive pronouns. How are they declined? With what does the possessive pronoun agree? When do we use tuus and when vester? Why is suus called a reflexive possessive? What is the non-reflexive possessive of the third person? When are possessives omitted? What four uses of the ablative case are covered by the relations expressed in English by with? Give an illustration in Latin of the ablative of manner; of the ablative of cause; of the ablative of means; of the ablative of accompaniment. What ablative regularly has cum? What ablative sometimes has cum? What uses of the ablative never have cum? Name the nine pronominal adjectives, with their meanings. Decline alius, nūllus. Decline is. What does is mean as a demonstrative adjective or pronoun? What other important use has it?

[509.] Fill out the following summary of the second declension:

The Second or O-Declension	1. Endings in the nominative
	2. Rule for gender
	3. Case terminations of nouns in -us	a. Singular b. Plural
	a. The vocative singular of nouns in -us
	4. Case terminations of nouns in -um	a. Singular b. Plural
	5. Peculiarities of nouns in -er and -ir
	6. Peculiarities of nouns in -ius and -ium