Conceptions of the social unity: mechanical, biological, psychological—DeGreef's criticism of mechanical and biological analogies—Hierarchy of sciences: Comte and Baldwin—Baldwin's psychical abstractionism—Cooley's psychological conception of the nature of society seems most useful for purposes of this study—Cooley's view—Relation between Cooley and Giddings: the Social Mind—Summary of sociological doctrine—Critique of Davenport [72]
PART IV. A POSITIVE THEORY OF SOCIAL VALUE
CHAPTER X
VALUE AS GENERIC—THE PSYCHOLOGY OF VALUE
Economic value a species, coördinate with ethical, legal, æsthetic, and other values—Psychology of value, as manifested in individual experience—Values as "tertiary qualities"—When we reflectively break up the experience, values thrown from object to subject's emotional life, but this an abstraction from concrete experience—Feeling and desire in relation to value: hedonism; Ehrenfels and Davenport; Urban and Meinong—"Presuppositions" of value—Feeling and desire both phases in value, but neither is the worth-fundamental, and each may vary in intensity without affecting amount of value—Value and reality judgment: Meinong and Tarde; Urban—On structural side, feeling, desire, and "reality feeling" are all significant phases in value—But real significance of value lies in its functional aspect: the function of value is the function of motivation—Essence of value is power in motivation—For concrete experience, this power a quality of the object—Positive and negative values—Complementary values—Rival values: two cases: qualitatively compatible, and qualitatively incompatible values—In first case, quantitative marginal compromise often possible: generalization of Austrian analysis—So-called "absolute values" ("absolute" here used as in history of ethics)—No sharp lines between different sorts of values, as ethical, economic, æsthetic—Different sorts of values do not constitute self-complete, separate systems—Generalization of notion of price—Suggestions as to analogues in the field of the social values [93]
CHAPTER XI
RECAPITULATION—THE SOCIAL VALUES—FUNCTIONS OF THE VALUE CONCEPT IN ECONOMICS
Conclusions reached both in economic analysis and in sociological analysis point to values which correspond to no individual values, great social forces of motivation—To individual, economic, legal, and moral values appear as external forces, over which his control is limited, and to which he must adapt his individual behavior—Economic theory, often unconsciously, has assumed objectively valid, quantitative value, and economic theory valid only on the basis of such a concept: value the homogeneous element among the diversities of physical forms of goods, by virtue of which ratios, sums, and percentages may be obtained among them, and comparisons made—Process of "imputation" assumes such a value concept—Value used by economists to explain motivation of economic activity—Such a value concept essential for the theory of money—Implied in the term, "purchasing power"—Such a concept has never been justified, but economists, more concerned about practical results than logical consistency, have found it essential, and used it—Impossible to develop a social quantity by synthesis of abstract individual elements—Correct procedure the reverse of this [115]