[203] Cf. our chapter on "The Functions of Money," infra.
[204] One familiar feature of corporation finance makes barter much preferable to money transactions, in one connection, which involves very many corporations indeed, at their inception. Stock, in order to be marketable, must be "full-paid and non-assessable." If the corporation sells its stock to the first stockholders, this means that money must be paid for it to the full par value, dollar for dollar. This is usually not easy. An especial difficulty would then present itself that the promotor would have trouble in getting any pay for his work. (Meade, Corporation Finance, passim; Sullivan, American Corporations, passim.) If, however, the stocks are paid for in goods and services, the courts are much less exacting in looking to see if full value has been received. Barring obvious fraud, the courts will usually count the stock full paid and non-assessable even though the value of the goods and services received is not very great. The first sale of the stocks of a new corporation, therefore (if it is important enough to wish to have a public market for its stocks), is a barter transaction, as a rule.
[205] Purchasing Power of Money, p. 152.
[206] Ibid., pp. 352 et seq.
[207] Infra, ch. on "Passiveness of Prices." Weighted averages of "person-turnovers" will not save the situation here, if incomes stop entirely, since the persons involved then drop out altogether. Moreover, weighted averages would clearly depend on incomes, and hence on prices, and hence could not depend on habits exclusively, or causally explain prices.
[208] Loc. cit., pp. 152-153.
[209] Ibid., p. 154. Italics mine.
[210] Supra, ch. on "Volume of Money and Volume of Credit." Infra, ch. on "Bank Assets and Bank Reserves."
[211] Cf. Kinley, Money, pp. 145 and 205-206, for the discussion of various moveable margins of this sort.
[212] Van Hise, Concentration and Control, p. 16. The tendency to accumulate hoards when money is plentiful is notoriously strong in countries like India.