3. Malingering and allied traits, viz., lying and deceit, are not always consciously motivated modes of behavior, but are not infrequently determined by motives operative in the subconscious mental life, and accordingly affect to a marked extent the individual’s responsibility for such behavior.
4. The differentiation of the malingered symptoms from the genuine ones is, as a rule, extremely difficult, and great caution is to be exercised in pronouncing a given individual a malingerer.
REFERENCES
[1] Brill, A. A.: “Artificial Dreams and Lying,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology, vol. ix, No. 5.
[2] Delbrück, Anton: “Die Pathologische Lüge,” Enke, Stuttgart, 1891.
[3] Ferrari, L.: “Minorenni Delinquenti,” Milano, 1895.
[4] Penta, Pasquale: “La Simulazione della Pazzia,” Napoli, Francesco Perrella, 1905.
[5] Wilmanns: “Ueber Gefängnispsychosen,” Halle, S. 1908.
[6] Bonhoeffer: “Degenerationspsychosen,” Halle, S. 1907.
[7] Knecht: Quoted by Penta.