| Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, by S I D N E Y D R A K E, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Connecticut. |
| C. A. ALVORD, PRINTER 29 Gold-st., N. Y. |
CONTENTS.
| [BOOK IV.] | |
|---|---|
[CHAPTER I.]—Absence of accuracy—Humboldt—Superficial extent of MexicanTerritory—Physical structure of Mexico—Volcanic mountains—Climates—TierrasTempladas, Calientes, Frias—Political divisions and boundaries of Mexico—OldSpanish divisions—Provinces—Intendencies—States—Departments—North boundary—PresentStates and Territories—Rivers of Mexico—Rivers and Lakes ofMexico, | |
[CHAPTER II.]—Division of population—Whites—Indians—Africans—Leperos—Rancheros—Characteristics,Indifference, Procrastination—Females—Better Classes—Theirsocial habits—Entertainments—Leperos—Their habits—Evangelistas—Thieving—TheRanchero—His character and habits—The Indian race—Agriculturists—Traditionaryhabits adhered to—Improvidence—Superstition—Drunkenness—Indianwomen—Servile condition—Local adhesiveness—Peonage—Whipping—Planter-life—Itssolitude and results—Mülenpfordt's character of the Indians—Indiantribes and races in Mexico—Table of castes in Mexico, | |
[CHAPTER III.]—Population—Census—Tables of population—Relative division ofraces—Relative intellectual cultivation—Relative population in hot and colddistricts, | |
[CHAPTER IV.]—Agriculture—Dry and rainy seasons—Irrigation—Yield of cornlands—Colonial restrictions—Colonial dependence—Bad intercommunication—Arrieros—Cornlands—Different kinds of corn in Mexico—Mode of cultivation—Production—varioususes of corn—Banana—Mainoc—Rice—The olive—Vine—Chilepepper—tomato—Frijol—Maguey—Maguey estates—Making Pulque—Aloes—Cacti, | |
[CHAPTER V.]—Estates in the valleys of Cuernavaca and Cuautla—Mexican haciendas—Sugarregions—Coffee—Its yield—Tobacco—Orizaba—Chiapas, etc.—Indigo—Cotton—Manufacturesencouraged in Mexico—No new agricultural population—Newmanufacturing population—Production of cotton—Vainilla—Jalap—Cacao—Cochineal—Itsproduction and quantity—Silk—Fruits—Agricultural prospects—Grazing,and not an agricultural country, | |
[CHAPTER VI.]—Reflections on emigration—Advantages of America—Land andlabor—Mines wrought by Aztecs—Mining districts and extent in Mexico—Errorsas to early supply of metals from America—True period of abundance—Minesnot exhausted—Condition—Families enriched—Effect of mining on Agriculture—Relativeproduct of silver for ten years—Table of product—Yield of the minessince the Conquest—Coinage in 1844—Total coinage 1535 to 1850, | |
[CHAPTER VII.]—Income of New Spain 1809—Expenses of New Spain 1809—Mineralproductions—Military force—Agriculture—Manufactures—Commerce—Exports—Imports—Presentcommerce—Imports—Exports—Nineteen years tradebetween the United States and Mexico—Character of imports—Character of exports—Silverexported—Fairs in Mexico—The future prospects and position ofMexico—Not a commercial country—Railway from Vera Cruz to the city ofMexico, | |
[CHAPTER VIII.]—Disorder of Mexican finances—Enormous usury—Character offinancial operations—Expenses of administrations—Analysis of Mexican debt—Comparisonof income and outlay—Deficit, | |
[CHAPTER IX.]—Table of cotton factories in Mexico—Consumption—Production—Increaseof factories—Day and night work—Deficit of material—Water andsteam power—Mexican manufactures generally, | |
[CHAPTER X.]—The military in Mexico before and after the revolution—Confirmationof army—Its political use—Character of Mexican soldiers—Recruiting—Tactics—Officers—Dramaticcharacter of army—Recriminations—Condition of thearmy at the peace—Army on the northern frontier—Military colonies—Characterof the tribes—Fortresses—Perote—Acapulco—San Juan de Ulua—Re-organizationof the army—Tabular view of men and Materiel—Navy—Extent of coast on bothseas—Naval establishment—Vessels and officers—Expenses of war and navy, | |
[CHAPTER XI.]—Relations between the Mexican church and the Pope—Clergy—Monks—Nuns—Monasteries—Convents—Wealthof the church—Ratio of clergyand people—High and low clergy—their history—vices—Monks—Rural clergy—Theircharacter—Conduct of clergy, public and private—Missions in California—Modeof conversion—Monks in Mexico—Zavala's strictures—Pazo's strictures onSouth American clergy—Church in the United States and in Mexico—Constitutionalprotection of Catholicism—Duty of the church—Bulls—Paper money, | |
[CHAPTER XII.]—Various changes of the Mexican constitution—Present organizationof the national and state governments—Constitution of 1847—Legislative andjudiciary—National and state—Judiciary—Administration of justice—Civil andcriminal process—Mal-administration of justice—Prisons—Crime—Accordada—Conditionof prisons—Statistics of crime in the capital—Garrotte—Mexicanopinions, | |
[CHAPTER XIII.]—What Mexico has done—Review of her conduct and character—Mexicanopinions—Classes—Indians—Mestizos—Whites—Army—Church—Divisionsof whites—want of Homogeneousness—Want of nationality and of apeople—Remedies—Emigration—Religious liberty—political order—Labor, | |
| [BOOK V.] | |
[CHAPTER I.]—Division of Mexico into States—Eastern, western, interior—Yucatan—Boundaries,departments, population, districts, towns, parishes, productions,principal towns, islands, harbors—Chiapas—Boundaries, products, departments,towns, rivers, population—Remains in Yucatan and Chiapas—Discoveries of Stephens,Catherwood, Norman, etc.—Palenque—Uxmal—Yucatan calendar—Yucatan,Chiapan, Mechoacan, Nicaragua and Mexican months—Yucatese and Chiapancycle—Yucatese and Mexican solar year—Differences—Yucatese months—Tabasco—Boundaries,rivers, lagune, inhabitants, productions, towns and villages, | |
[CHAPTER II.]—Boundaries of Vera Cruz—Rivers, lagunes, mineral springs, population,political divisions, productions, cattle, cities, towns—Vera Cruz—Its diseases—Meteorologicalobservations at—Water fallen at Vera Cruz—Orizaba—Ascentof the mountain—Magnificent views—Difficulties—The crater extinct—Elevationof the mountain—Descent—Antiquities in the state of Vera Cruz—Ruinsat Panuco, Chacuaco, San Nicolas, La Trinidad—Small figures—Papantla—Descriptionof the pyramid—Ruins at Mapilca—Pyramid and temple at Tusapan—Isleof Sacrificios—Misantla—Remains near Puente Nacional—Tamaulipas—Boundaries,rivers, lagunes, climate, population, productions, towns—Antiquitiesof Tamaulipas—Topila—Rancho de las piedras—Sculpture—Remains, etc., etc. | |
[CHAPTER III.]—Oajaca—Extent, Boundaries, Geology, Valley, Indians, Departments,Population, Mines, Ports, Productions, Cattle, Towns, Ancient remains—Mitla—Thepalace—Tombs—Antiquarian speculations—connection of Mexican remains—Quiotepec,or Cerro de las Juntas, | |
[CHAPTER IV.]—Puebla—Divisions, productions, factories—River—Streams—Pueblade los Angeles—Cathedral—Towns—Mines—Quarries—Mountains—Popocatepetl—Atlixco—Olivares—Ascentof the mountain—The crater—Elevation—Pyramidof Cholula—Visit to the pyramid—Correct dimensions—Territory ofTlascala—History—Position—Size—Productions—Towns, | |
[CHAPTER V.]—State of Mexico—Area, Divisions, Population, Federal district,Valley, Highways, Lakes—Zumpango—Cristovol—Chalco—Xochimilco—Tezcoco—Salt-works—Cities—SanAugustin—Festival—Tezcoco, Tacuba, Toluca—Cascadeof Regla—Towns—Valley of Cuernavaca—Acapantzingo—Its Indian isolation—Minesin the state, | |
[CHAPTER VI.]—Description of the city of Mexico—Cathedral—Its architectureand riches—The Palace, University, Market, Chamber of Deputies, etc.—Portales—Mineria—LaMerced—San Domingo—Characters and costumes—Paseos—Alameda—Aqueducts—PasseoNuevo and de la Viga—Alameda—Description of it—Lifein Mexico—Theatres—Opera—Domestic life—Genuine but cautious hospitality—Legendof the virgin of Guadalupe, | |
[CHAPTER VII.]—Antiquities in the museum—Statue of Charles IV.—Conditionof the museum—Feathered serpents—Viceroy's portraits—Cortéz—Portrait—Armor—Pedrode Alvarado—Images—Vases—Tezcoco—Palace—Trough—Massivemounds—Tescocingo—Hill—Its ancient adornments—Ancient bellevue and reservoir—Tezcocansplendor—Bosque del Contador—Ponds—Lakes—Arbors—Pyramidsof Teotihuacan—Houses of sun and moon—Path of the dead—Carvedpillar—Pillar at Otumba—Pyramid of Xochicalco—Hill of Xochicalco—Its structures, | |
[CHAPTER VIII.]—State of Mechoacan—Boundaries—Elevations—Volcano of Jorullo—Theoriesof Humboldt and Lyell—Present condition—Rivers of Mechoacan—Climate,Health, Indians, Departments, Agriculture, Towns, Mines—Jalisco—Boundaries,Population, Rivers, Lakes, Divisions, Manufactures, Agriculture,Factories—Guadalajara—Towns—San Juan de los Lagos—Tepic—San Blas—Mines,Islands, Mining region, Indians, Character and Habits, Church andSchool, Education, Bishopric—Territory of Colima—Extent, Climate, Productions,Towns, | |
[CHAPTER IX.]—Sinaloa—Boundaries, Climate, Divisions, Indians, Products,Towns, Mines—Sonora—Boundaries, Divisions, Rivers, Climate, Indians, Trade,Towns, Mines—Territory of Lower California—Boundaries, Character, Population,Products, Pearls, Salt, Mines, Seals, Whales, Climate, Ports, towns, Population—Stateof Guerrero, | |
[CHAPTER X.]—State of Querétaro—Boundaries, Divisions, Characteristics,Rivers, Population and climate, Districts, etc., Agricultural products, Forests,Factories, Cities, Mines—State of Guanajuato—Boundaries, Extent, Soil—LakeYurirapundaro—Climate, Effect of maladies—Productions, Vine, Olive—Divisions—Population—Cityof Guanajuato—Towns in the state—Hacienda of Jaral—Mines—Silver,Copper, Lead, Cinnabar—Zacatécas—Boundaries, Extent, Agriculture,Divisions, Population, Towns—Zacatécas—Aguas Calientes, etc.—Productand value of Zacatécan mines—Ruins of Quemada in Zacatécas, | |
[CHAPTER XI.]—State of San Luis Potosi—Boundaries, Lakes, Rivers, Climate,Departments, Products—San Luis—Towns—Mining region—New Leon—Boundaries,Character, Rivers, Climate, Departments—Agriculture—Grazing, etc.—Monterey—Coahuila—Boundary, Position, Climate, Productions, Towns—Stateof Durango—Boundary, Character, Divisions, Streams, Productions—City of Durango—Towns,Mines, Iron, Silver—Indian necrology—Cave burial, | |
[CHAPTER XII.]—State of Chihuahua—Position, Boundaries, Extent, Characteristics,Rivers, Lakes, Indians, Divisions, Climate, Productions—Cattle estates—Mint—Mines—Principaltowns—Chihuahua—El Paso del Norte—Military importance—ElPaso wine, etc.—Antiquities—Indian ravages—The Bolson de Mapimi—Mexicanmodes of travelling and transportation—Litera—Mules—Arrieros—Conducta—Coaches—Freightwagons—Mexican habit of Home-staying—want ofexploration—Modern advancement, | |
[Appendix No. 1]—Profile of the Plateau—Mexico to Santa Fé—Santa Fé to theGulf, | |
[Appendix No. 2]—Mexican Coins, Weights and Measures, | |
| [BOOK VI.] | |
[TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO.]—Exploration of the far west—Long, Nicollet,Frémont—Santa Fé trade—First adventurers—Caravans—New Mexico erectedby Congress into a territory—Geological structure of New Mexico—The RioGrande—Its value—Soil—Products—Irrigation—Cattle—Indians—Mines—Gold—Silver—Copper—Iron—Gypsum—Salt—Climate—PuebloIndians—Wild Indiansenumerated—Number of Pueblo Indians—Census—Proximate present population—Characterof people and government—Santa Fé—Alburquerque—Valley of Toas—Statisticsof Santa Fé trade, etc.—Itinerary from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Féand El Paso, | |
[STATE OF CALIFORNIA.]—Title to the region—Missionary settlement, its purposes—Characterof California—Secularization of missions—Population in missions—Agriculturalstatistics—Cattle—Hides—Tallow—Herdsmen—Trade—Thewar—Condition of California at its close—Progress of settlement and law—Constitutionadopted—Admission as a state—Former boundaries—The great Basin—Utah—GreatSalt Lake—Pyramid lake—Rivers—Present state boundaries—Area—Geography—Sacramento—SanJoaquin—Shastl peak, | |
[STATE OF CALIFORNIA CONTINUED.]—Configuration of the state—Bay ofSan Francisco and city—Rivers of California—Character of soil, etc.—Relativesterility and productiveness—Climate—Dry and wet seasons—Causes of change—Climatein San Francisco, coast range valleys and interior valley—Area of arableand grazing land—Productions—Discovery of gold—Its position—The placeres—Washing—Digging—TheMines—Calculations as to the yield of the mines—Goldyielded by California—Its quality—Quicksilver mines—Commerce—Population—Growthof cities—Old presidios—Towns—Land titles—Mission lands—Conclusion, | |
[Appendix.]—Meteorological Observations in California, | |