The Myzostomaria form a division of Polychæta all the members of which live parasitically on Crinoids, and otherwise present great differences in their habits. Some move about freely on the Crinoids they infest, others are more sluggish and rarely move, others produce galls or cysts on their host, and yet others are internal parasites, and live in the alimentary canal. It is of interest to note that there are corresponding degrees of difference between the young and old specimens of the different groups of species.
The general organisation of Myzostomaria is shown in the accompanying figure (Fig. 23) in which the dorsal wall of the body is supposed to be transparent so as to allow of the chief internal organs being seen.
Fig. 23.
Diagram of Myzostomum to show the general form of the body and the marginal extensile cirri (c); within these and on the ventral surface are four pairs of suckers, and more internally five pairs of appendages each bearing two hooks; the proboscis (p), the digestive tract and its ramifications, and the reproductive organs are outlined as if seen through a transparent wall; a, anus.
The last group of Worms here represented is that of the Gephyrea; with the advance of our knowledge it is probable that they will be found to be more intimately allied to the Annulata than is now generally supposed; it will be seen indeed that Echiurus has bristles at its hinder end; Sipunculus is the best known representative of the unarmed Gephyrea; Bonellia is interesting both from the fact that it owes its green colour to a matter closely resembling the chlorophyll of green plants, and from the possession by the female of a proboscis, which is protruded from the hole in the rock occupied by the worm: the male is very much smaller than the female, and is not nearly so well developed. Owing to the mode of lighting the Gallery, the visitor may have to shift his position several times before gaining a good view of the whole length of the proboscis.
INDEX.
- Acanthaster, [114]
- Acanthobdella, [124]
- Acanthocephali, [122]
- Acmæidæ, [9]
- Actinometra, [113]
- Adeonidæ, [66]
- Ætheriidæ, [39]
- Alcyonidium, [67]
- Amaroucium, [99]
- Amathia, [67], [68]
- Amphineura, [7]–9
- Ampullariidæ, [14]
- Ancylus, [27]
- Annulata, [122]
- Anodonta, [39]
- Antedon, [111]–113
- Aphrodite, [122]
- Aplacophora, [9]
- Aplysiidæ, [23]
- Apoda, [115]
- Appendiculariidæ, [105]
- “Apple-Snails”, [14]
- Architeuthis, [48]
- Argonauta, [46]
- Ascaris, [120]
- Ascidia, [83], [93]
- Ascidiacea, [90]
- Ascidiæ Compositæ, [96]
- Ascidiæ Salpiformes, [99]
- Ascidiæ Simplices, [90]
- Ascopodaria, [73]
- Astartidæ, [38]
- Asterias, [108], [114]
- Asterina, [111]
- Asteroidea, [112], [113]
- Astrophyton, [114]
- Atlantidæ, [22]
- Auger-shells, [21]
- Auriculidæ, [26]
- Aviculidæ, [33]
- Bartlettia, [39]
- Basket-fish, [114]
- Basommatophora, [26]
- Bêche-de-mer, [115]
- Bipalium, [118]
- Bird’s head Coralline, [58]
- Bladder-worm, [117]
- Blastoidea, [112]
- Bloodworm, [124]
- Boat-shells, [20]
- Boltenia, [91], [92]
- Bonellia, [126]
- Borer, [43]
- Botryllidæ, [96], [97]
- Botrylloides, [97]
- Botryllus, [97], [98]
- Bowerbankia, [67]
- Brachiopoda, [74]–82
- Brechites, [44]
- Bristle-jawed worms, [122]
- Brittle Stars, [114]
- Bubble-shells, [23]
- Buccinidæ, [18], [19]
- Bugula, [58], [59]
- Bullidæ, [23]
- Caberia, [62]
- Calamaries, [4]
- Calyptræidæ, [14]
- Cardiidæ, [40]
- Carditidæ, [38]
- Carinariidæ, [22]
- Carinella, [118]
- Carrier-shells, [17]
- Cassididæ, [18], [19]
- Catenicellidæ, [66]
- Cavolina, [23]
- Cellularina, [58]
- Cephalopoda, [45]–50
- Cerithiidæ, [17]
- Cestoda, [116]
- Cestode parasites, [116]
- Chætoderma, [9]
- Chætognatha, [122]
- Chætopoda, [116], [122]
- Chama, [41]
- Chelyosoma, [93]
- Chilostomata, [57]
- Chirodota, [115]
- Chiroteuthis, [47]
- Chitonidæ, [7], [8]
- Chloeia, [122]
- Clams, [41]
- Clavagellidæ, [44]
- Clavelina, [94], [95]
- Clavelinidæ, [94]
- Clione, [24]
- Coat-of-mail shells, [7]
- Cockle, [40]
- Colella, [97], [98]
- Comatulidæ, [111]
- Conchologists, [17]
- Conidæ, [21]
- Convoluta, [118]
- Coralliophilidæ, [20]
- Corbula, [42]
- Cowries, [14]
- Crania, [74], [80]
- Creeping Coralline, [60]
- Crepidula, [14]
- Crinoidea, [112]
- Crinoids, [109]
- Crisia, [69]
- Crisiidæ 69
- Cristatella, [71], [72]
- Cryptochiton, [8]
- Cryptoplax, [8]
- Ctenostomata, [57], [66]
- Cucumaria, [115]
- Culeolus, [92]
- Cup-and-saucer Limpets, [14]
- Currant Squirter, [92]
- Cuspidariidæ, [45]
- Cuttlefish, [48]
- Cyclophoridæ, [13]
- Cyclostomata, [57], [68]
- Cynthiidæ, [91]
- Cypræidæ, [14]
- Cysticercus, [117]
- Cystidea, [112]
- Dentaliidæ, [28]
- Desert-snail, [6]
- Diadema, [114]
- Diazona, [94]
- Dipsas, [36]
- Discinidæ, [80]
- Distoma, [118]
- Distomidæ, [96]
- Doliidæ, [18]
- Doliolidæ, [100], [103]
- Doliolum, [90], [103]
- Dracunculus, [121]
- Dyscolia, [82]
- Ear-cockle gall, [122]
- Ear-shells, [12]
- Earthworms, [124]
- Echinoderma, [106]–115
- Echinoidea, [112], [114]
- Echinometra, [114]
- Echinozoa, [112]
- Echiurus, [126]
- Ectoprocta, [57]
- Elasipoda, [115]
- Electra, [62], [63]
- Elephant-tooth shell, [1]
- Entoprocta, [57], [73]
- Escharina, [64]
- Eulamellibranchia, [38]
- Eunice, [122]
- Euthyneura, [23]
- False Limpets, [9]
- Fan-Mussel, [34]
- Fan-Shells, [38]
- Fasciolariidæ, [18]
- Feather-star, [111]
- Filaria, [122]
- Filibranchia, [32]
- Filograna, [123]
- Fissurellidæ, [11]
- Flat-worms, [116]
- Flukes, [118], [119]
- Flustra, [54], [62]
- Flustrina, [62]
- Fountain-shell, [17]
- Fredericella, [71]
- Freshwater Limpets, [27]
- Freshwater Mussels, [38]
- Freshwater Oyster, [39]
- Freshwater Polyzoa, [70]
- Freshwater Snails, [7], [26]
- Freshwater Worms, [122]
- Gapers, [42]
- Gastropoda, [9]–28
- Gephyrea, [126]
- Giant Clam, [41]
- Glassy Nautilus, [22]
- “Glory-of-the-Sea” Cone, [21]
- Glottidia, [78]
- Goodsiria, [99]
- Gordius, [120], [121]
- Gorgon’s head, [114]
- Guinea-worm, [121]
- Gymnolæmata, [57]
- Gymnosomata, [24]
- Haliotidæ, [12]
- Hammer Oyster, [33]
- Harpidæ, [20]
- Harp-shells, [20]
- Helicidæ, [27], [28]
- Helmet-shells, [18]
- Hemiaster, [110], [114]
- Heteropoda, [22]
- Hippuritidæ, [41]
- Hirudinea, [124]
- Hirudo, [124]
- Holothuria, [107], [115]
- Holothurioidea, [112], [115]
- Ianthinidæ, [16]
- Idmonea, [69]
- Julinia, [98]
- Keyhole Limpets, [11]
- Kinetoskias, [59]–61
- Kuphus, [43]
- Lamellibranchia, [29]–45
- Land-Snails, [26]
- Larvacea, [104]
- Leeches, [124]
- Lepralia, [64]
- Leptoclinum, [98], [99]
- Lichenopora, [69]
- “Lightning-Snake”, [121]
- Lily-Encrinites, [110]
- Limidæ, [37]
- Limnæa truncatula, [118]
- Limnæidæ, [26]
- Limpet, [9]
- Limpet Snails, [26]
- Linckia, [113], [114]
- Lineus, [118]
- Lingula, [74], [75], [77]–79
- Lithodomus, [33]
- Littorinidæ, [14]
- Liver-fluke, [118]
- Loligo, [46]
- Lophopus, [71], [72]
- Lotoriidæ, [18]
- Loxosoma, [73]
- Lucinidæ, [38]
- Lunulites, [64]
- Mactridæ, [40]
- Magellania, [75], [77], [82]
- Magilus, [20]
- Malleus, [33]
- Margaritana, [39]
- Marine worms, [122]
- Melaniidæ, [17]
- Meleagrina, [33]–35
- Melons, [20]
- Membranipora, [63]
- Mermis, [120]
- Metacrinus, [113]
- Mineralogists, [17]
- Mitridæ, [18]
- Molgula, [91]
- Molgulidæ, [90]
- Mollusca, [1]–53
- Money-Cowry, [15]
- Moss Animals, [56]
- Mucronella, [65]
- Mülleria, [39], [40]
- Muricidæ, [20]
- Mussels, [33]
- Mussels (freshwater), [38]
- Myidæ, [42]
- Mytilidæ, [33]
- Myzostomaria, [125]
- Naked-gilled Molluscs, [24]
- Natica, [15]
- Nautilus, [45], [49]
- Nematoidea, [116], [120]
- Nemertinea, [116], [118], [120]
- Neomenia, [9]
- Nereis, [122]
- Neritidæ, [13]
- Non-parasitic Worms, [118]
- Nucleobranchiata, [22]
- Nuculidæ, [31]
- Nudibranchia, [23], [24]
- Octacnemidæ, [100]
- Octopus, [46], [47]
- Oikopleura, [104]
- Oligochæta, [122], [124]
- Olividæ, [20]
- Ophiacantha, [111]
- Ophiuroidea, [112], [114]
- Opisthobranchia, [23]
- Orange Cowry, [15]
- Oreaster, [114]
- Ormers, [12]
- Ostreidæ, [36]
- Ovulidæ, [15]
- Oyster, [36]
- Panthalis, [123]
- Paper-Nautilus, [46]
- Patella, [9]
- Pearl-Oyster, [33]
- Pearly Nautilus, [50]
- Pectinibranchia, [13]
- Pectinidæ, [38]
- Pedata, [115]
- Pedicellinidæ, [73]
- Pelmatozoa, [111]
- Pentacrinus, [111], [113]
- Periwinkle, [14]
- Perophora, [95], [96]
- Phallusia, [93]
- Pharyngodictyon, [98], [99]
- Pholas, [43]
- Phylactolæmata, [70]
- Piddocks, [43]
- Pinna, [33], [34]
- Piscicola, [124]
- Planaria, [118]
- Platyhelmia, [116]
- Pleurotomaria, [11]
- Pleurotomatidæ, [20]
- Plumatella, [71], [72]
- Polychæta, [122]
- Polyclinidæ, [96]
- Polyplacophora, [7]
- Polyzoa, [54]–73
- Pond-Mussel, [5]
- Pond-Snails, [27]
- Pontobdella, [124]
- Poromyidæ, [45]
- Poulp, [7]
- Proneomenia, [7]
- Protobranchia, [31]
- Pseudolamellibranchia, [33]
- Psolus, [115]
- Pterocera, [18]
- Pteropoda, [23]
- Pterotracheidæ, [22]
- Pulmonata, [25]–28
- Purpura, [20]
- Pyrosoma, [90], [99]
- Radiolitidæ, [41]
- Razor-shells, [42]
- Retepora, [65], [66]
- Rhodosoma, [93], [94]
- Rhopalæa, [96]
- Rhynchonella, [82]
- River-Snails, [13]
- Rock-shells, [20]
- Round Worms, [118]
- Sabella, [122]
- Sabellaria, [122]
- Saddle-Oysters, [32]
- Salpa, [90], [100]–103
- Salpidæ, [100]
- Scala, [17]
- Scallops, [38]
- Scaphopoda, [28]
- Schizoporella, [65]
- Scorpion-shells, [18]
- Screw-shells, [17]
- Scrobiculariidæ, [40]
- Scrupocellaria, [60], [62]
- Scutibranchia, [9]
- Sea-Butterflies, [23]
- Sea-Cucumbers, [106], [115]
- Sea-Hare, [23], [24]
- Sea-Lilies, [106]
- Sea-Mat, [54]
- Sea-Mouse, [122]
- Sea-Slugs, [106]
- Sea-Urchins, [106], [114]
- Sea-Woodlice, [7]
- Selenariidae, [64]
- Semele, [40]
- Sepia, [46]–48
- Sepiola, [46]
- Septibranchia, [45]
- Serpula, [122]
- Ship-worm, [43]
- Silk Coralline, [68]
- Siphonariidæ, [26]
- Sipunculus, [126]
- Slipper-Limpets, [14]
- Slit-Limpets, [11]
- Slugs, [28]
- Snails, [27]
- Solenidæ, [42]
- Solenomyidæ, [31]
- Spatangus, [109]
- Spirula, [49]
- Spondylidæ, [37]
- Squid, [46]
- Stalked Crinoids, [110], [112]
- Starfishes, [108]
- Stichopus, [107]
- Streptoneura, [9]
- Strombidæ, [17]
- Strongylus, [120]
- Styelopsis, [92]
- Stylommatophora, [27]
- Synapta, [107], [115]
- Tænia, [116], [117]
- Tapeworm, [116]
- Tectibranchia, [23]
- Tellina, [40]
- Terebella, [123]
- Terebratula, [74], [82]
- Terebratulina, [82]
- Terebridæ, [21]
- Teredo, [43], [44]
- Testacella, [28]
- Tethys, [24]
- Thaliacea, [100]
- Thecalia, [38]
- Thecidium, [81]
- Thecosomata, [23]
- Thorn-headed Worms, [122]
- Thorny Oysters, [37]
- Thread-worms, [118]
- Thysanozoon, [118]
- Tooth-shells, [28]
- Top-shells, [12]
- Trematoda, [116]
- Trepang, [115]
- Trichina, [121]
- Trichocephalus, [120]
- Tridacnidæ, [41]
- Trochetia, [125]
- Trochidæ, [12]
- Trumpet-shells, [18]
- Tubifex, [124]
- Tubulipora, [69], [70]
- Tunicata, [83]–105
- Tun-shells, [18]
- Turbellaria, [116], [118], [120]
- Turbinidæ, [12]
- Turritellidæ, [17]
- Tylenchus, [122]
- Umbraculidæ, [23], [24]
- Umbraculum, [24], [25]
- Umbrella-shells, [23]
- Unionidæ, [38], [39]
- Veneridæ, [40]
- Venus-shells, [30]
- Vermetidæ, [17]
- Vesicularia, [67]
- Violet Snails, [16]
- Viviparidæ, [20]
- “Volutes”, [20]
- Volutidæ, [20]
- Water-Clams, [37]
- Watering pot-shells, [44]
- Water Spondyli, [37]
- Weaver’s-shuttle, [15]
- Whelk, [18]
- Window-shells, [32]
- Wing-shells, [33]
- Winkles, [14]
- Worms, [116]–126
- Worm-shells, [17]
- Worm-tubes, [123]
- Xenophoridæ, [17]
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