[561] Loc. cit., pp. 92, 93.
[562] Kam. and Kurn., p. 189.
[563] Compare [pp. 248], [249]; and [269] sqq.
[564] The importance of the emotional character of parental kinship has already been theoretically studied. Prof. K. Buecher (loc. cit., p. 19) represents the primitive parents as selfish, heartless, with no love or attachment for the child, and draws important conclusions from this. Dr. Steinmetz has subjected this assumption to a thorough criticism; taking his stand on a rich collection of ethnological data, he shows that this assumption is without any ground; he fully acknowledges the importance in sociological researches of behaviour, treatment and emotional attitude in the parental relation. Compare his important article in Zeitschr. f. Soziologie, i. pp. 608 sqq., and Ethnologische Studien, ii. pp. 186 sqq.
[565] Compare the [footnote above], p. 174.
[566] Compare also above, [p. 171].
[567] Compare especially Systems, etc., chap. ii. pp. 10 sqq. "The family relationships are as ancient as the family. They exist in virtue of the law of derivation, which is expressed by the perpetuation of the species through the marriage relations. A system of consanguinity, which is founded upon a community of blood, is but the formal expression and recognition of these relationships." (The italics are mine.) This is in other words the assumption that kinship was always conceived as consanguinity, or community of blood through procreation. Compare also Ancient Society, pp. 393, 395.
[568] Systems, etc., pp. 474 sqq., where the only source of the classificatory system is attributed to different "customs" referring to the sexual aspect of marriage. As we saw, precisely this aspect is quite irrelevant to the formation of primitive kinship ideas, consequently also of primitive kinship terms.
[569] See loc. cit., pp. 83 sqq. It is difficult to pick out any one clear statement to show that the author identifies kinship with consanguinity. But a glance at the pages quoted is enough to prove this. I quote a phrase from the table of contents: "The most ancient system in which the idea of blood relationship was embodied was a system of kinship through females only." (The italics are mine.)
[570] Men are always "bound together by a feeling of kindred. The filial and paternal affections may be instinctive. They are obviously independent of any theory of kinship, its origin and consequences ... they may have existed long before kinship became an object of thought," op. cit., p. 83. From these remarks it is only one step to say that feelings ought to be considered as determining elements, and that even if ideas corresponding to them did not exist, kinship could not be denied.