The Law of Civilization and Decay: An Essay on History

by Brooks Adams

[401] Entretiens, i. 102.

INDEX

• Acre: siege of [130];
  • defence of by Templars [171].
• Alaric: served in Roman army 61.
• Alexander, Emperor of Russia: breach with Napoleon [324].
• Alexis: treats with crusaders [139];
  • death of [143].
• Anastasius: wealth of [51];
  • builds long wall [51].
• Anglicanism, see Church of England.
• Antwerp: rise of [201];
  • centre of exchanges [201];
  • sack of [287].
• Architecture: Italian [88];
  • Gothic [89];
  • Byzantine [89];
  • Saracenic [90];
  • crusading [100];
  • Greek and Roman [372];
  • Byzantine [375] et seq.;
  • Gothic [378];
  • modern [382];
  • see Ogive.
• Armada: defeated by yeomen [256];
  • loss of [287].
• Army, see Police.
• Art: decline of [380], [381];
  • see Architecture.
• Articles, ecclesiastical: Six [232], [268];
  • Forty-two [262];
  • Lambeth [268].
• Attila: ransoms Constantinople [50];
  • vision of [63].
• Aureus: depreciation of [27];
  • passes by weight [31].
• Baldwin, Count of Edessa: [105];
  • King of Jerusalem [105].
• Baldwin, Emperor of the East: [146];
  • reproved by Innocent [147].
• Bank of England: incorporated [303];
  • early issues of [319];
  • suspends cash payments [327];
  • policy of prior to 1810 [327];
  • resumes specie payments [330];
  • hoards gold [331]–[333];
  • paper in panic of 1825 [335];
  • Bank Act of 1844 [336];
  • suspension of Bank Act [344].
• Bank of Genoa: [168].
• Bank of Venice: [168], [169].
• Bankers: mediæval [168];
  • increase of English country after 1760 [319];
  • poor credit of [320];
  • increase issues in 1823 [333];
  • rise of great modern houses [321];
  • policy of [328];
  • supremacy of [344];
  • absolute government by [353].
• Barbarians: imported by Roman emperors [39];
  • lack of in modern times [363];
  • formed strength of Roman armies [363];
  • want of weakness in modern civilization [364];
  • see Coloni.
• Boadicea: revolt of [37].
• Boleyn, Anne: [212];
  • sweating sickness [226];
  • crowned [230].
• Boleyn, Thomas: character and rise of [213].
• Boniface VIII.: character of [172];
  • quarrel with Philip [173];
  • bulls of [174], [175];
  • seized at Anagni [177].
• Bosra: retreat from [119];
  • miracle at [119], [120].
• Boulton, Matthew: rise of [314];
  • partnership with Watt [316];
  • debts of [316].
• Bullion Committee: [328], [329].
• Burleigh, Lord: rise of [213];
  • hostile to adventurers [256];
  • family of typical landlords [267].
• Cæsar: army of [363].
• Capital: centres at Constantinople [28];
  • Mill’s definition of [313];
  • accelerates movement [314];
  • accumulates at London [319];
  • see England and London.
• Carthusians: martyrdom of [221].
• Cecil, see Burleigh.
• Champagne: fairs of [158];
  • centres of Eastern trade [158];
  • decline of [201].
• Chantries: confiscation of [259].
• Child, Sir Josiah: rise of [294];
  • estimates England’s wealth [295].
• Church, Catholic: see Early Christian;
  • becomes dominant in Italy [63];
  • secular character of mediæval clergy of [71];
  • secular clergy of [73];
  • claims of under Hildebrand [75];
  • makes papacy self-perpetuating [75];
  • emancipates itself from civil power [76], [77];
  • schism of with Constantinople [78];
  • character of clergy of at Reformation [264], [265];
  • miracles of, see Miracles, Cluny, Convents.
• Church, Early Christian: socialistic [60];
  • acquires wealth in third century [60];
  • officially recognized [61];
  • favours barbarians [62];
  • subservient to Roman emperors [62];
  • based on miracles [63] et seq.;
  • imaginative [373];
  • poverty of [373];
  • art of [374].
• Church, Eastern: remains subject to the emperors [78]–[88];
  • architecture of [89];
  • plundered [145];
  • art of [376].
• Church of England: an economic phenomenon [228];
  • Henry supreme head of [228];
  • robbed by landlords [230];
  • orthodox under Henry VIII. [232];
  • spoiled by Edward VI. [259], [260];
  • Calvinistic [262];
  • docile to lay dictation [264];
  • faith of regulated by statute [266];
  • without fixed faith [268];
  • ruled by Elizabeth [269];
  • hated by Puritans and Catholics [270];
  • divine right distinctive doctrine of [271];
  • organized as police by landlords [272];
  • mercenary [273];
  • types of clergy of [275];
  • great bishops of [276] et seq.;
  • upheld by James I. [284];
  • persecutes Puritans under Bancroft [285].
• Clairvaux: foundation of [109];
  • appeals to pope against Philip the Fair [172];
  • see Saint Bernard.
• Claudius, Appius: a usurer [7];
  • enslaves Virginia [8];
  • enforces usury laws [9].
• Clement V.: election of [178];
  • bargain with Philip [178];
  • entices Molay to Paris [180];
  • persecutes Templars [181];
  • tries Molay [184];
  • death of [185].
• Clermont: council of [83].
• Clive, Lord: birth of [306];
  • campaigns of [307];
  • Plassey [308];
  • wealth of [309];
  • attacked by landlords [310].
• Cluny: founded [72];
  • growth of [73];
  • controls papacy [75].
• Cobden: attacks landlords [341];
  • origin of [341].
• Cobham, Lord: trial of [193];
  • attempts conventual confiscation [195].
• Cœur-de-Lion: leads crusade [130];
  • treats with Saladin [131].
• Coinage, Roman: copper [15];
  • silver [20];
  • debasement of [26];
  • becomes gold monometallic [27], [30];
  • passes by weight [31];
  • of Constantinople [55];
  • debasement of coinage of Constantinople [56];
  • becomes silver under Charlemagne [129];
  • Venetian [129];
  • gold of thirteenth century [129];
  • debasement of French pound [170];
  • debasement of English penny [195];
  • base money of Henry VIII. [206];
  • standard restored by Elizabeth [300];
  • recoinage by William III. [302];
  • depreciation in eighteenth century [303];
  • English gold of nineteenth century [330];
  • passes by weight [326], [330];
  • see Gold standard.
• Coloni: debtors [33];
  • barbarians settled as [39];
  • predecessors of mediæval serfs [244].
• Commerce: see Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Slaving, West Indies.
• Commons: rights of tenants in [244];
  • enclosure of, in sixteenth century [245];
  • cause of Kett’s rebellion [250];
  • final absorption of [317].
• Communes: rise of [157];
  • character of [160];
  • hostile to clergy [162];
  • not martial [164];
  • insolvency of [169].
• Constantine: built Constantinople [28];
  • vision of [60];
  • victory of Milvian Bridge [61].
• Constantinople: becomes the economic centre of the world [28];
  • prosperity of after fall of Western Empire [49], [50];
  • colonized by Roman capitalists [49];
  • taxation of [49];
  • poverty of under Theodosius II. [50];
  • prosperity of under Justinian I. [51];
  • population changes under Heraclius [52];
  • becomes an Asiatic city [52];
  • declines in eleventh century [53];
  • civilization of economic [53];
  • description of by Rabbi Benjamin [53];
  • population of economic and cowardly [54];
  • economic condition of in twelfth century [87];
  • army of [88];
  • sack of [144];
  • see Coinage and Architecture.
• Convents: mediæval founders of [68];
  • efficacy of intercession of [69];
  • Benedictine [72];
  • early discipline of [72];
  • consolidation of [72];
  • Cluny [73];
  • control papacy [78];
  • armies organized by [99];
  • fortresses built by [99];
  • patronized for miracles [109];
  • wealth of [154];
  • attacked by feudal nobles [155];
  • hostile to communes [160], [161];
  • taxed by Philip the Fair [172];
  • revenues seized by Edward I. [195];
  • attacked by Lollards [196];
  • bill to suppress [231];
  • visitation of [235];
  • visitors of [235]–[238];
  • spoliation of [239].
• Corn: price of at Rome [17];
  • distribution of at Rome [18];
  • price of in 1849 [345];
  • Corn Laws [340];
  • repeal of [340].
• Councils of the Church: Hildebrand’s propositions at council of 1076 [75];
  • of Clermont [83];
  • of Troyes [98];
  • of Étampes [110];
  • Néelle [136];
  • Vienne [184].
• Cranmer: rise of [278];
  • character of [279];
  • death of [280].
• Credit: dawn of in thirteenth century [167];
  • rise of modern system of [303];
  • extension of after Plassey [319];
  • regulated by Bank Act of 1844 [336];
  • prices dependent on [337];
  • weapon of the creditor class [349].
• Cromwell, Oliver: raises Ironsides [252];
  • attacks Spanish America [301];
  • intercepts plate fleet [301].
• Cromwell, Thomas: rise of [208];
  • arrest of [224];
  • vicar general [231];
  • proceeds against convents [233]:
  • prosecutes Abbot of Glaston [240];
  • death of [242].
• Cross: miracle worked by at Bosra [119];
  • see Relics.
• Crusade: first [84];
  • takes Jerusalem [85];
  • second, preached by Saint Bernard [112];
  • suffers before Atalia [115];
  • defeat of [118];
  • crusading becomes commercial [124];
  • third, led by Cœur-de-Lion [129];
  • takes Acre [130];
  • of Constantinople, preached [132];
  • reaches Venice [134];
  • diverted by Dandolo [139];
  • attacks Zara [138];
  • sacks Constantinople [145];
  • of Damietta [150];
  • defeated in Egypt [151].
• Currency: regulated by Charlemagne [129];
  • mediæval [168];
  • contraction of in thirteenth century [169];
  • debasement of English [194];
  • depreciation of in Middle Ages [204];
  • under Henry VIII. [207];
  • paper [303];
  • management of by producers [326];
  • by bankers [330];
  • see Coinage, Bank of England, Bankers.
• Dalhousie, Lord: administration of [356].
• Damietta, see Crusade.
• Dandolo, Henry: character of [132];
  • treats with Franks [133];
  • takes command of crusade [137];
  • diverts crusade [139];
  • excommunicated [139];
  • assaults Constantinople [141];
  • shriven [147].
• Darcy, Thomas, Loid: character of [216];
  • declines to betray Aske [217];
  • execution of [219];
  • dying speech to Cromwell [219].
• Denarius: depreciation of at Rome [26];
  • repudiation of [26];
  • of Charlemagne [128];
  • of Venice [129];
  • see Penny.
• Diocletian: a slave [27];
  • established capital at Nicomedia [27];
  • returns to silver coinage [30].
• Divine right: defined [272];
  • see Church of England.
• Divorce: see Domestic relations.
• Domestic relations: ancient and modern [365] et seq.
• Dovercourt: rood of [200].
• Drake: rise of [255];
  • death of [256];
  • cruises of [288].
• Dudley, John, Duke of Northumberland: rise of [251];
  • suppresses Kett’s rebellion [252];
  • supersedes Seymour [261];
  • quarrel with Knox [262].
• East India Companies: organized [292];
  • English company commercial up to 1757 [306];
  • administration of [309].
• Eastern Empire, see Constantinople.
• Eastern trade: in Rome [23], [24];
  • centres at Constantinople [28];
  • migrates to Italy [126];
  • early routes of [128];
  • character of in twelfth century [128];
  • brings bullion to Europe [129];
  • centres in Champagne [159];
  • centres at Antwerp [201];
  • at Amsterdam [287];
  • at London [291];
  • drains silver from Europe [299];
  • effect of Plassey on [310].
• Edessa: position of [86];
  • capture of [103];
  • occupied by Baldwin [105].
• Egypt: cheap labour of [19];
  • grain ships of [19];
  • architecture of [90];
  • conquered by Saladin [103];
  • slave trade with Venice of [126];
  • crusaders defeated in [151].
• Elizabeth: greed of [257];
  • severe to clergy [269];
  • letter about Ely House [270].
• England: Lollardy in [186];
  • Reformation in, an economic phenomenon [190];
  • debasement of currency in [194];
  • martyrdoms in [199];
  • condition of in Middle Ages [202];
  • new nobility of [212] et seq.;
  • convents suppressed in [233] et seq.;
  • population of in Middle Ages [243];
  • social revolution in, in sixteenth century [245], [246];
  • not originally maritime [254];
  • seamen of [255];
  • prosperity of in seventeenth century [292];
  • industrial revolution in [315];
  • distress in after 1815 [332];
  • ruin of aristocracy of [341], [348];
  • money-lenders autocratic in [344];
  • see Bank, and Church of England, and Yeomen.
• Exchanges: see Rome, Constantinople, Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Venice.
• Fairs, see Champagne.
• Fetish, see Relics.
• Fisher: temperament of [277].
• Flotte: chancellor of Philip the Fair [165].
• France: convents of in tenth century [72];
  • Cluny [73];
  • decentralization of in eleventh century [80];
  • money of [80];
  • barbarian invasions of [80];
  • seat of Gothic architecture [89];
  • ogive introduced into [95];
  • emotional in eleventh century [107];
  • disintegration of in tenth century [152];
  • kings of enjoy supernatural powers [153];
  • alliance of crown with clergy [154];
  • consolidation of under Philip Augustus [158];
  • centralization of under Saint Louis [165];
  • depreciation of coinage of [170];
  • estates of sustain Philip the Fair [174];
  • castles of [202].
• Frumentariæ Leges, see Corn.
• Gardiner, Stephen: on True Obedience [265];
  • rise of [276];
  • death of [277].
• Germans: hunted by Romans for slaves [39];
  • used as recruits [40];
  • invade the Empire [46];
  • character of in fourth century [48];
  • adopt the gold standard [347].
• Glastonbury: suppression of [240].
• Godfrey de Bouillon: elected King of Jerusalem [85];
  • his kingdom [86];
  • his alliance with Venice [127].
• Gold: ratio of to silver in Roman Empire [30];
  • fall of value of in sixth century [48];
  • ratio of to silver in thirteenth century [169].
• Gold standard: in Rome [31];
  • under the Merovingians [80];
  • in England [330];
  • Overstone’s views on [337];
  • in Germany [347];
  • elsewhere [348];
  • effect of [347].
• Gunther: chronicle of [137];
  • sails with Dandolo [138].
• Hanse of London: organization of [158];
  • trades at fairs of Champagne [159];
  • Italian merchants frequent [159].
• Hastings: Governor-General [310];
  • policy of [311].
• Hattin: battle of [123].
• Hawkins, John: a slaver [289].
• Héloïse, hymn of [368].
• Henry IV., Emperor: breach with Hildebrand [75];
  • penance at Canossa [77];
  • death of [77].
• Henry VIII.: court of [212];
  • character of [220];
  • Lambert’s trial [226];
  • supreme head [228];
  • orthodox [229];
  • suppresses convents [233];
  • revises Formularies of Faith [266];
  • helpless without landlords [267].
• Heraclius: disasters under [52].
• Hildebrand: prior of Cluny [74];
  • propositions presented by in council of Rome [75];
  • excommunicates Henry IV. [76];
  • Canossa [77].
• Holland: decay of [318].
• Hospital, see Knights of.
• Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk: family of [214];
  • character of [215];
  • commands against Pilgrims of Grace [215];
  • tries to corrupt Darcy [217];
  • arrests Cromwell [224].
• Hugh Capet: elected by clergy [153].
• Hugh du Puiset, see Louis the Fat.
• Hun, Richard: death of [198].
• Imagination: basis of mediæval Church [60];
  • gives power to priesthood [63];
  • cause of relic worship [64];
  • vivid in age of decentralization [69];
  • most intense in tenth century [72];
  • evolves Cluny [73];
  • cause of Hildebrand’s power [78];
  • cause of crusades [82];
  • inspires Gothic architecture [89];
  • strong in Saint Bernard [108];
  • weakness of Louis VII. [117]:
  • lacking in Venetians [126];
  • its power in France in thirteenth century [136];
  • strength of in Church up to 1200 [148];
  • a weakness in war [151];
  • economic mind lacks [162];
  • cause of Templars’ martyrdom [183];
  • lacking in English reformers [191];
  • Anglican clergy without [259];
  • Tudor aristocracy without [268];
  • strong in early Christians [373];
  • in contempt in nineteenth century [380], [381].
• India: failure of Romans to conquer [12];
  • hoards in [305];
  • conquered by England [307] et seq.;
  • spoliation of [309]–[311];
  • influx of treasure from [313];
  • flow of silver to [320];
  • value of bullion exported to in 1810 [321];
  • in 1840 [339];
  • centralization of [356];
  • mutiny in [356];
  • money-lenders of [357];
  • fate of warlike tribes in [358];
  • see Eastern trade.
• Industrial revolution: begins [313];
  • caused by Indian treasure [314].
• Innocent III.: incites crusade [132];
  • excommunicates Philip Augustus [135];
  • Dandolo [138];
  • absolves Dan dolo [147];
  • reproves Baldwin [147].
• Inquisition: organized [191].
• Jacques de Vitry: hates bourgeoisie [163].
• Jerusalem: capture of [85];
  • kingdom of [86];
  • conquest of kingdom by Saracens [123].
• Joscelin de Courtney, Count of Edessa: [105];
  • death of [106];
  • son’s death [118].
• Justification by faith: corner stone of Protestantism [187];
  • economic device [188];
  • taught by Cranmer [231];
  • included in Forty-two Articles [262].
• Justinian I.: prosperity of [51];
  • army of [51];
  • taxation by [52];
  • architecture under [53].
• Karak: castle of [86], [121].
• Kett, see Rebellion.
• Knights of Temple and Hospital: origin of [97], [98];
  • manors owned by in Europe [98];
  • castles of [99];
  • Knights of the Temple: possessions of [170];
  • faith of [171];
  • arrested [180];
  • tortured [181];
  • defence of [181];
  • burned [183];
  • disposition of property of [185].
• Knox, John: appointed royal chaplain [262];
  • offered bishopric [262];
  • breach with Dudley [263].
• Krak des Chevaliers: [100].
• Lambert: martyrdom of [281].
• Landlords: Roman [21];
  • enslave their tenants [33];
  • form aristocracy of Empire [41];
  • not martial [42];
  • English mercenary [212];
  • rise of [227];
  • confiscate Church property [230];
  • evict yeomen [245];
  • despoil chantries [259], [200];
  • control Crown [267];
  • without faith [268];
  • organize Church [272];
  • fear army [273];
  • not martial [227], [245], [254], [255], [256], [267], [268], [283];
  • persecute Nonconformists [295];
  • persecute adventurers [295];
  • conquered in 1688 [297];
  • jealous of Clive and Hastings [309];
  • suffer after 1815 [332];
  • distressed in 1841 [340];
  • attacked by Cobden [341];
  • ruined [348];
  • of Oude [356].
• Latimer: describes his father’s farm [247];
  • martyrdom of [282].
• Leo the Great: visits Attila [63].
• Leo IX.: election of [75].
• Licinian Laws [10];
  • effect of [11].
• Lollards: description of [187];
  • Book of Conclusions of [193];
  • policy of toward monks [195].
• London: hot-bed of Lollardism [197];
  • population of in 1500 [203];
  • power of [293];
  • population of in 1685 [295];
  • economic centre of the world [322];
  • art of [381]–[383];
  • see Eastern trade and Hanse of London.
• Louis the Fat: defeats Hugh du Puiset [155];
  • obtains Montlhéri [157].
• Louis VII.: character of [112];
  • leads second crusade [114];
  • quarrels at Antioch [117];
  • superstition of [117];
  • repulsed at Damascus [117];
  • see Crusade.
• Madre-de-Dios: capture of [257].
• Mahrattas: conquest of [358];
  • disappearance of [350].
• Margat: castle of [101].
• Marriage: see Domestic relations.
• Martin, Abbot: sails with Dandolo [138];
  • steals relics [148].
• Marwaris: [357];
  • destroy Mahrattas [359].
• Milo, Archbishop of Rheims: [71].
• Miracles: early Christian [63];
  • mediæval [64] et seq.;
  • see Bosra, Relics.
• Molay, Grand Master: lured to Paris [180];
  • burned [184].
• Monasticism: see Convents.
• Money: Rome depleted of [23];
  • centres at Constantinople [28];
  • rises in value under Empire [35];
  • falls in value under Charlemagne [129];
  • rises in value in thirteenth century [169];
  • rises in fifteenth century [194];
  • rises under Henry VIII. [206];
  • falls after opening of Potosi [207];
  • abundant stimulates movement [299];
  • a form of energy [304];
  • hoarded in India [304];
  • falls at close of eighteenth century [320];
  • rises in nineteenth century [337], [360];
  • see Capital, Coinage, Currency, Prices.
• Mons Sacer: secession to [9].
• Monte Casino: founded [72].
• Montfort, Simon de: joins crusade [132];
  • leaves Dandolo [138].
• Montlhéri: lords of [156];
  • castle [157].
• Nantes: revocation of Edict of [318].
• Napoleon: decline of [324];
  • lacking soldiers [364];
  • column erected to [381].
• Nobility: feudal French [154];
  • English [216], [243];
  • Tudor, see Landlords.
• Nogaret: captures Boniface [176], [177].
• Northumberland: see Dudley.
• Nour-ed-Din: Sultan of Aleppo [103];
  • occupies Cairo [103];
  • repulses Louis VII. [117];
  • kills Raymond de Poitiers [118].
• Ogive: of Eastern origin [95];
  • appears in transition architecture [96].
• Overstone, Lord: rise of [336];
  • conceives Bank Act [336];
  • financial policy of [337] et seq.
• Panic: under Tiberius [25];
  • of thirteenth century [169], [170];
  • of 1810 [325];
  • of 1825 [334];
  • allayed by paper money [335];
  • of 1847 [342].
• Passive obedience: see Divine right.
• Patricians: usurers [7];
  • not martial [7];
  • sanction Licinian Laws [10];
  • see Usury.
• Pauperism: under Henry VII I. [249];
  • in 1848 [345].
• Peel, Sir Robert: represents Lombard Street [330];
  • separates from his father on money issue [330];
  • his Resumption Act [331];
  • effect of [331];
  • repeals Corn Laws [340];
  • parentage [342].
• Pelagius, Cardinal: commands crusade [150].
• Penny: the Roman, see Denarius;
  • of Charlemagne [129];
  • depreciation of Venetian [129];
  • depreciation of English in fourteenth century [195];
  • under Henry VIII. [206], [207].
• Philip Augustus: regal of France vowed for recovery of [65];
  • belief in intercession [69];
  • commands crusade [129];
  • returns to Fiance [130];
  • divorced from Ingeburga [135];
  • excommunicated [135].
• Philip the Fair: character of [171];
  • quarrel with Boniface [172];
  • defeated at Courtray [175];
  • seizes Boniface [177];
  • makes Clement V. pope [178];
  • arrests Templars [180];
  • tortures Templars [182];
  • death of [185].
• Pilgrimage of Grace: see Rebellion.
• Plassey: battle of [308];
  • effect of [313].
• Plebeians: farmers [6];
  • form infantry [6];
  • sold for debt [7];
  • secede to Mons Sacer [9];
  • favoured by Licinian Laws [10];
  • overthrow patricians [10];
  • suffer from Asiatic competition [11];
  • suffer from slave labour [12];
  • insolvent [22];
  • become coloni [33];
  • disappear [44], [45].
• Police, a paid: lack of, causes defeat of patricians [39];
  • an effect of money [45];
  • organized by Augustus [45];
  • makes capital autocratic at Rome [46];
  • impossible when the defence in war is superior to the attack [79];
  • lack of, causes weakness of the Kingdom of Jerusalem [99], [121], [122];
  • the weapon of an economic community [164];
  • an effect of wealth and the basis of centralization [165];
  • in England under Henry VIII. [245];
  • destroys martial type [245];
  • drives adventurers from England [254];
  • resistless in nineteenth century [353].
• Pompey: defeat of [364].
• Potosi: discovery [207].
• Prices: fall of, under Trajan [33];
  • rise of in thirteenth century [167];
  • fall of in fifteenth century [203];
  • rise of in sixteenth century [207], [283];
  • rise of after Plassey [319];
  • culminate in 1809 [324];
  • fall of in England after 1815 [330];
  • depressed by gold standard [337];
  • fall of after Bank Act [339];
  • rise of after 1849 [345];
  • fall of since 1873 [349].
• Producers: predominance of [321];
  • currency system of [328], [329];
  • weakness of modern [349];
  • Indian [360].
• Puritans: reject royal supremacy [264];
  • resist ecclesiastical confiscation [270];
  • eviction of clergy [285];
  • emigration of [285];
  • foes of Spaniards [289].
• Pyrrhus: admires Roman infantry [11];
  • defeat of [11].
• Raleigh: family of [255];
  • captures Madre-de-Dios [257];
  • death of [257].
• Raymond de Poitiers: at feud with de Courtney [107];
  • breach with Louis VII. [117];
  • death of [118].
• Rebellion: of Pilgrimage of Grace [216];
  • suppression of [222];
  • Kett’s [250];
  • in West of England [250], [252].
• Reformation: an economic movement [188];
  • in England [230];
  • under Edward VI. [259], [260];
  • see Church of England, Convents, Lollards.
• Reginald de Chatillon [121].
• Regulus: poverty of [15].
• Relics: magical [64];
  • gifts to [65];
  • list of English [66];
  • worship of cause of crusades [81];
  • true cross [119];
  • plunder of at Constantinople [148];
  • despised [151];
  • relic worship costly [192]–[196];
  • desecrated in England [200].
• Rent: rise of money value of in Rome [32];
  • effect of [33], [34];
  • substitution of for military service [245];
  • rises in sixteenth century [247];
  • effect of rise [248];
  • rise of in seventeenth century [283];
  • fall of after 1815 causes insolvency of landlords [332];
  • dependent on Corn Laws [340];
  • fall of after 1873 ruins gentry [348].
• Ridley: doctrine concerning sacrament [261];
  • burned [282].
• Robinson, John: congregation of [285].
• Rome: early society of [1];
  • classes in [2];
  • law of debt in [2]–[4];
  • early army of [9];
  • not maritime [12];
  • slavery in [13];
  • economic revolution in [14];
  • a plutocracy [15];
  • annexes Egypt [17];
  • senators land-owners [21];
  • great domains of [21];
  • conquests of [23];
  • unable to compete with Asia [23];
  • foreign exchanges unfavourable to [23];
  • insolvent [28];
  • decline of [37];
  • ceases breeding soldiers [40];
  • later emperors of foreign adventurers [40];
  • governed by a monied oligarchy [41];
  • economic type autocratic in [42];
  • women of emancipated [43];
  • paid police of [45];
  • barbarian invasions [46], [47];
  • domestic relations in [369];
  • art of [372];
  • architecture of [381];
  • see Coinage, Slaving, Usurers, Usury.
• Rothschilds: rise of [322];
  • establish house in London [323].
• Russell, John, Earl of Bedford: conducts trial of Abbot of Glaston [241].
• Saint Bernard: birth of [108];
  • enters Citeaux [108];
  • founds Clairvaux [109];
  • recognizes Innocent II. [110];
  • preaches second crusade [112];
  • miracles of [113];
  • declines to lead crusade [114];
  • remarks on defeat of crusade [118].
• Saint Cuthbert: plunder of shrine of [239].
• Saint Denis: Abbey of [154].
• Saint Riquier: sacrilege at [162].
• Saint Sophia: architecture of [89], [377];
  • desecration of [145].
• Saint Thomas à Becket: shrine of [65].
• Saint Thomas Aquinas: veneration of for Eucharist [67].
• Saladin: sends physician to Richard [94];
  • crowned Sultan [104];
  • kills Reginald de Chatillon [121];
  • Hattin [122];
  • campaign against Richard [130];
  • treats with Richard [131].
• Saracens: architecture of [89], [90];
  • household decorations of [90];
  • philosophy of [93];
  • sciences of [94];
  • see Crusades, Nour-ed-Din, Saladin, Zenghi.
• Schism: Greek [78].
• Seymour, Protector: confiscations under [261];
  • executed [261].
• Sicily: cheap labour in [16];
  • servile war in [16];
  • cheap grain of [17].
• Silver: Roman standard [26];
  • discarded in Rome [31];
  • restored by Charlemagne [128];
  • ratio of to gold in Rome [30];
  • to gold in thirteenth century [169];
  • Potosi [204];
  • Spaniards plundered of [288];
  • brought to England by piracy [291];
  • ratio to gold in seventeenth century [300];
  • standard in England [300];
  • exported to India in eighteenth century [299]–[302];
  • in 1810 [320];
  • discarded by England [330];
  • by Germany [347];
  • relation to Asiatic competition [360];
  • see Coinage, Currency, Denarius, Gold standard.
• Slavery: for debt in Rome [5];
  • plebeians sink into [33];
  • Roman population exhausted by [36];
  • in West Indies [289], [290].
• Slaving: part of Roman fiscal system [34];
  • by Roman emperors [39];
  • Venetian [126];
  • English [291];
  • see Hawkins.
• Smith, Captain John: career of [295].
• Solidus: see Aureus.
• Somerset: Duke of, see Seymour.
• Spain: empire of [286];
  • war with Flanders [287];
  • plundered by Drake [288];
  • attacked by Cromwell [301];
  • see Armada, West Indies.
• Spanish America: revolution of [324].
• Suez Canal: effect of [355].
• Sylvester II.: thought a sorcerer [81];
  • proposes a crusade [83].
• Syria: industrial [25];
  • see Architecture, Crusades, Eastern trade, Saracens.
• Temple, see Knights of the.
• Tenures: primitive Roman [1];
  • servile Roman [33];
  • English military [244];
  • the manor [244];
  • modern economic [245];
  • Indian peasant [356].
• Thompson, Charles Andrew: petition of [332].
• Tiberias: battle of, see Hattin.
• Tortosa: fortress of [101];
  • surrender of [171].
• Trade, see Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Slaving.
• Urban II.: preaches at Clermont [83].
• Usurers: form Roman aristocracy [2];
  • checked by Licinian Laws [10];
  • absolute in Rome [46];
  • rise of in England [321];
  • absolute in Europe [353];
  • Indian [357];
  • see Bankers.
• Usury: a patrician privilege [2];
  • stronghold of in Roman fiscal system [5];
  • ruins Roman provinces [35];
  • basis of Roman slaving [36];
  • see Usurers.
• Vagrant Acts: English [248].
• Venice: rise of [125];
  • slave trade of [126];
  • illicit trade of with Saracens [126];
  • population unimaginative [126];
  • navy of [127];
  • co-operates with Godfrey de Bouillon [127];
  • holds Syrian ports [127];
  • coinage of [129];
  • participates in crusade of Constantinople [137];
  • see Crusade;
  • packet service to Flanders [201];
  • decline of [298].
• Vézelay: second crusade preached at [112];
  • feud with Counts of Nevers [161].
• Ville-Hardouin: chronicle of [132].
• Virginia: story of [8].
• War: see Police.
• Watt, James: invents engine [314];
  • partnership with Boulton [316].
• West Indies: Spanish revenue drawn from [287];
  • trade of lucrative [291];
  • Cromwell attacks [301].
• Whiting, Abbot of Glaston: martyrdom of [241].
• Wickliffe: begins his agitation [192].
• William of Tyre: describes origin of Temple [97];
  • defeat of Louis VII. in Cadmus Mountains [115];
  • breach between Louis and Prince Raymond [117];
  • the collapse of Kingdom of Jerusalem [118].
• Wiltshire: Earl of, see Boleyn.
• Yeomen: form British infantry [243];
  • small farmers [244];
  • decline of under Henry VIII. [245];
  • form Ironsides [252];
  • weaker become agricultural labourers [253];
  • become merchants [254];
  • become adventurers [254];
  • form English martial type [255];
  • extinction of [317];
  • migration to towns of [317];
  • descendants of become manufacturers and usurers [341], [342].
• Zara: attack on [134];
  • stormed [138].
• Zenghi: rise of [103];
  • captures Edessa [103].