Profile replotted from NMC echogram
Laurentian Channel.—Between Nova Scotia and Newfoundland a 60-mile-wide, steep-sided, flat-floored channel cuts across the continental shelf connecting the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the open ocean. The nearly flat, smooth floor of this channel lies at about 230 fathoms depth. Figure 12 shows a cross-section of the Laurentian Channel near its seaward end. The origin and physiography of the channel has been treated by Shepard (1931; 1948); its structure has been reported by Press and Beckmann (1954). The Laurentian Channel continues as a steep-sided, box-shaped feature for more than 500 miles into the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Scotian Shelf Sector.—The term Scotian Shelf was introduced by Canadian oceanographers and refers to the continental shelf southeast of Nova Scotia from the Laurentian Channel to the Gulf of Maine. This region is illustrated by Profiles W-7, W-8, W-9, W-10, and W-11 which run at slightly different directions, all starting in the vicinity of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Along the entire Scotian Shelf a series of 120-fathom depressions are located 10 to 80 miles off shore. A nearly continuous bank 20-60 fathoms deep and 10-25 miles wide lies along the seaward edge of the Scotian Shelf. From northeast to southwest this feature is divided by low saddles into Banquereau Bank (20-40 fathoms), Sable Island Bank (0-20 fathoms), Emerald Bank (40-60 fathoms), Lahave Bank (50-60 fathoms), and Browns Bank (20-60 fathoms). These shelf-edge banks culminate in the low, sandy Sable Island which stretches for about 25 miles along the outer edge of the shelf. In profile W-7 the break from the nearly flat shelf to a gradient of 1:50 occurs at 50 fathoms; a second break occurs at 80 fathoms. A gradient of 1:10 is reached at the 150-fathom curve. Profile W-11 is somewhat similar to W-7 in the form of the shelf break. Profiles W-8, W-9, and W-10 show shelf breaks at 50, 60, and 70 fathoms respectively.
The gradient of the continental slope off the Scotian Shelf ranges from 1:10 to 1:25 along the profiles. In profiles W-7, W-8, W-10, and W-11 the 1:25 gradient abruptly decreases to 1:70 at about 700 fathoms; in W-9 the 1:25 gradient continues to almost 2000 fathoms. It is difficult to decide whether to include the 1:40 to 1:60 segments with the continental slope or with the continental rise. However, since we have picked the gradient of 1:40 as the minimum gradient for true continental slopes, these segments fall within the continental rise. The continental rise thus defined averages 160 miles in width off the Scotian Shelf. Gradients are generally greater here than in the continental rise farther south. The "Gully", a large submarine canyon shown on navigational charts, lies about 25 miles east of Sable Island. The submarine canyons of the Scotian Shelf have not been accurately mapped, but the existence of many canyons in this area has been shown by several fathograms obtained in this vicinity. Figure 14 illustrates one sounding profile nearly parallel to the shelf near the "Gully". Several small canyons about 100 fathoms deep occur between 100 and 700 fathoms. Several larger canyons 300-500 fathoms deep and 7-10 miles wide are crossed on the lower continental slope and upper continental rise.
Figure 14.—Submarine canyons off the Scotian Shelf
Profile replotted from NMC echogram runs nearly parallel to trend of continental slope near Sable Island. On navigational charts largest canyon is known as the "Gully".
Gulf of Maine Entrance.—Southwest of the Scotian Shelf there is a narrow gap in the continental shelf similar to the Laurentian Channel. This feature, called either the Northeast Trough (Shepard, 1948) or Eastern Channel of the Gulf of Maine, is 15 miles wide and about 150 fathoms deep; it provides a deep-water entrance to the Gulf of Maine (Fig. 13). The Gulf of Maine is enclosed by Georges Bank off the New England shelf, Cape Cod, and southern Nova Scotia. This entrance has recently been described by Torphy and Zeigler (1957).
Gulf of Maine Interior.—Much of the interior of the Gulf of Maine has been surveyed in exceptional detail by the Coast and Geodetic Survey. The reader is referred to Murray's paper (1947) for a thorough description of the floor of the Gulf of Maine. In general the floor is extremely irregular with several 20- to 40-fathom "hills" per mile. The floor is covered by sediment which transmits sound so readily that the area is noted for exceptionally pronounced sub-bottom reflections from the rock layers beneath the sediment.
Northeastern United States Sector.—From the northeast tip of Georges Bank to Cape Hatteras the continental margin is remarkably uniform in morphologic detail. Profiles W-12 to W-19 differ very little from the type profile off northeastern United States (Fig. 15). The continental shelf and slope in this area are better surveyed than in any other area in the Atlantic. The surveys of the Coast and Geodetic Survey were contoured and described by Veatch and Smith (1939). The sediment studies of Stetson (1936; 1938; 1949) and the seismic studies of Ewing and others (1937 et seq.) make this geologically the best-known shelf and slope in the world. Many large and well-mapped canyons cut the continental slope from Georges Bank to Cape Hatteras. The large submarine canyons off Georges Bank have attracted great interest because of their remoteness from rivers and associated discharges of river sediments.