The Floors of the Ocean: 1. The North Atlantic / Text to accompany the physiographic diagram of the North Atlantic

by Bruce C. Heezen; W. Maurice Ewing; Marie Tharp

• Abyssal floor, [1], [15], [55]
• abyssal gaps, [1], [15], [66]
• abyssal hills, [1], [15], [55], [61]
• abyssal plains, [1], [15], [55]
• mid-ocean canyons, [1], [15], [66]
• Abyssal-floor topography, origin of, [74]
• Abyssal gaps
• definition, [66]
• general, [1], [66]
• Theta Gap, [66], [72], [73], [74]
• Vema Gap 58, [66], [72], [74]
• Abyssal hills, [1], [61]
• definition, [61]
• distribution of, [61], [63]
• origin of, [65]
• PDR records of, [38]
• sub-bottom echos, [105]
• Abyssal plains
• Balearic Abyssal Plain, [57]
• Bay of Bengal, abyssal plain in, [55]
• Biscay Abyssal Plain, [56], [57], [60]
• Blake-Bahama Abyssal Plain, [56], [57], [58], [59]
• Canary Abyssal Plain, [56], [61]
• Cape Verde Abyssal Plain, [57], [61]
• Cayman (Trench) Abyssal Plain, [56], [60]
• definition, [61]
• discovery of, [55]
• distribution of, [61], [63]
• general, [1], [15], [53]
• Hatteras Abyssal Plain, [56], [57], [58]
• Hispaniola-Caicos Abyssal Plain, [60], [65]
• Horseshoe Abyssal Plain, [57], [61]
• Iberia Abyssal Plain, [56], [57], [61]
• Madeira Abyssal Plain, [56], [61]
• Nares Abyssal Plain, [56], [57], [59]
• Newfoundland Abyssal Plain, [56]
• nomenclature, [55]
• Old Bahama Abyssal Plain, [60]
• Puerto Rico (Trench) Abyssal Plain, [56], [60]
• Sohm Abyssal Plain, [55], [57], [71], [72], [74]
• Tagus Abyssal Plain, [56], [57]
• Weddell Sea, abyssal plain in, [55]
• African rift valleys, [103], [107]
• Albatross III, Research Vessel, [vii]
• Ampere Seamount, [59], [78]
• Andros well, [47], [48]
• Anegada Passage, [36]
• Antilles Outer Ridge, [32], [33], [36], [52], [53], [59], [60]
• Army Map Service, [5]
• Atlantis-Plato-Great Meteor Seamount Group, [98]
• Atlantis Research Vessel, [vii], [7], [8], [79]
• Atlantis Seamount, [98]
• Axis of maximum depth, North Atlantic Ocean, [41], [63], [96]
• Azores Plateau, [97]
• Azores-Gibraltar Ridge, [98]
• Bahamas, [33]-36, [47]
• Banquereau Bank, [24]
• Basalt, [75], [79], [99]
• "Basins and deeps", [11]
• Basins
• Cape Verde, [12]
• Guiana, [12]
• Iberia, [12]
• Labrador, [12]
• Nares, [56]
• Newfoundland, [12], [56]
• North America, [12]
• North Canary, [12]
• South Canary, [12]
• West Europe, [12]
• Bay of Biscay, [17], [56], [60]
• Tertiary outcrops, [49]
• Beaches, ancient submerged, [41], [42]
• Bell Telephone Laboratories, [vii]
• Benches, [1]
• Bahamas, [34], [35], [49]
• Bay of Biscay, [49]
• Blake Plateau, [33], [47]-49
• Cape Hatteras, [46]-48
• Georges Bank, [43], [46]
• Gibraltar, [37], [38]
• Puerto Rico, [36]
• Bermuda Apron, [75], [77], [81]
• Bermuda Pedestal, [75], [77]
• Bermuda Plateau, [75], [81]
• Bermuda Rise, [74]-77
• Bermuda Apron, [75], [77], [81]
• Bermuda Pedestal, [75], [77]
• Bermuda Plateau, [75], [81]
• Bermuda Scarp Zone, [76], [79]
• Crescent Peaks, [75]
• crustal structure, [80], [81], [102]
• Muir Seamount Group, [76]
• PDR records of, [79]
• sediments on, [76]
• Bermuda Scarp Zone, [76], [79]
• Bioclastic debris, [59]
• Biscay Abyssal Plain, [39], [56], [57], [60], [65]
• Blake-Bahama Abyssal Plain, [32], [33], [34], [56], [57], [58], [59]
• Blake-Bahama Basin, [33], [34]
• abyssal plain in, [59]
• sediments in, [59]
• Blake Escarpment, [17], [19], [47]
• benches on, [32], [47]
• outcrops on, [47]
• PDR record of, [34]
• seismic investigations, [47], [48]
• Blake Plateau, [17], [32], [47], [48], [59]
• description of, [32]-33
• PDR record of, [35], [38]
• Browns Bank, [24]
• Cable failures, submarine, [23], [67]
• Cable ships, [79]
• Campeche Escarpment, [33]
• Canary Abyssal Plain, [56]
• Cape Breton Submarine Canyon, [37]
• Cape Hatteras, [25], [46], [47], [48], [50]
• bottom currents, [50]
• Esso No. 1 Test, [46]
• geologic section at, [46], [48]
• Cape Verde Abyssal Plain, [57], [61]
• Cape Verde Basin, [12]
• Carte Générale Bathymétrique des Océans, [5], [11], [12]
• Caryn, Research Vessel, [vii], [78]
• Caryn Seamount, [28], [72], [78]
• Cayman Trench (Abyssal) Plain, [56], [60]
• Classification of deep-sea relief
• bathymetric system, [11], [12], [19]
• textural system, [11]
• Coast and Geodetic Survey, [viii], [25], [43], [44], [45],48
• Columbia University, [vii], [3], [6], [8], [21]
• Compaction of sediments, [50], [106]
• Continent and ocean, [16], [107]
• Continental margin
• benches and terraces, [38], [41]-51, [107]
• categories of, [15], [17]
• definition, [17]
• magnetic anomalies, [51]
• past, present, and future, [53]
• photographs of, [39], [50]
• regional description of, [21]-41
• seismicity of, [51]
• Continental margin, development of, [53]
• youth, maturity, and old age, [53]
• geosynclines, [53], [54]
• Continental margin Europe and Africa, description of, [36]-41
• Anglo-French sector, [37]
• Gibraltar sector, [37]-38
• Iberian sector, [37]-38
• North African sector, [38]-41
• Continental margin North America, description of, [21]-36
• Anegada Passage, [36]
• Antilles Outer Ridge, [33]
• Bahamas sector, [33]
• Blake Escarpment, [33]
• Blake Plateau, [32]
• Flemish Cap, [21]
• Gulf of Maine, [24]-25
• Laurentian Channel, [23]
• Northeastern United States sector, [25]
• Northern Grand Banks sector, [21]
• Puerto Rico sector, [36]
• Scotian Shelf sector, [23]
• Southeast Newfoundland Ridge, [22]
• southern Grand Banks sector, [22]
• Continental margin, provinces
• category I, [1], [17], [53], [107]
• category II, [1], [18], [53], [107]
• category III, [1], [19], [53], [107]
• Continental rise, [1], [19], [20], [25], [26], [27], [37], [38], [40], [41]
• definition, [20]
• PDR records of, [32]
• tables of characteristics, [27], [41]
• Continental shelf, [15]-28, [32]-42, [107]
• definition, [18]
• structure of, [49], [51]-54
• submerged beaches, [42]
• Continental slope, [1], [15]-48, [107]
• benches on, [41], [42]-51
• currents on, [50]
• definition, [18]
• geologic map of, [51]
• photographs of, [39]
• profiles of, [28], [29]
• Convection currents, [103]
• Coral, photograph of, [39]
• Corner Rise, [63], [64], [77]
• Corner Seamount, [77]
• Cretaceous outcrops
• Bahamas, [47]
• Blake Escarpment, [47]
• Caryn Seamount, [78]
• Georges Bank, [43]
• Cruiser Seamount, [98]
• Crustal convection currents, [103]
• Crustal structure
• continental margin, [52], [53], [102], [107]
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge, [100], [102], [107]
• ocean-basin floor, [80], [81], [102], [107]
• trans-Atlantic structure section, [102]
• Currents, deep-sea bottom
• photographed evidence of, [39], [59], [79]
• scour, [50], [51], [59], [79]
• velocities of, [50]
• Deeps
• Nares, [55]
• Sohm, [55]
• Deep-sea channels, [66]
• Deep-sea sands, [28], [35], [36], [53], [58], [59], [60], [61], [65], [74], [75], [80], [99], [106], [107]
• Diabase, [99]
• Discovery II, Royal Research Ship, [vii]
• Easter Island Ridge, [103]
• Echo sounders
• early sounding machines, [8]
• invention of, [8]
• Lamont-Facsimile PDR, [8], [9]
• NMC, [7], [8], [22], [23], [24], [31], [68]
• UQN-1B, [7], [8], [69]
• Echo soundings
• accuracy of, [3], [9]
• sources of, [3], [5], [6], [7]
• units employed, [12]
• "Echo-time" depth, nominal fathoms, [12]
• Emerald Bank, [24]
• Eocene outcrops, [46], [47], [48], [76]
• Epicontinental seas, [1], [15], [18]
• Erosion, submarine, [23], [39], [50], [51], [74], [79], [80], [99], [105], [106], [107]
• Esso Hatteras Light Test, [43], [46], [47]
• Eugeosyncline, [54]
• Exaggerated profiles, plotting of, [5]
• Exuma Sound, [35], [49]
• Faulting, [42], [51], [76], [103], [107]
• Fecal pellets, photographs of, [39], [79]
• Flemish Cap, [21]
• Foraminifera, displaced, [60]
• French Hydrographic Service, [38]
• Georges Bank, [25], [43]-45
• Georges Bank canyons
• dredging, [44]-45
• identification of benches, [44]
• outcrops on, [43]-44
• Geosynclines, [53]-54, [107]
• Gibraltar, Straits of, [38]
• Glacier, U.S.S., [55]
• Globigerina ooze, [33], [53], [106]
• Gradients, conversion tables, [12], [15]
• Gran Canary Island, profile near, [39]
• Grand Banks earthquake, [22]
• Grand Banks sector, [21]
• Gravel, [59], [79]
• Gravity anomalies, [2], [65], [100]
• Graywacke suite, [53]
• Great Meteor Bank, [98]
• Guiana Basin, [12]
• Gulf of Maine, [17], [24], [25]
• sub-bottom echoes, [105]
• Gulf of Mexico escarpments, [18], [33]
• Gulf of St. Lawrence, [17]
• "Gully," the, [24]
• Guyots, [78]
• Halimeda, [60]
• Hatteras Abyssal Plain, [56], [57], [58]
• Heat flow, measurement of, [103]
• High Fractured Plateau, [1], [15], [90], [91], [94], [95], [99]
• Hispaniola-Caicos Abyssal Plain, [56], [60]
• Hispaniola-Caicos Channel, [36]
• Holothurians, photographs of, [39]
• Horseshoe Abyssal Plain, [57], [61]
• Horseshoe Seamount Group, [59], [78]
• Hudson Submarine Canyon, [8], [27]-28, [31], [58], [72]
• Hudson Submarine Channel, [8]
• Hudson Submarine Delta, [28], [78]
• Hydrographic Department, British Admiralty, [vii], [3], [6]
• Hydrographer Canyon, [43]
• Iberia Abyssal Plain, [56], [60]
• Iberia Basin, [12]
• Intermontane basins, [95], [99]
• International Hydrographic Bureau (Monaco), [vii], [3], [5], [11], [12]
• Josephine Seamount, [78]
• Kevin Moran, Tug, [70]
• Kelvin Seamount Group, [72], [77], [78]
• Labrador Basin, [12]
• Lahave Bank, [24]
• Lamont Geological Observatory, [3], [6], [8], [21]
• Landward slopes of trenches, [1], [19], [36]
• Laurentian Channel, [23]
• Lisbon Submarine Canyon, [37]
• Lower Continental Rise Hills, [56]
• Lower Step, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, [1], [15], [90], [91], [94], [95], [96]
• Madeira Abyssal Plain, [56], [58], [61]
• Madeira Island, profile near, [28], [29]
• Madeira Rise, [58], [61]
• Magnetic anomalies
• continental margin, [51], [52]
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge, [51], [100], [101]
• ocean-basin floor, [51], [65], [72]
• seamounts, [51]
• Magnetic surveys
• airborne, [51]
• ship-towed, [51]
• Manganese nodules, [39], [78]
• Mantle, [80], [102]
• Marginal basin-outer ridge complex, [20], [36]
• Marginal escarpments
• Bay of Biscay, [19], [37]
• Blake, [19], [32], [35]
• Gulf of Mexico, [19], [33]
• New Zealand, [19]
• Marginal plateaus, [18], [32], [37]
• Blake Plateau, [17], [32], [47], [48], [59]
• Western Europe, [37]
• Marginal trenches, [20], [36], [53], [107]
• filled, [52]-54
• Pacific, [19], [60]
• Puerto Rico Trench, [17], [36], [52], [56], [60]
• Marginal trench-outer ridge complex, [1], [20], [36], [53]
• Matawan (Cretaceous) formation, [44], [45], [46]
• Mercator projection, [3]
• Meteor, Research Vessel, [83], [98]
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge
• axial profile, [96]
• crest provinces, [1], [84]
• flank provinces, [1], [95]
• heat flow, [103]
• High Fractured Plateau, [1], [90], [94], [95]
• limits of, [83]
• Lower Step, [1], [90], [94], [95]
• Middle Step, [1], [90], [94], [95]
• ocean-bottom photographs, [78], [99]
• origin of, [103]
• rocks of, [99]
• Rift Mountains, [1], [90], [92], [94]
• Rift Valley, [1], [84], [90], [91], [92], [93], [94]
• sediments on, [99]
• seismicity of, [98], [99]
• structure of, [81], [100], [102], [107]
• trilobites from, [99]
• type profile, [90]
• Upper Step, [1], [90], [94], [95]
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge Expeditions (1947-48), [99]
• Middle Step, [1], [15], [94], [95], [96]
• Mid-ocean canyons
• Bay of Bengal, [66]
• Bay of Biscay, [60]
• deep-sea channels, [66]
• definition, [66]
• distribution of, [66]-72
• equatorial Atlantic, [66]
• Gulf of Alaska, [66]
• Mid-Ocean Canyon No. 2., [71]-72
• Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Canyon, [22], [66]-72
• Mid-Oceanic Ridge, [1], [15], [83]-104, [107]
• crest provinces, [1], [15], [83]
• definition, [83]
• flank provinces, [1], [15], [95]
• Milne Seamount, [79]
• Morpho-tectonic provinces, [2]
• Muir, U.S.S., [76]
• Nares Abyssal Plain, [56], [57], [59], [74], [81]
• National Geographic Society, [vii], [99]
• Navarro (Cretaceous) formation, [44], [45], [46]
• Navidad Bank, [34], [36]
• Navigational control, accuracy of, [5]
• Nazaré Submarine Canyon, [37]
• Newfoundland Abyssal Plain, [56], [58]
• Newfoundland Basin, [12], [56], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71]
• Nomenclature of deep-sea relief 11, [12], [15]
• North America Basin, [12]
• North Atlantic Ocean
• major basins of, [12]
• map of earthquakes in, facing page, [122]
• map of sediment distribution, facing page, [122]
• soundings, [5]
• structure section, [102]
• North Canary Basin, [12]
• Northeast Providence Channel, [35], [36]
• Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Canyon, [22], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71]
• Ocean-basin floor, [1], [15], [25], [55]-82, [102], [107]
• abyssal floor, [1], [15], [55]-74
• crustal structure, [80]-81, [102]
• oceanic rises, [1], [15], [55], [74]-78
• seamounts of, [78]-79
• seismicity of, [80]
• Oceanic crust, [80]-81, [100], [102]
• Oceanic rises
• Bermuda Rise, [74]-77
• Corner Rise, [64], [77]
• definition, [74]
• distribution, [74]
• Rio Grande Rise, [74]
• Rockall Rise, [78]
• Oceanographer Canyon, [43]
• Old Bahama Channel, [36]
• Olivine gabbro, [99]
• Orthogeosyncline, [54]
• Orthoquartzite, [53]
• Outer ridges
• Antilles Outer Ridge, [32], [33], [36], [52], [53], [59], [60]
• definition, [20]
• sediments on, [53]
• Southeast Newfoundland Ridge, [22], [63], [67], [70], [71], [72]
• Paleozoic outcrops, [99]
• Pelagic deposits, [53], [81], [99], [107]
• Photographs, sea floor, [39], [50], [59], [79]
• Physiographic diagram, preparation of, [3], [4], [5]
• Physiographic province chart, Atlantic Ocean, [3], [16]
• Plant debris, [60]
• Plato Seamount, [98]
• Pleistocene beaches, submerged, [42]
• Portuguese submarine canyons
• Lisbon, [37]
• Nazaré, [37]
• Setúbal, [37]
• Precision Depth Recorder (PDR)
• accuracy of, [8]
• development of, [8]
• operation of, [9]
• positions of PDR sounding tracks, [6]
• Precision Depth Recorder (PDR) records, [28], [32], [34], [36], [38], [58], [64], [73], [78], [91], [92]
• Puerto Rico Trench, [36]
• Puerto Rico (Trench) Abyssal Plain, [17], [36], [52], [56], [60]
• Recent sediments, erosion of, [50]
• Red clay, [33], [76], [106]
• Reflections, sub-bottom, [25], [32], [41], [105]-106
• Research vessels
• Albatross III, [vii]
• Atlantis, [vii], [7], [8], [79]
• Caryn, [vii], [78]
• Discovery II, [vii]
• Kevin Moran, [70]
• Meteor, [83], [98]
• Talisman, [99]
• Theta, [vii], [2], [7]
• Vema, [vii], [6], [72]
• Rift Mountains, [1], [15], [84], [90], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [96], [97], [98], [99], [100], [107]
• Rift Valley, [1], [15], [84], [90], [91], [93], [94], [95], [96], [98], [99], [100], [101], [102], [103], [107]
• Rio Grande Rise, [74]
• Ripple Marks, [39], [50], [51], [59], [79]
• Rock dredging, [39], [42], [43], [45], [46], [47], [76]
• Rockall Rise, [78]
• Sable Island, [24]
• Sable Island Bank, [24]
• Sand, deep-sea, [28], [60], [61], [74]
• Scarps, [61]
• Abyssal Plain, [61]
• Bermuda Rise, [76]
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge, [83]
• Scotian Shelf, [23], [24]
• Scour marks, photographs of, [39], [59]
• Seamounts
• Ampere, [78]
• Atlantis, [98]
• Caryn, [78]
• Cruiser, [98]
• Great Meteor, [98]
• Josephine, [78]
• Kelvin, [77], [78]
• Milne, [79]
• Muir, [76]
• Plato, [98]
• Seamount Groups
• Atlantis-Plato-Cruiser-Great Meteor Seamount Group, [98]
• Horseshoe Seamount Group, [59], [78]
• Kelvin Seamount Group, [76], [77], [78]
• Muir Seamount Group, [76]
• Seamounts, sedimentary processes on, [59], [77]
• Sediment distribution
• abyssal plain, [74]
• Bermuda Rise, [76]
• continental margin, [53]
• correlation with topography, [107]
• map of North Atlantic, facing page, [122]
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge, [99]
• Seismicity
• continental margin, [51]
• epicenter map, North Atlantic, facing page, [122]
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge, [98]
• ocean-basin floor, [80]
• Seismic-reflection measurements, [80]
• Seismic-refraction measurements
• continental margin, [52], [81], [102]
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge, [81], [100], [102]
• ocean-basin floor, [65], [80], [81], [102]
• Serpentine, [99]
• Serpentization, [103]
• Setúbal Submarine Canyon, [37]
• Sharks tooth, photograph of, facing page, [39]
• Shelf break, [17], [50], [51]
• Sierra Leone Rise, [61]
• Slumping, [50], [51], [99], [105]
• Sohm Abyssal Plain, [55], [56], [57], [71], [72], [74]
• Sound velocity corrections, [12], [13]
• Sounding corrections
• slope, [15]
• velocity, [12], [13]
• Sounding tracks
• nonprecision, [7]
• PDR, [6]
• Sounding velocity, [12]
• Soundings
• echo, [8], [9]
• hemp line, [8]
• wire, [8]
• South Atlantic, Physiographic Diagram, [v]
• South Canary Basin, [12]
• Southeast Newfoundland Ridge, [22], [63], [67], [70], [71], [72]
• Sub-bottom echoes, [25], [32], [41], [105]-106
• Submarine canyons, [20]
• Cape Breton, [37]
• Fosse de Cayar, [41]
• Gilbert, [44]
• Grand Banks, near, [23]
• Hudson, [8], [27], [28], [30], [31], [58], [72]
• Hydrographer, [45], [46]
• Lisbon, [37]
• Lydonia, [44]
• Nazaré, [37]
• Northeast Providence, [35]
• Oceanographer, [44], [45], [46]
• Setúbal, [37]
• Starfish, photograph of, facing page, [39]
• Structural benches, [43], [48], [49]
• Submarine topography, outline of, [15]
• Sunken islands, [78]
• Tagus Abyssal Plain, [56], [57], [61]
• Talisman, Research Vessel, [99]
• Tectonic map, Atlantic Ocean, [2]
• Tectonic uplift, [77], [78], [98]
• "Terraced zone", [95]
• Terraces, continental shelf, [42]
• Tertiary ocean-bottom temperatures, [106]
• Tertiary outcrops, [46], [47], [48], [76], [79], [107]
• Theta, M/V, (sealer), [vii], [72]
• Theta Gap, [66], [72], [73], [74]
• Times Facsimile Company
• Precision Depth Recorder, [8], [9]
• Tracks and trails, photographs of, facing pages, [39], [79]
• Trench (Abyssal) Plains
• Cayman, [56], [60]
• Kurile-Kamchatka, [60]
• Middle America, [60]
• Peru-Chile, [60]
• Puerto Rico, [17], [36], [52], [56], [60]
• Trilobites, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, [99]
• Turbidity currents, [23], [50], [51], [74], [79], [80], [99], [106], [107]
• Unconformities, [50]
• U. S. Coast Survey, [8]
• U. S. Navy
• Bureau of Ships, [vii]
• Hydrographic Office, [5]
• Office of Naval Research, [vii]
• Units: depth, slope, distance, [12]
• Upper Step, [15], [78], [90], [91], [94], [95], [96]
• Vema Gap, [58], [60], [66], [72], [74]
• Vema, Research Vessel, [vii], [6], [72]
• Virgin Islands Bank, [36]
• Volcanic cones, buried, [51]
• Volcanic detritus, [53]
• Volcanoes, [39], [77], [78]
• West Europe Basin, [12]
• West Florida Escarpment, [33]
• Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, [vii], [viii], [3], [7]
• Yorktown (Miocene) formation, [44], [45], [46]

Heezen et al., PL. 20

[PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES, ATLANTIC OCEAN]

Heezen et al., PL. 21

[CONTROL CHART]

Heezen et al., PL. 22

[SIX TRANS-ATLANTIC TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILES]