PART II: ETYMOLOGY.
SUBSTANTIVE.
Substantives in this language are declined without the use of articles.
2. Those which may be called verbal, from their origin in verbs, are much used: hiósguadauh, painting, or writing, is the passive (is painted) of the present active hiósguan, I paint. They have their times: hiósguadauh is in the present, expressing
the picture I form now of the passive preterite hiósguacauh, the work I have executed, of which hiósguatzidaugh, the picture I will make, is the future passive: and when to these verbal substantives is added the particle gua, it denotes place, as, No hiósguadauhgua, the place where I paint, etc.
GUA.
3. But words signifying kindred, have their termination usually in gua also, for which [see section 16].
SIVEN, RINA.
4, 5. Other verbal substantives, signifying instruments, are made from the future active: thus, the verb métecan, I chop, having métetze in the future, receives siven in lieu of the final syllable, and makes the substantive, métesiven, axe or tool with which to chop. Many of these words likewise terminate in rina, as bícusirina, flute, from bícudan, I whistle, and bíhirina, shovel, from bihán, I scrape.