| Latitude. | Basal Temp. (Water Zone). | Ice Coeff. | Land, West Coeff. | Land, East Coeff. |
| Jan. | a. | |||
| 70 N. | 298.8 | - 0.49 | - 0.43 | - 0.20 |
| 60 | 277.4 | - 0.07 | - 0.31 | - 0.01 |
| 50 | 276.8 | - 0.09 | - 0.29 | 0.09 |
| 40 | 282.5 | — | - 0.17 | 0.04 |
| 30 | 289.6 | — | - 0.08 | 0.03 |
| 20 | 294.2 | — | - 0.01 | - 0.01 |
| 10 | 298.6 | — | - 0.01 | 0.03 |
| 0 | 299.3 | — | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| 10 S. | 298.2 | — | 0.04 | - 0.01 |
| 20 | 296.2 | — | 0.07 | 0.00 |
| 30 | 293.5 | — | 0.06 | 0.03 |
| 40 | 289.3 | — | 0.09 | - 0.03 |
| July. | ||||
| 70 N. | 279.3 | - 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 60 | 280.7 | — | - 0.01 | 0.11 |
| 50 | 285.8 | — | 0.04 | 0.06 |
| 40 | 291.1 | — | 0.05 | 0.07 |
| 30 | 296.8 | — | 0.08 | - 0.01 |
| 20 | 297.6 | — | 0.07 | 0.02 |
| 10 | 298.8 | — | 0.03 | - 0.01 |
| 0 | 298.6 | — | 0.02 | - 0.01 |
| 10 S. | 296.9 | — | 0.04 | - 0.03 |
| 20 | 293.1 | — | 0.02 | - 0.02 |
| 30 | 288.2 | — | - 0.01 | - 0.01 |
| 40 | 284.0 | — | 0.00 | - 0.03 |
In the case of the calculation of the effect of comparatively slight and irregular changes in land and sea distribution in a limited area, such as those of the Littorina Sea referred to on p. 128, it may be found that a ten-degree circle is too wide an area to employ, the changes from land to sea at one point being nullified by changes from sea to land at another more distant point. In such a case a smaller unit such as a circle of five degrees radius can be employed. As a rough approximation it may be said that the effect of the conversion of a square mile of land into sea, or vice versa, on the temperature of a neighbouring point is inversely proportional to its distance. Since the area of a five-degree circle is one-quarter that of a ten-degree circle, while the average distance of the land composing it is one-half, we have to divide our regression coefficients by two in order to fit the new data.
This method was applied to obtain the probable temperature distribution on the shores of the Littorina Sea at its maximum extension, and gave results which agreed remarkably well with those calculated by geologists from the animal and plant life of the time.
See London Q. F. R. Meteor. Soc., 43, 1917, pp. 169-171.
INDEX
- A.
- Acheulian, [52]
- Aciphylla, [125]
- Africa, [103], [133], [142]
- Aftonian, [87]
- Ahlmann, [51], [61]
- Alaska, [43], [124]
- Algonquin, Lake, [123]
- Alps, dry period, [122]
- glaciation, [29], [52], [56]
- retreat stadia, [119]
- Altai Mountains, [77]
- Anau, ruins, [163]
- Ancylus, [120], [127]
- Andersson, [118], [121]
- Andes, [98]
- Antarctica, [114], [133]
- Anticyclonic circulation, [55]
- Antipodes Is., [112]
- Aral Sea, [83]
- Argentine, [100]
- Arizona, [94], [150]
- Arrhenius, [19]
- Artesian water (Australia), [110]
- Aryans, [164]
- Asia, [76], [125], [139], [143], [153]
- Astronomical theory, [17]
- Atlantic Stage, [126]
- Atlas Mountains, [69]
- Australia, [109], [125], [155]
- B.
- Balearic Is., [70]
- Balkans, [69]
- Baltic Interstadial, [64]
- Banded clays, [49], [93]
- Baraba steppes, [121]
- Barkans, [65]
- Barrell, [159]
- Beddard, [115]
- Belfast, [130]
- Biloculina, [133]
- Blytt, [127]
- Bonneville, Lake, [93]
- Brazil, [101]
- British Isles, [57], [62], [64], [136]
- Brögger, [129]
- Bronze Age, [138]
- Brückner, [49], [57], [154]
- Buenos Aires, sand-dunes, [125]
- Bühlstadium, [119]
- C.
- Calabrian, [68]
- Cambrian, [33]
- Campbell Is., [102]
- Canada, post-glacial, [132]
- Cape Colony, raised beaches, [133]
- Carbon dioxide, [19]
- Carboniferous, [34]
- Caspian, [83], [143], [153]
- Chamberlin, [19]
- Champlain Stage, [123]
- Chellean, [51]
- Cherry, [160]
- Chile, rainfall fluctuations, [157]
- China, [81], [139]
- Chronology, [48], [92]
- Chudeau, [106]
- Classical Rainfall Maximum, [140]
- Climatic Record, [132]
- Coleman, [92]
- Colorado, [94]
- Continentality, [25]
- Continental Phase, [120]
- Continents, movement of, [21]
- Cordilleran glaciation, [87]
- Corsica, [69]
- Craig, [72]
- Cretaceous, [37]
- Crete, Neolithic, [163]
- Croll, [18]
- Cro-Magnards, [161]
- Cyrenaica, desiccation, [142]
- D.
- Daun-stadium, [119]
- David, [110]
- Dead ice, [132]
- Denmark, continental phase, [122]
- Depressions, path of, [47], [60], [71], [122], [139]
- Devonian, [34]
- Diluvium, [48]
- Don Valley, [91]
- Douglass, [143]
- Drakensberg Mountains, [103]
- Drought in Forest Period, [139]
- Drumkelin Bog, [137]
- Dunes, fossil, [65]
- Frisian, [140]
- E.
- Early Iron Age, [141]
- Earth’s Orbit, eccentricity of, [18]
- Earthworms, [115]
- East Anglia, [47], [57]
- Eccentricity of Earth’s Orbit, [18]
- Ecuador, [99]
- Egypt, [72]
- Eoanthropus, [161]
- Eocene glaciation, [37]
- Etosha Pan, [107]
- Europe, [49], [55], [118], [127], [136], [154]
- Evans, [163]
- Evolution of Man, [155]
- F.
- Fairgrieve, [138]
- Falkland Is., [97]
- Fennoscandian Pause, [119]
- Finiglacial, [118]
- Finland, post-glacial, [120], [128]
- Florida, [95]
- Forest bed, [47], [51]
- period, [122], [136]
- Forests, submerged, [137]
- Formby and Leasowe Beds, [130]
- Fossil ice, [59], [78]
- Franz Josef Land, [130]
- Frech, [20]
- Freydenberg, [106]
- Frisian dunes, [140]
- Fucino, Lago di, [154]
- Fucus in Spitzbergen, [130]
- G.
- Gable Island, [98]
- Galaxiidæ, [115]
- Geer, G. de, [49], [93], [118]
- Geikie, J., [51], [81]
- Geographical theory, [22]
- Geological formations, [31]
- rhythms, [38]
- Gibbon, [140]
- Gibraltar, [69], [70]
- Gila conglomerate, [95]
- Glacial anticyclone, [55]
- stages, [48]
- Globigerina, [133]
- Glossopteris, [35]
- Gondwanaland, [34], [35]
- Gotiglacial, [118]
- Graham Land, glaciation, [114]
- Great Basin, America, [89], [93], [124]
- Great Lakes, history, [123]
- Great Salt Lake, [93]
- Greece, Heroic Age, [164]
- Greenland, [131], [156]
- Gregory, [104]
- Grimaldi Race, [161]
- Gschnitz Stadium, [119]
- Gunz Glaciation, [56]
- Gunz-Mindel Interglacial, [50], [51], [56]
- H.
- Haplochitonidæ, [115]
- Hazel, post-glacial extension, [122]
- Hedley, [116]
- Heidelberg Man, [161]
- Height and temperature, [26]
- Hildebrandsson, [157]
- Himalayas, [81]
- Hobley, [105], [107]
- Hohokam, [150]
- Hume, [72]
- Humphreys, [20]
- Huntington, [141], [144], [150], [153], [162]
- I.
- Ice on Danish coasts, [155]
- Iceland, [125], [156]
- Illinoian glaciation, [90]
- Ingo Is., forests, [122]
- Iowan Glaciation, [90]
- Ireland, glaciation, [57], [62], [64]
- Heroic Age, [138]
- Iroquois, Lake, [123]
- Isohalines, [127]
- J.
- Japan, [81]
- Jurassic, [37]
- K.
- Kalahari, [107]
- Kamchatka, [80]
- Kansan, [88]
- Karst flora, [121]
- Kashmir, [143], [153]
- Keewatin, [88], [91]
- Keidel, [99]
- Kenya, [103]
- Kilimanjaro, [103]
- Kioga, Lake, [104]
- Kitchen-midden, [125]
- Kosciusko, [109]
- Kreichgauer, [20]
- Kupffer, [121]
- L.
- Labradorean Glaciation, [87], [89], [90]
- Lahontan, Lake, [93]
- Lena Valley, [78]
- Leverett, [91], [92]
- Limestone Agglomerate, [70]
- Littorina, [128]
- Loess, [52], [83], [91], [112]
- Lofoten Islands, [61]
- Lop-Nor, [83], [153]
- M.
- Mackenna, [157]
- Maglemose culture, [125]
- Malta, [69]
- Mammoths, frozen, [79]
- Marsupials, [115]
- Mathew, [160]
- Maumee, Lake, [123]
- Maya ruins, [151]
- Mediæval Rainfall Maximum, [164]
- Medicine Bow Range, [94]
- Mediterranean, [68], [142]
- Mesopotamia, Empires, [139]
- Mexico, culture, [151]
- Meyer, [99]
- Micmac Stage, [124]
- Mindelian Glaciation, [49], [69]
- Mindel-Riss Interglacial, [50]
- Miocene, [44]
- Mombasa, [105]
- Mono Basin, [94]
- Montelius, [163]
- Mousterian Man, [63]
- Munthe, [118]
- Murgoci, [66]
- Murman coast, [130]
- N.
- Najas, [129]
- Neanderthal Man, [161]
- Negro, [142]
- Neolithic, [122], [131], [136], [163]
- migration, [125], [163]
- Neudeckian, [51]
- Neuhauss, [111]
- Newfoundland, [87], [90]
- New Guinea, [111]
- New Siberian Islands, [78]
- New South Wales, [125]
- New Zealand, [111], [125], [133]
- Ngami, Lake, [107]
- Niagara, [93], [132]
- Nile, [72], [119]
- Nordenskjold, [117]
- Nordic Race, [125]
- Norfolkian, [51]
- North America, [86], [122], [132], [141], [149]
- North Sea, [56], [61]
- Norway, [51], [55], [129]
- O.
- Obliquity of Ecliptic, [16], [120]
- Old Red Sandstone, [34]
- Optimum of Climate, [127]
- Ordovician, [33]
- P.
- Pajaritan, [150]
- Palmyra, [142]
- Pamirs, [77]
- Pampean, [100], [125]
- Patagonia, post-glacial, [133]
- Patom Highlands, [78]
- Peat-bog Period, [140]
- Penck, [49], [51]
- Pendulation Theory, [20]
- Peorian, [91]
- Permian, [35]
- Persia, [84], [142]
- Peru, [99]
- Pettersson, [134], [145]
- Piedmont ice-sheets, [57], [109]
- Piltdown Man, [161]
- Pithecanthropus, [160]
- Pliocene, [47]
- Pluvial periods, [71], [140]
- Poles, motion of, [20], [40]
- Pre-Cambrian Glaciation, [33]
- Proterozoic Glaciation, [32]
- Pueblo ruins, [150]
- Pulse of Asia, [153]
- Pumpelly, [84], [163]
- Pyrenees, [57]
- Q.
- Quaternary Ice Age, [47]
- R.
- Ragunda, Lake, [49]
- moraines, [121]
- Reid, [138]
- Retreat of the Ice, [49]
- Riss Glaciation, [49], [61]
- Riss-Wurm Interglacial, [50], [53]
- Rixdorf, [62]
- Rodgers, [133]
- Romania, [66]
- Ruwenzori, [103]
- S.
- Sagas, [141], [146]
- Sahara, [74], [105]
- Sangamon, [90]
- Scania, [49]
- Schmidt, [53]
- Scotland, [57], [61], [64]
- Scrobicularia Zone, [130]
- Selsey, [58]
- Sequoia, [143]
- Shell-banks, [47], [56]
- Siberia, [78]
- Sicilian, [70]
- Sierra Nevada, [93], [94]
- Sievers, [99]
- Silurian, [33]
- Skærumhede, [63]
- Slugs, [115]
- Smith, Elliott, [159]
- Solar radiation, [15]
- South America, [97], [125], [132], [157]
- South Georgia, [97]
- South Orkneys, [114]
- Spitaler, [18]
- Spitzbergen, [80], [130]
- Stanovoi Mountains, [79]
- Steppe climate, [53]
- Stone rivers, [98]
- Submerged forests, [137]
- Suess, Lake, [104]
- Sunspots, [145]
- Susa, Neolithic, [163]
- Sven Hedin, [84]
- Sweden, [49], [56], [118]
- Syria, [72]
- T.
- Tapes, [129]
- Tasmania, [109]
- Tchad, [106]
- Tertiary, [42], [116]
- Thracia Zone, [131]
- Tian-Shan Mountains, [77]
- Tibet, [82]
- Tidal friction, [39]
- Tide-generating force, [134], [145]
- Tierra del Fuego, [97], [133]
- Tillite, [32]
- Titicaca, Lake, [101]
- Toronto Stage, [91]
- Trapa, [129]
- Trasimeno, Lake, [154]
- Tree-rings and rainfall, [143]
- Turbarian, [140]
- Triassic, [37]
- Tyndall, [19]
- U.
- Uinta Mountains, [94]
- Unio in Niagara, [132]
- Ural Mountains, [57]
- V.
- Venezuela, [100]
- Verkhoiansk Mountains, [79]
- Victoria Nyanza, [104]
- Vikings, [164]
- Volcanic dust, [16], [20]
- Vollossovitsch, [79]
- W.
- Wales, [57], [64]
- Warren, Lake, [123]
- Wasatch Mountains, [93], [94]
- Wayland, [104]
- Wegener, [20], [34]
- Wernert, [53]
- White Sea, [130]
- Wine harvest, [155]
- Winters, severe, [155]
- Wisconsin Glaciation, [91], [92]
- Wolf, [145]
- Wurm Glaciation, [48]
- Y.
- Yarmouth Stage, [88]
- Yoldia Sea, [50], [124]
- Yucatan, [151]
- Yukon, [124]
Printed in Great Britain by Jarrold & Sons, Ltd., Norwich.