[40.11] Cōnfugiendum . . . ad: impersonal passive: ‘they had to resort to.’ Cf. [p. 39, n. 11].
[40.12] The ballistae and catapultae were the artillery of antiquity. It is said that from the ballistae stones weighing one hundred pounds could be sent half a mile.
[40.13] velut . . . mūnīta: to be taken with what follows.
[40.14] opprimō.
[40.15] cōgō.
[40.16] acc. of extent (cf. [p. 12, n. 1]) with longum.
[40.17] rēs bene gestās: ‘successes,’ ‘exploits.’ Contrast rē male gestā, XVI, 31, and note.
[41.1] Cf. [p. 18, n. 17].
[41.2] occāsiōnem nactum (nancīscor): ‘seizing the opportunity.’
[41.3] īnstrūmentō rūsticō: ‘his farming implements.’