Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans in England

by C. H. Firth

Cromwell remained throughout his life too much the champion of a party to be accepted as a national hero by later generations, but in serving his Cause he served his country too. No English ruler did more to shape the future of the land he governed, none showed more clearly in his acts the “plain heroic magnitude of mind.”

INDEX

• A
• “Agitators,” [158], [166]–167, [176], [186]
• “Agreement of the People,” [177], [183], [236]–237
• Alablaster, Dr., [17]
• Anabaptists, [111], [147], [150]–151, [360], [437], [465]
• Antinomianism, [147], [150]
• Argyle, Marquis of, [204], [276], [287], [293]
• Arminianism, [16]–18, [147], [360]
• Army of the Commonwealth, corporate feeling in, [247]–[248];
  • Levellers’ principles rife in, [248]–[249];
  • expenditure on, [435];
  • reduction of, [415], [437];
  • character of, under Cromwell, [468]–469
• Ayscue, Sir George, [309], [315]
• B
• Baillie, Major-General William, [200], [202], [298]
• Barbadoes, [392], [394], [401], [406]
• Barnard, Robert, [31]–32
• Basing House, [132]–133
• Bastwick, John, [22]
• Bath, capture of, [132]
• Baxter, Richard, [147]–148, [345], [360], [475]
• Beard, Dr., [17]
• Berkeley, Sir William, [392]
• Berwick, Treaty of, [42]
• Bethell, Major, [131]
• Biddle, John, [365]–366
• Birmingham, Parliamentarians supported by, [71]
• Blair, Robert, [296]
• Blake, Admiral Robert, [308], [312], [315], [377]–378, [382], [461]
• Bradock Down battle, [87]
• Bradshaw, John, [219], [222]–223, [307]–308, [324], [451]
• Brandenburg, [385], [387]
• Brayne, Major-General William, [406]
• Brentford battle, [82]
• Bridgwater, capture of, [131]
• Bristol, [88], [132], [136]
• Broghill, Lord, [421]
• Buckingham, Duke of, [13]–16
• Burnet, Bishop, [297]–298, [388]
• Burton, Henry, [22]
• Byron, Lord, [103], [105]
• C
• Cæsar, Cromwell compared with, [467]
• Cambridge, Parliamentarians supported by, [71]
• Carisbrooke Castle, [184]
• Carlyle, cited, [260], [476]
• Catholics, intolerance and persecution of, [10]–11, [265], [267]–268, [344], [359], [361]–[362];
  • establishment of Catholicism in Ireland offered by Charles, [137];
  • establishment denied, [157];
  • union with Royalists in Ireland, [255], [261]–[262];
  • Duke of Lorraine invited to Ireland by, [263];
  • conversion of, attempted, [268]–271, [274]
• Cavaliers, see Royalists.
• Chancery, Court of, [332]
• Charles I., Buckingham favoured by, [13]–[14];
  • forced loans exacted by, [14]–[15];
  • Parliament adjourned by, for eleven years, [17]–[19];
  • financial measures of, [20];
  • foreign policy of, [23]–[24];
  • attempt to crush Scots, [41]–[46];
  • efforts to save Strafford, [52]–[53];
  • resources of, in Civil War, [77]–[78];
  • movements during Civil War, [103], [111], [113], [129]–130, [133]–134, [139], [153];
  • offers three years’ establishment of Presbyterianism, [154];
  • removed to Holmby House, [155];
  • plays off Parliament against Army, [173], [186];
  • flees to Carisbrooke, [184];
  • intrigues with Scots, [184], [186];
  • concludes “The Engagement” with Scots, [188];
  • makes treaty with Parliamentary Commissioners, [207]–[208];
  • brought to Windsor, [216];
  • indictment, [217];
  • trial, [220]–[223];
  • takes leave of his children, [225]–[226];
  • execution, [226]–[229];
  • funeral, [230];
  • revenue of, in 1633, [246]
• Charles II., proclaimed king in Edinburgh, [276];
  • reaches Edinburgh, [278];
  • gains influence in Scotland, [287]–[288];
  • advances on England, [289]–[290];
  • defeated at Worcester, [291]–[292];
  • flees to France, [293];
  • supported by Spain, [382];
  • foreign policy of, compared with Cromwell’s, [388];
  • proclaimed in Virginia, [392];
  • colonial policy of, compared with Cromwell’s, [408];
  • offers reward for assassination of Cromwell, [438];
  • restoration of, [449]
• Charles Gustavus, King of Sweden, [380]–381, [384]–387
• Chester, Royalists supported by, [71]
• Christina, Queen of Sweden, [373]
• Church reform, [332], [337]–338, [358]–360
• Clanricarde, Earl of, [263]
• Clarendon, Earl of, [388], [454], [474].
  • See Hyde, Edward.
• Claypole, John, [141], [421]
• Cleveland, John, [356]
• Clonmel, [262]–263
• “Clubmen,” [135]
• Colchester, siege of, [195], [203]
• Committee of Both Kingdoms, [100], [123]–125
• Condé, Prince of, [310], [373], [375], [384]
• Connecticut, [391], [396]
• Cony, George, [418]
• Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley, [431]
• Council of the North, [21]–22, note 3
• Covenanters, rise of, [41]–42
• Cowley, Abraham, [356]
• Crawford, Major-Gen. Laurence, [106], [108], [111], [151]
• Cromwell, Bridget, [461]
• Cromwell, Elizabeth (Claypole), [441], [461]
• Cromwell, Elizabeth (mother of Protector), [460]
• Cromwell, Elizabeth (wife of Protector), [8], [460]–461
• Cromwell, Frances, [141], [441]
• Cromwell, Henry, [3]
• Cromwell, Henry (son of Protector), [141], [264], [446], [462], [464], [466]
• Cromwell, Henry (cousin of Protector), [73]
• Cromwell, Mary, [141], [461]
• Cromwell, Oliver:
  • Historical Sequence of Career:
    • Birth and boyhood, [4]–[5];
    • Cambridge days, [5]–[7];
    • legal studies, [7];
    • marriage, [7];
    • elected for Huntingdon, [8];
    • defies order for adjournment of Parliament, [18];
    • succeeds Sir Thomas Cromwell at Ely, [28];
    • emigration contemplated, [37];
    • work in Long Parliament, [49];
    • raises regiment of horse, [91];
    • victories at Grantham, [94];
    • defeats Colonel Cavendish, [96];
    • made governor of Isle of Ely, [98];
    • retreats to Lincoln, [98];
    • victorious at Winceby, [99];
    • appointed member of Committee of Both Kingdoms, [100];
    • appointed Lieut.-General of army of Eastern Association, [100];
    • Marston Moor, [105]–[108];
    • Newbury, [113];
    • arraigns Manchester in House of Commons, [115];
    • joins Waller in the west, [119];
    • successes at Islip and Bampton, [124];
    • appointed Lieut.-General under Fairfax, [126];
    • Naseby, [127]–[129];
    • Langport, [130]–[131];
    • Basing, [132]–[133];
    • disperses “Clubmen,” [136];
    • defeats Wentworth, [137];
    • thanked and rewarded by Parliament, [139];
    • removes family from Ely to London, [141];
    • illness (1647), [159];
    • interviews with Elector Palatine, [160];
    • supports Army against Parliament, [163], [212]–[213];
    • sanctions the seizure of Charles I., [165];
    • suspected by Independents, [175], [191];
    • reconciled to Rainsborough, [190];
    • campaign in Wales, [194];
    • campaign against Hamilton, [198]–[203];
    • at Charles’s trial, [219];
    • quells mutiny in the army, [249]–[250];
    • appointed Lord Lieutenant and Commander-in-Chief in Ireland, [258];
    • campaign in Ireland, [258]–[262];
    • illness, [261];
    • return to England, [263];
    • appointed Captain-General and Commander-in-Chief, [280];
    • campaign in Scotland, [280]–[292];
    • illness, [288];
    • defeats Charles II. at Worcester, [291]–[292];
    • triumphal entry into London, [300];
    • dissolves Long Parliament, [323];
    • nominates Parliamentary Assembly of 140 members, [329];
    • refuses position of king, [337];
    • installed as Protector, [341];
    • Chancellor of Oxford (1651–1657), [355];
    • concludes treaties with Holland, Sweden, Denmark, and Portugal, [372]–[374];
    • struggle with Parliament, [410]–[414];
    • reduces the army, [415], [437];
    • summons his second Parliament, [419];
    • attempted assassination of, [421];
    • refuses title of king, [422]–423, [426];
    • second time installed as Protector (1657), [426];
    • financial difficulties, [434]–[435];
    • illness and death of, [441]–[443];
    • funeral, [444];
    • corpse dishonoured, [451]
  • Personal Characteristics:
    • Affection for his wife, [8]
    • Appearance, [453]–454
    • Compassion, [453]–454
    • Conciliatory policy, [250]–251
    • Courage, [292], [440]
    • Energy, [469], [471]
    • Enthusiasm, [110], [192], [476], [485]
    • Fatalism, [252]
    • Geniality, [148], [454], [456]
    • Hot temper, [148], [453]
    • Ill-health, [440]
    • Integrity, [474], [477]
    • Large-mindedness, [481], [486]
    • Military ability, [198], [467], [469]–473
    • Moderation and good sense, [181], [353], [367]
    • Opportunism, [191], [478]
    • Recreations, [456]–458
    • Religious views, [35], [36];
      • doubts, [38]–40
    • Severity of discipline, [197]
    • Simplicity of tastes, [458]
    • Tolerance, [150]–153, [168], [205]–206, [211], [307], [343], [367]–369, [420]
• Cromwell, Oliver (uncle of Protector), [3], [9], [73]
• Cromwell, Captain Oliver (son of Protector), [110], [141]
• Cromwell, Sir Richard, [1]–3, [8]
• Cromwell, Richard (son of Protector), [141], [436], [443], [446], [462]–465
• Cromwell, Thomas, [1]–3, [10]
• Cropredy Bridge battle, [111]
• D
• Denmark, [238], [371], [374], [387]
• Derby, Earl of, [291]
• Dering, Sir Edward, bill of, [56]
• Desborough, Col. John, [131], [301], [426], [445]
• Dorislaus, Dr., murder of, [238]
• Doyley, Col. Edward, [406]–407
• Drogheda, [259]–260
• Dunbar, [280]–284, [471]
• Dunkirk, [311], [384]
• Durham, college founded at, [355]–356
• E
• Eastern Association, [90], [100]
• Edgehill, [73], [79]–80
• Education, Cromwell’s care for, [353]–357
• Eikon Basilike, [240]
• Eliot, Sir John, [14]–15, [18], [22], [25]
• Elizabeth, Princess, Charles’s farewell to, [225]–226
• Elizabeth, Queen, position of Parliament under, [9], [11]
• “Engagement, The,” [188]
• “Engagers,” disabilities of, [205]
• English nation, Cromwell’s estimate of, [482]
• Episcopacy, abolition of, advocated, [54]
• Essex, Earl of, [60], [68], [79]–83, [86], [103]
• Evelyn, John, cited, [449]
• F
• Fairfax, Ferdinando, Lord, [95], [99], [103], [106]–107, [111]
• Fairfax, Sir Thomas, afterwards Lord, movements in Civil War, [95], [98], [103]–104, [106], [124], [127]–129, [137]–[138];
  • appointed General of Parliamentary forces, [118];
  • characteristics and appearance of, [122];
  • urges Cromwell’s appointment as Lieutenant-General, [126];
  • asked to represent soldiers’ grievances to Parliament, [158];
  • orders rendezvous of whole army, [163];
  • arrives at Hounslow, [171];
  • marches against Scots, [193];
  • siege of Colchester, [195], [203];
  • executes Lucas and Lisle, [210];
  • occupies London, [214];
  • takes no part in trial of Charles, [224];
  • quells mutiny in army, [249]–[250];
  • retires from command, [279]–280
• Falkland, Lord, [56]
• Fauconberg, Lord, [433], [461]
• Fens, Cromwell’s championship of commoners in, [32]–34
• Fiennes, Nathaniel, [49], [54]
• Fifth-Monarchy men, [360], [367], [433], [437]
• Fleet, Charles I. acknowledged by, [194];
  • under Prince Rupert, [196], [241];
  • improvement and increase in, [247];
  • expenditure on, [435]
• Fleetwood, Colonel, afterwards Lieut.-Gen., Charles, [150], [158], [263], [282], [291], [426], [445]
• Fleming, Sir Oliver, [455]
• Forster, John, estimate of Cromwell, [476]
• Fortescue, Major-General, [402]–403
• Fox, George, [363]–364, [441]
• France, hostility of, to England, [238]–239, [241];
  • Charles II.’s flight to, [293];
  • refuses to recognise English republic, [309];
  • recognises it, [312];
  • pernicious effect on English youth, [353];
  • hostilities between England and, [371];
  • negotiations with, regarding alliance, [375]–[377];
  • protects Vaudois, [378];
  • treaty with, [380], [383];
  • Acadia taken from, [398];
  • ceded to, [408]
• G
• Gainsborough, [95], [98]–99
• Gauden, Dr. John, Eikon Basilike written by, [240]
• Germany, [238]
• Gibraltar, Cromwell’s proposal regarding, [381], [382]
• Gloucester, Duke of, [225], [301]
• Gloucester, siege of, [88]
• Goring, Lord, [70], [107], [119], [130]–131, [135], [137]
• Grantham, battle of, [470]
• Graves, Colonel, [164]
• Grenville, Sir John, [308]
• Grenville, Sir Richard, [135]
• Gustavus Adolphus, [23], [25], [30], [131], [474]
• H
• Hacker, Col. Francis, [226]–227
• Hale, Matthew, [305]
• Hallam, cited, [346]–347
• Hamilton, Marquis, afterwards Duke of, [42], [196]–203, [472]
• Hammond, Col. Robert, [185], [212], [252]
• Hampden, John, [37], [48], [54], [62] note, [81]–82, [86]–87
• Hampton Court, [184]–185
• Harrington, James, [233], [389], [393], [461]
• Harrison, Major-Gen. Thomas, [150], [184], [290]–291, [318], [323], [328], [415], [437]
• Haslerig, Sir Arthur, [49], [60], [62] note, [321]–322, [430]–431, [454]
• Henry VIII., [2]–3, [9]–10
• Hinchinbrook, [4], [9], [165]
• Holland, ambassadors of, appeal to Parliament on behalf of Charles I., [224];
  • sympathy with Charles II., [238], [241];
  • war between England and, [312]–315, [334], [371];
  • treaty with (1654), [372], [398];
  • hostilities against, in New England, [394], [396]–397
• Holland, Lord, [70], [196]
• Holles, Denzil, [48], [62] note, [82]
• Hooke, William, [397]
• Hopton, Sir Ralph, [74], [87]–88, [103], [137]–138
• Hotham, Sir John, [65], [94]
• Huguenots, Cromwell’s interest in, [311]
• Hull, [65], [75]
• Hume cited, [476]
• Huntingdon, [4], [8]
• Hutchinson, Col. John, [72]
• Hutchinson, Mrs., [460]–463
• Hyde, Edward, [56], [64], [66], [243].
  • See Clarendon, Earl of.
• I
• Independency, rise of, [11], [144]–[146];
  • strong in the army, [147];
  • Cromwell a type of, [149]
• Independents, intolerance towards, [152]–[153];
  • Cromwell distrusted by, [191];
  • hostility to Charles, [208] seq.;
  • represented among the Triers, [359];
  • powerless and divided, [449]
• Ingoldsby, Col. Richard, [224]
• Ireland, condition of, under Wentworth, [22]–[23];
  • rebellion of (1641), [57]–[60];
  • Charles’s treaty with rebels in, [137];
  • Ormond unable to crush rebellion in, [157];
  • reluctance of soldiers to serve in, [248]–[249];
  • national hostility to, [256]–257, [262];
  • Cromwell’s campaigns in, [258]–263, [473];
  • devastation and misery of, [264];
  • land settlement system of Cromwell, [265]–267, [275];
  • education in, [269];
  • economic policy of Cromwell in, [271]–[272];
  • representation of, in English Parliament, [272]–[273];
  • commercial and agricultural ruin of, [274];
  • Henry Cromwell commander in, [464]
• Ireton, Major-Gen. Henry, at Naseby, [128];
  • Cromwell’s daughter married to, [141];
  • sympathies with Independents, [150];
  • sent by Parliament to quiet soldiers, [158];
  • Declaration of the Army formulated by, [168];
  • Proposals submitted to Charles by, [172]–[173];
  • distrusted by Charles, [175];
  • supports Cromwell in further appeal to Charles, [176];
  • opposes manhood suffrage, [179];
  • readiness in debate, [181];
  • urges Parliament to settle regardless of Charles, [189];
  • captures Waterford and Limerick, [263];
  • advises friendly overtures to Scots, [284];
  • his death, [263];
  • corpse dishonoured, [451]
• “Ironside,” origin of title, [109]
• Islip, [123]
• J
• Jamaica, conquest of, [401]–407, [408]
• James I., [4], [11]–13
• Jews, Cromwell’s attitude towards, [362]–363
• Jones, Col. Michael, [256], [258], [261]
• Juxon, Bishop, [225]–228
• K
• Knighthood fines, [20]
• L
• Lambert, Major-Gen. John, defeats
• Langdale and Musgrave, [196];
  • Hamilton capitulates to, [203];
  • at Doon Hill, [282]–[283];
  • conquers Brown at Inverkeithing, [289];
  • success of, against Charles II., [290]–[291];
  • hostility of, to Long Parliament, [318];
  • character and political views of, [327]–[328];
  • advocates written constitution, [336];
  • urges Cromwell to take chief power, [337], [340];
  • resists proposal for Cromwell to accept kingship, [424], [426];
  • opposes Parliament, [447]
• Landor cited, [476]
• Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, [128], [199], [200]
• Langport, battle of, [130]–131
• Laud, William, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, [25]–27, [35]–36, [41], [51]
• Law reform, [304]–305, [332], [347]–351
• Leicester sacked by Royalists, [125]
• Leslie, Alexander, afterwards Earl of Leven, [45], [46], [103], [106]–107, [110], [134]
• Leslie, David, [106]–108, [134], [280]–284, [288]–289, [473]
• Levellers, [184], [244]–245, [335], [383], [413]
• Leverett, Capt. John, [397]–398
• Lilburn, John, prisoner in the Fleet, [49];
  • appeals to “supreme authority of the nation,” [146];
  • Cromwell’s patronage of, [149];
  • reproaches Cromwell for attitude towards army, [160]–[161];
  • attacks Cromwell, [176];
  • accuses Cromwell of high treason, [191];
  • Levellers represented by, [245];
  • return and trial of, [335]
• Lilburn, Col. Robert, defeats the Earl of Derby, [291]
• Limerick, siege of, [263]
• Lincoln, [97]–99, [103]
• Lockhart, Sir William, [383]
• London, Parliamentarians supported by, [71], [89];
  • feeling of, against Independents, [159], [170];
  • unwilling to restore Charles unconditionally, [196];
  • demands personal treaty with Charles, [207];
  • occupied by Fairfax, [214];
  • represented by only one citizen in Commonwealth Parliament, [235];
  • Presbyterian party strong in, [243];
  • blames Cromwell’s foreign policy, [387]
• Lorraine, Duke of, [136]
• Lostwithiel, [112]
• Louis XIV., [434]
• Ludlow, Col., afterwards Lieut.-Gen., Edmund, [160], [190], [230], [250], [263], [303]–304, [344], [418]–419, [475]
• M
• Maidstone, John, [441], [449], [453]
• Major-Generals, the, [352], [419]–421, [423]
• Manchester, [71]
• Manchester, Earl of, military operations of, [98], [103]–[104];
  • Cromwell’s influence over, [100];
  • Cromwell’s influence lost, [111];
  • dilatoriness of, [111]–[114];
  • defends himself against Cromwell in House of Lords, [115]
• Manly, Sir Richard, [49]
• Mardyke, [383]–384
• Marston Moor, [104]–108
• Marten, Harry, [49], [174], [218], [219], [237]
• Marvell, Andrew, [310], [356], [387], [443], [462], [469]
• Maryland, [394]
• Massachusetts, [319], [395]–397, [404]–405
• Maynard, [116]
• Mazarin, Cardinal, [310], [311], [362]
• Milton, John, [233], [240], [245], [307], [356], [366]
• Moltke, Von, [472]
• Monk, General George, [256], [282]–283, [290], [293]–294, [297], [315], [334], [414], [446]–448
• Montrose, Marquis of, [134], [241], [278]–279
• N
• Nantwich, [103]
• Napoleon, Cromwell compared with, [346]–347, [467], [474]
• Naseby, [127]–129, [151], [470]
• Navy, see Fleet
• Naylor, James, [365], [420]
• Neile, Dr., Bishop of Winchester, [17]
• New Haven (New England), [390], [396], [405]
• Newark, [95], [139]
• Newbury, battle of, [112]–113
• Newcastle, Duke of, [98], [103]
• Newcastle Propositions, [153], [174]
• Newdigate, Judge, [417]–418
• Newmarket, [165]–166
• Nottingham, [68], [75]
• O
• O’Neill, Hugh, [262]
• O’Neill, Owen, see Roe, Owen.
• Ormond, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, [102], [157], [255], [258], [263]
• Overton, Major-General, [415], [437]
• Oxenstiern, [409]
• Oxford (town), Parliamentarians supported by, [71];
  • Charles I. established at, [81];
  • Queen joins Charles at, [87], [88];
  • left by Charles and threatened by Parliament, [103];
  • besieged by Fairfax, [124], [138];
  • surrender, [139];
  • artillery at, seized by army, [163]
• Oxford (University), [71], [78], [355]–356, [463]
• P
• Pack, Alderman, [422]–423
• Palatine, Elector, [160]
• Parliament, position of, under Henry VIII. and Elizabeth, [9];
  • under James I., [12]–13
• Parliament, Long, unlimited powers of, after abolition of monarchy, [233]–[234];
  • non-representative character of, [235];
  • Scottish envoys expelled by, [276];
  • settlement of Scotland arranged by, [294];
  • illegal confiscations of, [315];
  • forcible dissolution of, [323];
  • restoration of (1659), [446]–447
• Penn, Admiral William, [377], [400], [402]
• Penruddock, Colonel John, [415]
• Pepys, Samuel, [388], [451]
• Peters, Hugh, [300], [450]
• Petition and Advice, the, [424]–427, [430]–431
• Petition of Right, [16]
• Philip IV. of Spain, [382]
• Pignerol, Treaty of, [378]
• Plymouth (Devon), [77]
• Plymouth (New England), [391], [396]
• Poland, [380]–381, [384]–385
• Portugal, [370], [374]
• Poyer, Colonel, [193], [194]
• Poyntz, Major-General, [134], [169], [170]
• Prelacy, [361]
• Presbyterianism, rise of, [11];
  • growth of, in England, [143]–[145];
  • Charles offers to grant establishment of, for three years, [154]
• Presbyterians, Charles’s offers refused by, [251];
  • Royalists distrusted by, [243];
  • terms imposed on Charles II. by, [277]–[278];
  • division among, [286];
  • represented among the Triers, [359]
• Preston, [199]–200, [471], [472]
• Pride, Colonel, [214]–215, [251], [283]
• Prynne, William, [22]
• Puritanism, rise of, [10]–[11];
  • Strafford’s opinion of, [27];
  • lectureships, [35]–[36];
  • outlook in 1638, [40];
  • Cromwell’s national policy regarding, [485]
• Pym, John, [47]–48, [51]–52, [60], [62] note, [89]
• Q
• Quakers, [363]–364
• Quin, James, [457]
• R
• Rainsborough, Colonel, [174], [178]–179, [190]
• Rathmines, [259]
• Reading, [86], [89], [103]
• Remonstrants and Resolutioners, [286]–287, [295]
• Reynolds, Sir John, [383]
• Rhode Island, [394]–395
• Rich, Robert, [441], [462]
• Rinuccini (Papal Nuncio), [255]
• Roe, Owen, [256], [258], [262]
• Rogers, John, [367]
• Rolle, Chief-Justice, [418]
• Roundway Down battle, [88]
• Rouse, John, [339]
• Royalists, helpless condition of, after king’s execution, [241]–[242];
  • Presbyterians distrusted by, [243]–[244];
  • amnesty granted to, [303];
  • Anglicanism of, winked at, [361];
  • take refuge in Barbadoes and Virginia, [392];
  • arming, [413];
  • rising of, a failure, [415];
  • additional taxes imposed on, [416]–417
• Rudyard, [49], [51]
• “Rump” Parliament, [447]
• Rupert, Prince, Charles’s confidence in, [80];
  • relieves siege of York, [104];
  • at Marston Moor, [104]–[106];
  • retreat to Lancashire, [108];
  • appreciation of Cromwell, [109];
  • capitulates at Bristol to Fairfax, [132];
  • urges Charles to make peace, [135];
  • protected from “Clubmen,” [136];
  • equips fleet in Dutch waters, [238];
  • seizes prizes on the high seas, [241];
  • with squadron in harbour of Munster, [256];
  • defeated by Blake, [308]
• Russell, Sir John, [462]
• Russia, [238]
• S
• Say, Lord, [37], [70], [219]
• Scotland, Cromwell’s settlement of, [296]–[297];
  • representation of, in English Parliament, [295]–[296];
  • heavy taxation in, [298]–[299];
  • insurrection in, [334]
• Scots, Parliamentary Party assisted by, [102];
  • Cromwell opposed by, [115]–[116];
  • Charles’s negotiations with, [140];
  • Charles abandoned by, [155];
  • Charles’s intrigues with, [184], [186];
  • England invaded by (1648), [194];
  • Charles II. proclaimed by, [276]
• Sedgwick, Major Robert, [397]–398, [403], [406]
• Seekers, the, [150]
• Self-Denying Ordinance, [118]
• Sexby, Lieutenant-Colonel, [438]
• Sherborne, [132]
• Ship-money, [20]–21, [40], [44], [45], [53]
• Sidney, Algernon, [217]–218
• Sindercombe, Miles, [421]
• Skippon, Major-General Philip, [112], [113], [123], [128], [158]
• Solemn League and Covenant 102, [143]
• Spain, feeling of, towards England, [239]–[240];
  • friendly towards Commonwealth, [309];
  • captures Dunkirk, [312];
  • negotiation with, regarding alliance, [375]–[376];
  • war declared by, [380];
  • war with, [381]–[382];
  • supports Charles II., [382];
  • hostilities against, in West Indies, [398]–[403];
  • war with West Indies, [406]–[408];
  • treasure-ships captured by Stayner, [420];
  • peace with, [435]
• Spenser, Peregrine, [267]
• St. John, Oliver, [44], [48], [161], [284], [312]
• St. Kitts, [401], [406]
• Stapleton, Sir Philip, [83]
• Star Chamber, [21] and note, [22] note
• Stayner, Captain Richard, [382], [420]
• Steward, Sir Thomas, [8], [28], [37]
• Steward, William, [4]
• Strachan, Major, [279], [286]
• Strafford, Earl of, see Wentworth.
• Stratton battle, [87]
• Strickland, Walter, mission to The Hague, [312]
• Strode, William, [48], [54], [62] note
• Sweden, [238], [373], [380]–381, [385]–387
• T
• Thorpe, Judge, [418]
• Thurloe, John, [423], [456]
• Tithes, [357]–358
• “Triers,” [358]–360
• Tromp, Admiral, [314]–315
• Turenne, Marshal, [383]
• U
• Ussher, Archbishop, [356]
• Uttoxeter, capitulation at, [203]
• V
• Vane, Sir Henry, religious views of, [49];
  • abolition of Episcopacy advocated by, [54];
  • Lilburn’s reference to, [161];
  • supports Cromwell in further appeal to Charles, [176];
  • Milton’s opinion of, [245], [307];
  • complains of obstructiveness of Long Parliament, [303];
  • action on bill for a new representative, [321], [324];
  • opposes state interference with Church, [366];
  • refuses to recognise Cromwell’s government, [418]–[419];
  • executed, [450]
• Vaudois, [378]–379
• Venables, General Robert, [400]–402
• Virginia, [390], [392], [394]
• Voltaire, [476]
• W
• Wales, represented by only three members of Parliament, [235]
• Waller, Edmund, [345], [356], [379], [422]
• Waller, Sir William, [74], [88], [103], [111], [113], [119]
• Walton, Colonel Valentine, [109]–111
• Warrington, capitulation at, [202]
• Warwick, Earl of, [37], [70], [76], [247]
• Warwick, Sir Philip, [33], [49], [455], [461]
• Waterford, [261], [263]
• Wentworth, Sir Thomas, afterwards Earl of Strafford, [22]–23, [27], [44]–45, [51]–53
• West Indies, [376]–377, [380], [415]
• Wexford, [259]–260
• Whalley, Colonel Edward, [97], [122], [165], [184]
• Wharton, Lord, [251]
• Whitelocke, Bulstrode, [300], [317]–318, [373], [409], [417], [456]
• Wildman, Major John, [176], [415]
• William II., [238]
• William III., [435]
• Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, [35]
• Willoughby, Lord, [95], [392]
• Winceby, [99]
• Winslow, Edward, [400], [402]
• Worcester, [79], [103], [291]–292, [471]
• Y
• York, [71], [103], [104]

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[1]. The Star Chamber was originally a committee of the King’s Council, which became a separate judicial body during the latter part of the sixteenth century. It represented the judicial authority of the Council, had larger powers than the ordinary law courts, and was not bound by ordinary legal rules in its procedure.

[2]. William Prynne, a barrister, Henry Burton, a divine, and John Bastwick, a physician, were sentenced by the Star Chamber in 1637 to be fined £5000 apiece, to lose their ears, and to be imprisoned for life for attacks on the bishops and on ecclesiastical innovations.

[3]. Eliot died in the Tower in November, 1632, a prisoner for his conduct at the close of the Parliament of 1629. He pleaded privilege and refused to own the jurisdiction claimed by the law courts. His friends submitted and were fined.

[4]. Sir Thomas Wentworth was raised to the peerage July 22, 1628, became president of the Council of the North in the following December, and Lord Deputy of Ireland in January, 1632. He was created Earl of Strafford on January 12, 1640.

[5]. William Laud became Bishop of St. David’s in 1621, Bishop of London in 1628, and Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633, but his predominant influence in the Church dated from the very beginning of the King’s reign.