An Outline of the Phonology and Morphology of Old Provençal

by C. H. Grandgent

[133] So bĭbuit ＞ bec, debuit ＞ dec.

[134] So cognōvit ＞ conoc, mōvit ＞ moc.

[135] So ✱cŏcuit ＞ coc, jacuit ＞ iac, ✱nascuit ＞ nasc, ✱pa(s)cuit ＞ pac, placuit ＞ plac, tacuit ＞ tac, ✱tescuit ＞ tesc, ✱vĭncuit ＞ venc, ✱vīscuit ＞ visc.

[136] So caluit ＞ calc, ✱tŏluit ＞ tolc, vŏluit ＞ volc.

[137] So ✱vēnuit ＞ venc.

[138] So erĭpuit ＞ ereup, recĭpuit ＞ receup.

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INDEX

N.B.—The references are to paragraphs.

• a: [23-24].
• —ạ: [24].
• —Unaccented a: [40], (1); [45]; [48], 1; [51], (1).
• -a -anem: [95], 2.
• ab: [65], P, 2.
• abans: [65], β, 2.
• Abbreviations: p. [VI].
• abet: [65], β, 2.
• Ablative: [91], (5).
• abora: [65], β, 2.
• aβea: [87], β.
• ac (Lat.): [43], 2.
• Accent:
• —Primary: [16-17].
• —Secondary: [18]; [45], 1.
• Accented Vowels: see Vowels.
• Accusative: [91], (5).
• ad: see az.
• ad-: [66], 1.
• ades: [25], 1, (e).
• Adjectives, [102-109].
• —Comparison: [106-109].
• —Declension: [102-104]; [107].
• —Neuter: [104]; [108]; [128], 1.
• —Numeral: [110-113].
• —Pronominal: see Pronouns.
• adoutz: [33], 4.
• Adverbial -s: [82], S, 3.
• Adverbs: [82], S, 3; [105]; [108].
• æ: [22].
• —Unaccented æ: [41].
• -age: see -aticum.
• ai ＜ habeo: [73], βy.
• aigla: [72], Kw, 1.
• aiglentina: [72], Kw, 1.
• aigua: [72], Kw, 1.
• aire: [51], 4.
• -aire -ador: [91], (6); [101], (3); [101], (3), 1.
• aital: [74], 2; [136], (6).
• aitan: [74], 2; [136], (7).
• albire: [87], 1.
• alcun: [136], (1).
• Alphabet:
• —Phonetic: p. [VII].
• —Provençal: [7]; [9].
• alquant: [136], (2).
• alques: [136], (3).
• als: [136], (4).
• altre: [136], (5).
• altretal: [136], (6).
• altretan: [136], (7).
• aluc: [65], C, 2.
• Alvernhe: [87], 1.
• amdui: [111], 2.
• amiu: [51], 3; [65], G, 1.
• ams: [111], 2.
• Analogy:
• —Initial Syllable: [42].
• —Intertonic Syllable: [46].
• anar: [137], (1); [150]; [162], (1).
• anedier: [45], 3.
• anet: [48], 1.
• anta: [39], 2.
• apud: see ab.
• aquestos: [51], 2.
• ar, ara: [33], 3.
• -arius: [23], 1; [73], Ry, 1.
• arma: [87], n + m.
• arnei: [25], 3.
• Articles: [116-119].
• —Definite: [116]; [118-119].
• —Indefinite: [117].
• asabentar: [73], Py.
• -aticum: [49], (4); [52], (3); [65], G, 3; [73], Tg.
• atressi: [74], 2.
• atretal: [74], 2; [136], (6).
• atretan: [74], 2; [136], (7).
• au:
• —Accented: [39].
• —Unaccented: [41].
• auca: [65], C, 1; [80], βc.
• aucel: [65], C´, 1; [80], βc´.
• aucire: [43]; [162], (2).
• aurir: [65], D, footnote; [65], R, 2.
• auvent: [65], S, 2.
• auvir: [65], D, footnote; [65], S, 2.
• Auxiliary Verbs: [140-141].
• auzil: [28].
• auzir: [160]; [162], (3); [164], (1); [168]; [169]; [186]; [191].
• aver: [73], βy; [87], β; [137], (1); [148], (1), (2), 1; [150]; [152]; [162], (4); [167]; [168]; [170]; [173], (1); [177], (1), (2), (3); [181], (1); [184], (1); [187]; [192].
• avia: [87], β.
• avinen: [46], 1.
• az: [82], D.
• azaut: [52], (2), 1.
• b ＞ β: [55], B.
• bat: [72], Tw, 1.
• berbitz: [25], 2, (a).
• Bernat: [87], r.
• bisbes: [41], 1.
• borgues: [73], Rg´.
• brey: [65], β, 3.
• briu: [28], 3.
• broc: [37], 1.
• c palatalized: [55]; [61]; [62], (3); [65], G; [67], (1); [70], C´r; [73], C´y, Dg, Lc´y, Nc´y, Ndg, Ng, Rc´y, Rg, Rrg, Rtg, Tg; [74]; [76]; [77]; [78]; [80], Ksc, Ppc; [92], (2).
• cabil: [27], 1.
• cabirol: [86].
• cada: [136], (8).
• caire: see cazer.
• caitiu: [80], Pt.
• calacom: [136], (9).
• calmelh: [45], 3.
• cal que: [136], (10).
• camisa: [25], 2, (a).
• can: [136], (11).
• canorgue: [65], N, 1; [87], n + n.
• cap: [100].
• caramel: [87], 1.
• caresma: [45], 3.
• cascun: [136], (12).
• Case: [91].
• cazer: [137], (1); [148], (2); [150]; [162], (5); [176]; [178], (1).
• ch (Greek): [57], θ.
• chastiu: [51], 3; [65], G, 1.
• cibdat: [80], βd.
• cieutat: [44], 2.
• cilh: [25], 2, (b).
• cinc: [72], Nw; [87], kw.
• ciptat: [80], βt.
• ciri: [25], 2, (c).
• ciutat: [80], βt.
• clerc: [47], (3).
• clerge: [52], (3).
• clergue: [47], (3); [52], (3).
• cobra: [33], 1.
• cointe: [47], 1, [80], Gnt.
• colbe: [48], 1.
• colp: [22], [48], 1.
• coma: [51], 5.
• comensar: [45], 1.
• comergar: [87], m + n.
• Comparative: [106-108].
• Comparison: [106-109].
• comprar: [45], 3.
• Conditional:
• —New: [142], (2); [149-151].
• Endings: [153].
• —Old: [141], (2); [185-189].
• Strong: [187-188].
• Weak: [186].
• conge: [47], 1; [80], Gnd.
• Conjugation: [137-193].
• —Auxiliary Verbs: [140-141].
• —Change of Conj.: [137].
• —Compound Tenses: [141].
• —Conditional: see Conditional.
• —Deponent Verbs: [140].
• —Future: [142], (1), [149-152].
• Endings: [152].
• —Gerund: [143]; [145].
• —Imperative: [156].
• —Imperfect Indicative: [170].
• —Imperfect Subjunctive: [141], (2); [190-193].
• Strong: [192].
• Weak: [191].
• —Inchoative: [138], [145].
• —Infinitive: [144].
• Used as noun: [94]; [144], 4.
• —New verbs: [139].
• —Passive: [140].
• —Participle: see Participle.
• —Perfect Tenses: [141].
• —Pluperfect: [141].
• —Present: see Present.
• —Preterit: see Preterit.
• conois = conosc: [78], 3.
• conoisser: [78], 3; [80], Gn; [148], (2); [162], (6); [175], (3); [177], (1); [178], (4).
• consi: [85].
• Consonants:
• —Dissimilation: [87].
• —Final: [81-83].
• Groups: [83].
• Single: [82].
• —Germanic: [56].
• —Greek: [57].
• —Initial: [59-62].
• Groups: [62].
• Single: [60-61].
• —Insertion: [85].
• —Latin: [54-55].
• —Medial: [63-80].
• Contiguous to -s in Pr.: [63-64]; [65], L, R; [78], 2.
• Final in Pr.: [63-64]; [65], L; [65], M, 1; [65], R, 1; [76], (2).
• Groups: [66-80]:
• Cons. + l, [68-69];
• Cons. + r, [70-71];
• Cons. + w, [72];
• Cons. + y, [73];
• Ct, gd, gn, ks, [79-80];
• Double Cons., [67];
• L + cons., [74];
• M + cons., [75];
• Miscellaneous, [79-80];
• N + cons., [76];
• Ps, pt, [79-80];
• R + cons., [77];
• S + cons., [78].
• Single: [65].
• —Metathesis: [86].
• —Sporadic Change: [84-87].
• contranher: [25], 4.
• cor: [100].
• cors: [100].
• cossint: [28], 2.
• costa: [33], 1.
• costum: [72], Sw; [80], Dn.
• covinen: [46], 1.
• coyre: [73], Pry.
• cozer ＜ consuere: [72], Sw; [137], (2).
• cozer ＜ coquere: [49], (1); [72], Kw, 2.
• creire: [145]; [148], (2); [160]; [162], (7); [167]; [168].
• creisser: [49], (1); [162], (8).
• cremedar: [60], 1.
• criar: [44], 4.
• cridar: [41], 2.
• crollar: [41], 2; [68], Tl.
• cruzel: [25], 1, (b).
• cuende: [47], 1; [80], Gnd.
• cug: [80], Yd.
• cuit: [80], Yd.
• -culus: [47], (2); [68], Cl.
• dalgat: [44], 6.
• dar: [137], (1); [162], (9); [175], (4).
• Dative: [91], (4); [116]; [120]; [133].
• daus: [44], 6.
• dec: [27], 2.
• dech ＜ debeo: [162], (11).
• Declension: [89-136].
• —Adjectives: [102-104]; [107].
• —Articles: [116-119].
• —Change of Decl.: Nouns, [90]; Adj., [103], 1.
• —Disappearance of Decl.: [91], (6).
• —Fifth Decl.: [90]; [97].
• —Final -ci, -gi: [92], (2).
• —Final -i: [92], (1).
• —First Decl.: [95].
• —Fourth Decl.: [90]; [96].
• —Infinitives: [94].
• —Inflection -o -onem: [101], (3); [101], (3), 1.
• —Invariable Nouns and Adj.: [93].
• —New Inflections: -a -anem, [95], 2; -us -onem, [96], 2.
• —New nom. sg.: [98].
• —New plural: [93]; [99]; [102], 2.
• —Numerals: [111]; [112].
• —Pronouns: [116]; [120-136].
• —Second Decl.: [96].
• —Third Decl.: [97-101].
• Definite Article: [116]; [118-119].
• degun: [87], n + n.
• dei ＜ debeo: [73], βy
• -dei: [174], (3).
• deime: [80], C´m.
• dementre: [43].
• Demonstratives: [130-132].
• demora: [35], 1.
• Deponent Verbs: [140].
• depte: [47], (3); [80], βt.
• derrier: [30], footnote.
• desme: [80], C´m.
• destruire: [162], (10).
• deude: [47], (3); [80], βd.
• deute: [47], (3); [80], βt
• dever: [27], 2; [73], βy; [144], 4; [148], (2); [150]; [160]; [162], (11); [167], (2); [171]; [173], (2), (5); [179]; [187], (3); [192], 1.
• dia: [90]; [95]; [95], 1.
• Dialects: [3-8], [10-13].
• -didi: [174], (3).
• diious: [91], (3).
• diman: [43].
• dimecres: [87], r.
• dimenge: [43].
• dimercres: [17], 2.
• dimergue: [65], N, 1.
• dins: [25], 2, (d).
• dintre: [25], 2, (d).
• Diphthongs: see æ, au, œ.
• —Final Diphthongs: [51], (3).
• dire: [49], (1); [137], (2); [144], (1); [148], (3); [162], (12); [172]; [177], (1), (3); [183]; [183], 1; [188]; [192].
• disnar: [49], 3; [87], y.
• Dissimilation: [87].
• dit = det: [25], 2, (a); [65], Y, 1.
• dizer: [49], (1); see dire.
• don: [134]; [135], (2).
• dos = dous: [74], (2).
• dotze: [40], 1; [80], Dc´.
• Double Consonants: see Consonants.
• dreit: [41], 2.
• duire: [148], (3); [162], (13); [177], (3); [183].
• Duration of Pr. Language: [1]; [14].
• Duration of Pr. Literature: [1].
• ẹ: [25-27]; [29]; [41].
• —Before Nasal: [29].
• —Unaccented: [41]; see Vowels.
• ę: [28-30]; [41].
• —Breaking: [30].
• —Unaccented: [41]; see Vowels.
• e̯: [40], (2); [55], Y; [61], Y; [65], Y; [73].
• e- before initial s + cons.: [62], (3).
• -e in 1st. pers. sg. of present: [52], (6); [164], (1).
• ecce: [131], (1); [132], (3), (4).
• eccu: [43], 2; [131], (1); [132], (3), (4).
• eé ＞ e: [40], 1.
• ei = ai: [23], 2; [152], 1; [162], (4); [175], (4).
• -ei in pret.: [174], (3); [175], (3), (4).
• eigal: [72], Kw, 1.
• -eire -edor: [101], (3), 1.
• eis: [80], Ps; [132], (2).
• eissi ＜ ecce hīc: [80], Cc´; [82], C.
• eissi ＜ et sīc: [80], Ts.
• eissir: [30], 2; [44], 3; [159], (2); [162], (14).
• elig: [28], 3.
• emblar: [69], 1.
• empastre: [69], 1.
• en ＜ domine: [41], 3.
• en ＜ in: [82], N.
• en ＜ inde: [123].
• Enclitics: [19]; [118], (1), (2), 2; [122]; [123]; [123], 2.
• enclutge: [52], (4); [80], Dn; [85].
• Endings: see Personal Endings.
• engal: [72], Kw; [85].
• engoissa: [33], 1; [43].
• enteir: [70], Gr, footnote.
• envanezir: [43].
• er, era: [33], 3.
• er ＜ ero: [149], 1.
• es ＜ est: [28], 5; [83], St.
• escoisson: [73], Ty, 3.
• escremir: [86].
• escrich: [148], (3).
• escrire: [144], (3).
• escrit: [52], (2), 1.
• escrius: [183], (3).
• escriut: [148], (3).
• escur: [43].
• espaza: [65], T, 3.
• espelh: [28], 5.
• esper: [25], 1, (d).
• esprit: [17], 1.
• essem: [82], L.
• esser: [49], (2); [148], (3); [148], 1; [149], 1; [150]; [162], (15); [167]; [170], 4; [173], (1); [179]; [182], (2); [182], (2), 1; [187]; [192]; [193].
• estanc: [80], Gn; [86].
• estar: [137], (1); [162], (16); [175], (4).
• estela: [28], 5.
• Esteve: [48], 1.
• estraniar: [73], Ny.
• estre: see esser.
• esturmen: [86].
• -ētis ＞ etz: [25], 1, (a).
• Euphonic Vowel: [52]; [164], (1); [165]; [166].
• Extent of Pr. Territory: [2]; p. [VIII].
• ez: [65], T, 3; [82], T.
• faim: [52], (4), 1; [80], C´m.
• faire: [137], (1); [150]; [148], (3); [156], 1; [160]; [162], (17); [168], 1; [170]; 173, (2); [179]; [181], 1; [182], (1); [182], (1), 2; [187]; [187], 1; [192]; [192], 3.
• faitz: [80], C´t.
• far: [137], (1); [144], 2; see faire.
• fau ＜ fagum: [65], G, 1.
• feble: [47], (3); [87], l; [103], 1.
• fei = fe: [25], 3.
• ferre = fer: [52], (1), 2.
• fetge: [52], (3), 2.
• fier: [30], 1.
• Final Consonants: see Consonants.
• fizel: [25], 1, (b).
• Folco: [101], (3), 1.
• fontaina: [23], 4.
• fores: [51], 4.
• formir: [86].
• fouzer: [74], (4); [100].
• fragel: [47], (3).
• frair: [52], (1), 1.
• freble: [47], (3); [87], l; [103], 1.
• freg: [31], 1; [80], Gd.
• freit: [31], 1; [80], Gd.
• frevol: [47], (3).
• Future: [142], (1); [149-152].
• —Endings: [152].
• g palatalized: [55]; [61]; [65], G, Y; [73], Lg´, Llg´, Ng´, Ng´y, Rg´; [77]; [92], (2).
• ganre: [87], r.
• garensa: [44], 5.
• Gascon: 3; [10]; [23], 2; [38]; [62], (2); [152], 1.
• Gasconha: [61], 1.
• gazardo: [42], 1.
• gen = genh: [73], Ny.
• Gender: [89].
• Genitive: [91], (3); [116].
• Germanic Consonants: [56].
• Germanic Verbs: [139].
• Gerund: [143]; [145].
• ges: [100], 1.
• ginh: [28], 3.
• ginhol: [86], 1.
• gisar: [65], R, 2.
• gitar: [44], 3; [80], Ct.
• glai = glatz: [73], C´y, footnote.
• glavi: [65], Y, 2.
• glieza: [30]; [41], 1.
• granolha: [60], 1.
• grau: [51], 3; [65], D, 2.
• grazal: [65], T, 3.
• grazir: [65], T, 3.
• Greek Consonants: [57].
• Greek Verbs: [139].
• Greek Vowels: [22].
• greug: [65], β, 3.
• greuga: [28], 8.
• grey: [65], β, 3.
• gua: [61], 1.
• guaina: [61], 1.
• guastar: [61], 1.
• habebam: [87], β.
• hic: [132], (1).
• i: [31-32]; [41].
• —Unaccented: [41]; see Vowels.
• i̯: [40], (2); [55], Y, [61], Y; [65], Y; [73].
• i ＜ d, t: [65], D; [70], Dr, Tr.
• -ī: [27]; [51], (2), (3); [92], (1); [125], (1); [131], (3), (4); [173], (1).
• -i, 1st pers. sg. of present: [52], (6); [164], (1).
• -i ＜ -ium: [53]; [96], 1.
• ia ＜ jam: [82], M.
• Iacme: [80], Cm.
• iai: [39], 1.
• iasser: [65], C´, 2; see iazer.
• iassey: [65], N, 2.
• iazer: [65], C´, 2; [160]; [162], (18); [192], 1.
• ie ＜ ę: [30].
• ié ＞ e: [40], 1.
• ier: [30], 1.
• -ier: see -arius.
• ieu: [32]; [44], 2.
• ilha: [65], S, 1.
• illac: [16], 4.
• ille: [115]; [116], [118]; [132], (3).
• illic: [16], 4.
• Imperative: [156]; [165]; [168].
• Imperfect Indicative: [170].
• Imperfect Subjunctive: [141], (2); [190-193].
• —Strong: [192].
• —Weak: [191].
• Impersonal Construction: [104].
• Inchoative: [138]; [145].
• Indefinite Article: [117].
• Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives: [136].
• Indicative: see Conjugation.
• Inflection: see Conjugation and Declension.
• Initial Consonants: see Consonants.
• ins: [25], 2, (d).
• Insertion of Consonant: [85].
• Interrogatives: [133-135].
• Intervocalic Consonants: see Consonants, Medial, Single.
• Invariable Nouns: [93].
• invern: [85].
• ioi: [39], 1.
• ióve: [47], (3); [49], (3).
• iovén: [89], 1.
• ipse: [132], (2).
• -ire -idor: [101], (3), 1.
• -isc-: [138]; [145]; [155]; [156].
• isme: [28], 3.
• isnel: [44], 3.
• issarnit: [46], 1.
• issir: [44], 3; see eissir.
• iste: [132], (4).
• iu: [32].
• iure: [25], 2, (c).
• ius: [33], 2.
• ivern: [44], 3.
• -ίζειν: [57], 2; [139].
• j: see y.
• k: [57], K; [62], (1).
• l ＞ u: [65], L; [67], (2); [73], Lc´y, Lty; [74], (2).
• Latin: [14]; see Consonants and Vowels.
• laus: [89], 1; [93], (2); [101], (1), (2).
• lauzeta: [41], 1.
• Learned Words: [15].
• —Cf. also: [17], 1; [25], 1, (c); [25], 2, (b); [45], 4; [50]; [65], β, 6; [65], C, 2; [65], C´, 4; [65], D, 4; [65], F, 1; [65], G, 2; [65], G´, 1; [65], P, 4; [65], T, 5; [65], Y, 4; [68], Bl, Pl; [70], Cr, Dr, Gr, Pr, Tr; [72], Nw, 1; [73], βy, Cty, C´y, Ly, Nty, Py, Ry, Ty; [80], Bs; [82], B, L, M; [83], Ks; [84]; [91], (3); [109]; [113].
• legir: [65], Y, (3), footnote.
• lei: [101], (2), 3.
• leis: [125], (1).
• leo: [101], (3), 1.
• lhun: [86].
• Limousin: [5-6]; [13], (1); [24].
• lire: [28], 1; [137], (2); [144], 1.
• ll ＞ lh: [67], (2).
• Locative: [91], (1).
• luenh: [36], 1; [37].
• lunh: [86], 1.
• lur: [33], 2.
• maint: [136], (14).
• mais: [65], Y, (2), footnote; [82], S, 1, 4.
• malapte: [47], (3); [80], βt.
• malaude: [47], (3); [80], βd.
• malaut: [52], (2), 1.
• malaute: [47], (3); [80], βt.
• man: [96]; [96], 3.
• maneira: [72], Nw, 1.
• maniar: [73], Ndg.
• mar: [100].
• marbre: [71].
• margue: [52], (3); [87], m + n.
• marme: [87], r; [100].
• marsip: [87], m + n.
• massis: [65], β, 4.
• Medial Consonants: see Consonants.
• meesmes: [65], T, 3.
• mege: [49], (4); [73], Dg.
• melhura: [33], 2.
• -men: [105].
• menhs: [65], N, 2.
• meravilha: [25], 2, (b).
• mercey: [65], D, 1.
• mermar: [87], n + m.
• mes-: [45], 2.
• messer: [65], Y, 3.
• mestier: [91], (3).
• met-: [131], (2).
• Metathesis: [86].
• metre: [148], (3); [181], (1); [183]; [192], 2, 4.
• mezeis: [65], T, 3.
• mezesmes: [65], T, 3.
• mica: [65], G, footnote.
• midons: [91], (2); [93], (2).
• mier: [30], 1.
• mint: [28], 2.
• molt: [136], (15); see mon, mot, mul.
• mon = molt: [74], 1.
• monge: [52], (3).
• mongue: [52], (3).
• Mood: see Conjugation.
• morgue: [52], (3); [65], N, 1; [87], m + n.
• morir: [137], (1).
• mostier: [25], 1, (e); [45], 3.
• mot = molt: [74], (2).
• mou: [37], 1.
• moure: see mover.
• mover: [137], (2); [150]; [159], (1); [160-162], (19); [178], (4).
• mul = molt: [74], 1.
• mulierem: [16], 1; [40], 1.
• -mus ＞ -mu’: [167].
• natiz: [65], β, 4.
• nebla: [28], 4.
• nede: [47], (1), (3).
• negun: [136], (16); see degun.
• neir: [70], Gr, footnote.
• nembrar: [87], m + m.
• nemes: [51], 4.
• ner: [25], 1, (e).
• net: [47], (1), (3); [80], Td.
• neu: [25], 1, (e)
• Neuter Adjectives: [104]; [108]; [128], 1.
• Neuter Nouns: [89]; [96]; [96], 1; [100].
• ney: [65], β, 3.
• nible: [28], 4.
• niu: [51], 3; [65], D, 2.
• niula: [28], 4.
• Nominative: [91], (6).
• non: [82], N.
• nora: [33], 1.
• nossas: [38], 2.
• nou: [37], 1.
• Nouns: [89-101]; see Case, Declension, Gender.
• nul: [136], (17); see lhun, lunh.
• Numerals:
• —Cardinal: [110-111].
• —Ordinal: [112-113].
• ọ: [33-34]; [36]; [41].
• —Before Nasal: [36].
• —Unaccented: [41]; see Vowels.
• ǫ: [33], 1; [35-37]; [41].
• —Irregular: [33], 1.
• —Unaccented: [41]; see Vowels.
• o ＜ hoc: [82], C; [132], (1).
• o ＜ aut: [41], 4.
• -o -onem: [101], (3); [101], (3), 1.
• oc: [82], C.
• œ: [22],41.
• —Unaccented: [41].
• olifan: [42], 1.
• om: [101], (2), 2; [136], (18).
• ome: [47], (3); [49], (3).
• omne: [47], (3); [49], (3).
• onze: [38], 1; [76], (1)
• oó ＞ o: [40], 1.
• orzol: [73], Rc´y.
• ou: [33], 1.
• oz: [82], T.
• p between m and s: [63], (8); [75].
• pair: [52], (1), 1.
• pais: [25], 2, (c).
• palafrei: [25], 3.
• palai: [73], Ty, 1.
• Palatalization: [55], C, G, Y; [67], (2); [73].
• palle: [74], 3.
• Participle:
• —Past (= Perfect): [140]; [141], (1); [146-148].
• —Present: [143], (1); [145].
• Particles: [19]; see Enclitics, Proclitics.
• partir: [145]; [160]; [162], (20); [165]; [167]; [168]; [169]; [170]; [171]; [172]; [173], (2), (3); [175], (2); [176].
• parven: [85].
• pasmar: [87], s.
• Passive: [140].
• Past Participle: see Participle.
• pauc: [136], (19).
• paziment: [65], β, 5.
• pege: [52], (3), 2.
• Peire: [96], 2.
• peiura: [33], 2.
• peleri: [87], r.
• penchenar: [85].
• penre: [71]; [87], r; see prendre.
• perdre: [162], (21); [174], (3).
• perdris: [85].
• Perfect: [141]; see Preterit.
• Perfect Participle: see Participle.
• perilh: [25], 2, (b).
• perquei: [25], 3.
• perri: [70], (1).
• Personal Endings:
• —Conditional: New, [153]; Old, [186-187].
• —Future: [152].
• —Imperfect: Indicative, [164-169]; Subjunctive, [191-193].
• —Present: [164-169].
• —Preterit: [173].
• Personal Pronouns: [116]; [120-125].
• ph: [57], φ.
• Phonetic Alphabet: p. [VII].
• piion: [73], Py.
• piucela: [42], 1; [44], 2.
• plach: [80], C´t.
• plaire: see plazer.
• plais: [28], 6.
• plait: [80], C´t.
• plazer: [144], 4; [148], (2); [150]; [160]; [162], (22); [173], (3); [187], (4).
• ploia: [33], 1.
• plou: [37], 1.
• Pluperfect: [141].
• Plural: [93].
• poder: [137], (1); [148], (2); [150]; [162], (23); [168]; [181], (1); [184], (2); [184], (2), 1; [187]; [192], 1.
• polpra: [87], r.
• Popular Words: [15].
• Possessives: [126-129].
• Post-verbal Nouns: [96], 1.
• poutz: [52], (3), 1.
• pouzer: [85].
• Prefix, Change of: [43].
• preire: [78], 1.
• prendre: [71]; [87], r; [148], (3); [161]; [162], (24); [172]; [173], (1); [177], (1), (3); [179]; [180]; [180], 1; [181], (1); [183]; [183], (1); [188]; [192].
• preon: [43]; [44], 4.
• Preposition + Article; [118], 2.
• Present: [154-169].
• —Double Stems: [155-161]; -c, [161];
• Diphthong, [159]; -nc -nh, [161];
• Palatal, [160-161]; -sc-, [155-156].
• —Peculiar Forms: [162].
• —Personal Endings: [164-169].
• presseguier: [86].
• prestre: [71], 1; [87], r.
• Preterit: [141], (2); [171-184].
• —Personal Endings: [173].
• —Strong: [178-184].
• Accent in 1st pers. pl.: [179].
• Stem vowel change in 1st pers. sg.: [181], (1).
• Third pers. pl. without r: [180].
• Types: -i, [178], (2) and [182]; reduplicative, [178], (1); -si, [178], (3) and [183]; -ui, [178], (4) and [184].
• —Strong and Weak: [172-177].
• Strong stems with weak endings, [177].
• —Weak: [174-177].
• Conjugations: 1st, [174], (1) and [175], (4); 2d, [174], (2) and [175], (1); 3d, [174], (3) and [175], (3); 4th, [174], (1) and [175], (2).
• Ending -c: [176].
• preu: [65], G, 1.
• preveire: [78], 1.
• prever: [71], 1.
• proa: [35], 1.
• Proclitics: [19]; [118], (1); [122]; [123].
• profich: [28], 1.
• pron: [63], (5), footnote.
• Pronominal Adjectives: see Pronouns.
• Pronouns: [114-136].
• —Demonstrative: [130-132].
• —Indefinite: [136].
• —Interrogative: [133-135].
• —Personal: [116], [120-125].
• —Conjunctive: [122-123].
• —Disjunctive: [124-125].
• —Possessive: [126-129].
• Plural possessor: [129].
• Singular possessor: [127-128].
• —Relative: [133-135].
• Pronunciation: [8-9].
• propi: [87], r.
• Provençal:
• —Language:
• Dialects, [3-8], [10-13];
• Extent, p. [VIII], [2-4];
• Sounds, [8-9];
• Spelling, 7 and 9.
• —Literature: 1.
• puosc: [37], 2.
• pus: [87], 1.
• put: [47], (1); [80], Td.
• putana: [95], 2.
• qu: [55], W; [62], (2); [72], Kw, Nw.
• qual que: [136], (10).
• quan: [136], (10).
• Quantity: [20-21].
• quatre: [72], Tw, 1.
• quec: [136], (21).
• que que: [136], (20).
• quesacom: [136], (22).
• quet: [25], 1, (d); [40], 1.
• qui: [133].
• quier: [30], 1.
• qui que: [136], (23).
• quis (Lat.): [133].
• quis (from querre): [28], 3; [181], (1).
• rancura: [33], 2.
• randola: [46], 1.
• ratge: [52], (5).
• re (ren, res): [82], M; [93], (2); [101], (1), 2.
• rede: [51], 4; [80], Yd.
• redebre: [70], 1.
• redobla: [33], 1.
• redon: [43].
• refreitor: [85].
• rege: [49], (1).
• rei: [101], (2), 3.
• reide: [51], 4; [80], Yd.
• Relative Pronouns: [133-135].
• renc: [80], Gn; [86].
• renha: [80], Tn.
• renlinquir: [85].
• rire: [137], (2); [162], (25).
• Romance Languages: [14].
• rs ＞ s: Latin, [55], R; Provençal, [65], R.
• s + nasal: [65], S, 1.
• -s in adverbs: [82], S, 3.
• saber: [65], P, 3; [137], (1), (2); [145]; [148], (2); [150]; [160]; [162], (26); [165]; [172]; [177], (1); [184]; [184], (4); [187]; [192]; [192], 1, 2.
• sauma: [80], Gm.
• sautz: [52], (3), 1.
• saver: [65], P, 1; see saber.
• sazo: [87], t.
• seguir: [137], (1), (2); [148], (2); [159], (1); [167], (2).
• selcle: [69], 1.
• sembrar: [68], Ml.
• senes: [51], 4.
• senestre: [25], 1, (e).
• sereisa: [23], 3.
• seror: [43], 1.
• set: [52], (2), 1; [80], Pt.
• seti: [73], Dg, footnote.
• seze: [25], 1, (e); [80], Dc´.
• sierf: [30], 1.
• sint: [28], 2.
• sobra: [33], 1.
• sogre: [70], Cr.
• soi agutz: [141], (1), footnote; [148], 1.
• somni: [73], Mny.
• son ＜ sum: [82], M; [162], (15).
• son ＜ suum: [82], M; [126-127].
• sor = sobre: [70], 1.
• sor = sorre: [52], (1), 1.
• sosrire: [66], 1.
• sosterrar: [66], 1.
• sostraire: [66], 1.
• sotran: [73], Ny.
• sozer: [49], (1).
• Spelling: [7], [9].
• sub: [66], 1.
• Subjunctive: see Conjugation.
• suefre: [33], 1; [37], 2.
• suenh: [36], 1; [37]; [73], Mny.
• Superlative: [106]; [109].
• Supporting Vowel: [52]; [164], (1); [165]; [166].
• t between dental or palatal and s: [82], S.
• taire: see tazer.
• tal: [136], (25).
• tamanh: [136], (26).
• tan: [136], (27).
• tapit: [25], 2, (e).
• tazer: [162], (27).
• tems: [63], (8); [100].
• tener: [137], (2); [148], (2); [150]; [160]; [161]; [162], (28); [166]; [181], (1); [184].
• tenir: [137], (2); see tener.
• Tense: see Conjugation.
• teula: [68], Gl.
• teun; [72], Nw, 1.
• tey: [65], N, 3.
• th: [57], θ.
• tinc: [28], (3).
• ton ＜ tuum: [82], M; [126-127].
• tonleu: [33], 5.
• torser: [49], (1); [72], Kw, 2.
• tot: [65], T, 2; [136], (28).
• trabalh: [43].
• trachor: [65], D, footnote.
• traire: [148], (3); [162], (29); [172]; [177], (1), (3).
• trap: [65], β, 2.
• tres = tras: [23], 4; [43], 3.
• treva: [72], βw.
• troba: [33], 1; [86].
• tronar: [86].
• trop: [37], 1.
• truoill: [86].
• -tulus: [47], (2).
• ü: [34], [38], [41].
• —From ǫ: [34].
• —From ū: [38].
• —Unaccented: [41]; see Vowels.
• u ＜ l: see l ＞ u.
• u̯: [40], (2); [55], W; [72].
• ue: [37].
• uebre: [23], 3.
• Ugo: [101], (3), 1.
• uis: [33], 2.
• umplir: [44], 1.
• un: [117]; [136], (29).
• Unaccented Vowels: see Vowels.
• uo ＜ ǫ: [37].
• uó ＞ o: [40], 1; [55], W.
• upa: [33], 2.
• -us -onem; [96], 2.
• -ut in Past Participle: [148].
• uu ＞ u: [55], W.
• v ＞ β: [55], V.
• vair: [73], Ry, 1.
• vaire: [51], 4.
• vas: [42], 1.
• vaus: [42], 1.
• vecvos: [156], 2.
• vei: [160].
• vendanha: [25], 2, (e).
• Verbs: see Conjugation.
• verin: [25], 2, (e); [87], n + n.
• veus: [156], 2.
• veuva: [72], Dw, 1.
• vezer: [145]; [148], (2), (3); [150]; [156], 2; [160]; [162], (30); [170]; [171]; [173], (3), (4); [179]; [182], (3); [182], (3), 1; [187]; [192]; [192], 3.
• vezoa: [72], Dw, 1.
• vianda: [28], 6; [87], β.
• viatz: [87], β; [108].
• vint: [27].
• Vocative: [91], (2).
• voig: [23], 3; [49], (1); [80], C´t.
• volentiers: [46], 1.
• voler: [137], (1); [148], (2); [159], (2); [160]; [162], (31); [167], 2; [177], (1); [180]; [181], (1); [184], (3); [187]; [192].
• volon: [28], 7.
• Vowels:
• —Accented: [23-39];
• see a, ẹ, ę, i, ọ, ǫ, ü.
• —Greek: [22].
• —Latin: [20-22].
• —Prefixed to s + cons.: [62], (3).
• —Provençal: [8-9].
• —Unaccented: [40-53].
• Final Syllable: [51-53];
• learned words, [53];
• supporting vowel, [52].
• Initial Syllable: [41-44];
• analogy, [42];
• dialect, [44];
• false etymology, [43].
• Intertonic Syllable: [45-46];
• analogy, [46].
• Penult: [47-50];
• learned words, [50];
• Provençal, [48];
• vowel kept, [49];
• Vulgar Latin, [47].
• vuech: [23], 3; [49], (1); [80], C´t.
• vuelc: [37], 2; [181], (1).
• Vulgar Latin: [14].
• w: [55], W; [56], W; [62], (2); [72], βw; see u̯.
• x: [55], X.
• y ＜ j: [55]; [61], Y; [65], Y; [68], Yl.
• y ＜ e, i: see ḙ, i̭.
• y ＜ c, g: [55]; [65], G, Y; [68], C´l; [70], C´r, Gr, Yr.
• z: [57], Z; [61], Y; [65], Y.