But while we must not be blind to the effects of new and higher factors of progress thus introduced as we rise in the scale of phenomena, we must at the same time remember that biological laws still hold true, though moral considerations and the law of duty may profoundly modify them. The eagle soars aloft apparently in defiance of gravitation; but the law of gravitation still holds good; and no treatment of the mechanism of flight which neglected it would be satisfactory. Moral restraint, a higher standard of comfort, and a perception of the folly and misery of early and improvident marriage may tend to check the rate of growth of population: but the "law of increase" still holds good, as a law of the factors of phenomena; and Malthus did good service to the cause of science when he insisted on its importance. We may guide or lighten the incidence of natural selection through competition; we may in our pity provide an asylum for the unfortunates who are suffering elimination; but we cannot alter a law which, as that of one of the factors of organic phenomena, still obtains, notwithstanding the introduction of other factors.

However profoundly the laws of phenomena may be modified by such introduction of new and higher factors, the older and lower factors are still at work beneath the surface. And he who would adequately grasp the social problems of our time should bring to them a mind prepared by a study of the laws of organic life: for human beings, rational and moral though they may be, are still organisms; and man can in no wise alter or annul those deep-lying facts which nature has throughout the ages been weaving into the tissue of life.

Some parts of this work are necessarily more technical, and therefore more abstruse, than others. This is especially the case with Chapters III., V., and VI.; while, for those unacquainted with philosophical thought, perhaps the last chapter may present difficulties of a different order. With these exceptions, the book will not be beyond the ready comprehension of the general reader of average intelligence.

I have to thank many kind friends for incidental help. Thanks are also due to Professor Flower, who courteously gave permission that some of the exhibits in our great national collection in Cromwell Road might be photographed and reproduced; and to Messrs. Longmans for the use of two or three illustrations from my text-book of "Animal Biology."

C. LLOYD MORGAN.

University College, Bristol,
October, 1890.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
THE NATURE OF ANIMAL LIFE.

The characteristics of animals[2]
The relation of animals to food-stuffs[15]
The relation of animals to the atmosphere[15]
The relation of animals to energy[16]