[45] System of Logic, Bk. III, ch. v, § 3, Eighth Edition, vol. i, p. 383.
[46] Ibid., § 3 and § 5, pp. 379 and 389.
[47] Ps., vol. ii, p. 93; cf. p. 97. One has now, however, to add the realm of subsistence.
[48] As a more technical example the following may be given:—The difference in properties of isomers is caused by difference of internal molecular structure notwithstanding identity of chemical composition.
[49] If we take spark as cause and explosion as effect there is obviously no proportionality between the cause and its effect. Thus M. Bergson speaks of the spark as 'a cause that acts by releasing'; and he adds that 'neither quality nor quantity of effect varies with quality or quantity of the cause: the effect is invariable'. Creative Evolution, p. 77. Compare what Spencer introduced into the Sixth edition of F. P. (pp. 172-3), concerning 'trigger action which does not produce the power but liberates it'. According to the treatment in the text there can be no 'proportionality' unless both ground and conditions are taken into account.
[50] Spencer says (F. P., pp. 169-70) that 'the transformation of the unorganised contents of an egg into the organised chick is a question of heat' ['altogether a question of heat', in the Third Edition], and tells us that 'the germination of plants presents like relations of cause and effect as every season shows'. But he also says that 'the proclivities of the molecules determine the typical structure assumed'. Obviously here the 'heat supplied' falls under (3) of the text, and 'the proclivities of the molecules' is his notion of what should fall under (2).
[51] See Index to F. P., sub verbo 'integration'.
[52] e. g. 'Diminish the velocities of the planets and their orbits will lessen—the solar system will contract, or become more integrated.' Essays, vol. iii, p. 28. Mere condensation is often spoken of as integration. But then the term is used with bewildering laxity. Cf. James, Memories and Studies, p. 134.
[53] I retain in this connexion the current term physico-chemical. It seems that the basal type of relatedness here is electrical. It may be said that when we come down to the atom the things in relation are electrical, are electrons, are positive and negative charges. So be it. But is it not the electrical relatedness that is constitutive of the atom as such?
[54] 'A large number of physical properties', says Nernst, 'have been shown to be clearly additive; that is, the value of the property in question can be calculated as though the compound were such a mixture of its elements that they experience no change in their properties.' But other properties are not additive. 'The kind of influence of the atom in a compound is primarily dependent on the mode of its union, that is, upon the constitution and configuration of the compound. Such non-additive properties may be called constitutive.' Quoted by E. G. Spaulding in The New Realism, p. 238.