7. Carlyle (1795–1881), through his keen insight into character and his love of hero-worship, introduced the vividly realistic and picturesque element.
8. Buckle (1821–1862) included economic forces in his studies and sought the spirit of history apart from particular men and events.
9. Macaulay (1800–1859) presented historical philosophy and the laws and theories of government in eloquent and fascinating style, thus bringing to the popular mind an interest that had heretofore been slight.
10. Froude (1818–1894), in charming literary style but with carelessness of detail, emphasized the personal element in history and set himself the ideal of "simply recording human actions without theorizing theron."
11. Stubbs (1825–1901) "introduced the critical study of mediæval sources into England," employed exact methods of work, and gave impetus to constitutional history.
12. Green (1837–1883) depicted the progress of the life of the people and dealt only incidentally with the political history of the state.
13. Schmoller (1838– ) emphasized the economic aspects of history.
VI. History in the Curriculum.
1. Pre-Renaissance Period: Incidental historical study made in connection with the study of biography and literature.